{ "id": 5793271, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RICHARD L. DAVIS et al., Defendants-Appellants", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Davis", "decision_date": "1992-03-13", "docket_number": "Nos. 1\u201488\u20143163, 1\u201488\u20143315 cons.", "first_page": "476", "last_page": "485", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "227 Ill. App. 3d 476" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "368 N.E.2d 882", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "68 Ill. 2d 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5809665 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/68/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "526 N.E.2d 141", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "123 Ill. 2d 184", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5550970 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "198-99" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/123/0184-01" ] }, { "cite": "547 N.E.2d 478", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "190 Ill. App. 3d 1018", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2520356 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/190/1018-01" ] }, { "cite": "414 N.E.2d 455", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "83 Ill. 2d 58", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5472604 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "66-67" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/83/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "536 N.E.2d 1242", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "181 Ill. App. 3d 144", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8498170 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "150" }, { "page": "150" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/181/0144-01" ] }, { "cite": "554 N.E.2d 556", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "196 Ill. App. 3d 1017", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2488247 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1029" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/196/1017-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 888, "char_count": 22542, "ocr_confidence": 0.765, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.6922169990516086e-08, "percentile": 0.2937987890413688 }, "sha256": "3347ce814f7fa7d847e4d902db7c96f9d2e1990a8c735624f5a8de057e12a16a", "simhash": "1:e37ab790683d74ef", "word_count": 3774 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:10:11.260403+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RICHARD L. DAVIS et al., Defendants-Appellants." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE RAKOWSKI\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendants-appellants Richard Davis and Teddie McKinley were charged with armed robbery and aggravated criminal sexual assault. The cases were severed, and after separate jury trials, defendants were found guilty on all counts. Defendant Davis was sentenced to two concurrent terms of 18 years\u2019 imprisonment, while defendant McKinley was sentenced to two concurrent terms of 20 years\u2019 imprisonment. Defendants\u2019 appeals have been consolidated, and the following issues are raised: (1) whether the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury in the Davis trial on the lesser-included offense of criminal sexual assault; (2) whether the trial court\u2019s failure to instruct the jury in the McKinley trial on the lesser-included offenses of criminal sexual assault and robbery was error, despite the fact that the instructions were not requested; and (3) whether the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing defendants to their respective terms of imprisonment. We affirm.\nThe relevant facts are as follows.\nthe McKinley trial\nThe victim, L.S., testified that defendants, uninvited, came to her apartment at 120 N. Kilpatrick in Chicago, at 6 p.m. on December 2, 1987. The victim had known defendant McKinley casually for about six months, as he had stopped by her apartment several times and she had spoken to him from her window. The victim did not know defendant Davis. On the evening of the incident, L.S. allowed defendants into her apartment. According to the victim, both defendants used her bathroom numerous times. Defendant McKinley asked her if she had any money, to which she replied that she did not.\nAfter defendants promised that she would be returned home soon, L.S. agreed to go with them to defendant Davis\u2019 home, located at 4909 W. Polk St. in Chicago. On the way, the victim and defendants stopped at a liquor store. Defendant McKinley talked with friends outside the store, while L.S. and defendant Davis went into the store. L.S. testified that inside the store, she observed Davis steal some wine. She left the store at this point, asked McKinley if they could leave, and McKinley told her to wait.\nThe group next drove to defendant Davis\u2019 place of residence. Davis lived in a room in the basement of his family\u2019s residence. According to L.S., McKinley showed her cocaine paraphernalia and said \u201cWe can get high if you act right.\u201d She told him that she did not want to get high, she did not want to have sex, and that she wanted to go home. McKinley then left the room, and Davis entered. According to the victim, Davis offered her white powder in exchange for sex. She told Davis: \u201cI\u2019m not here to get high with either of you or to go to bed with either of you, I just want to leave.\u201d\nAt this point, the victim attempted to leave. Defendants became angry, however, and Davis said that defendants would have to teach her a lesson. Defendant McKinley grabbed her by the arms and threw her on the bed. The victim began to scream and yell. Next, according to L.S., Davis went to the closet and pulled out a big gun, possibly a .38 caliber pistol, which was black, with silver or some other color on the tip.\nDefendant McKinley ripped off L.S.\u2019 pants and shoes, breaking the zipper on her pants. McKinley ordered her to remove her sweater, and Davis held the gun to her left temple and told her \u201cYou better do what he says.\u201d L.S. identified the clothing she wore for the jury. The zipper of the pants was ripped, her sweater was ripped under the arm, as was her blouse, and the buttons had been ripped off the blouse.\nDefendant Davis kept the gun inches away from her head, and told L.S. that if she refused them, he \u201cwould blow [her] brains out.\u201d Defendant McKinley penetrated L.S. vaginally with his penis. Davis then slapped her and told her to turn over. At first, Davis attempted to perform anal intercourse upon her, but then he performed vaginal intercourse upon her.\nAfter defendant Davis finished, defendant McKinley told L.S. that she had better do what McKinley said, because defendants took women like her, put them in plastic bags and dumped them in the lake. McKinley proceeded to search her clothing and took a $5 dollar bill from her pockets. At this time, L.S. believed that McKinley still had the gun; she did not see him put the gun back in the closet.\nNext, according to the victim, defendants ordered her to put her clothes back on, saying that they were going to take her to \u201cthe north side so [she could] make some money\u201d for them. Defendants shoved her to make her hurry. When L.S. and defendants went out to the car, L.S. fled. Defendant McKinley chased her briefly, but she escaped to a neighbor\u2019s house, where she warned the occupants to lock the door behind her as her assailants were still chasing her. A woman called the police, and when the police arrived, L.S. located defendant Daws\u2019 home for them. She was then taken to Loretto Hospital.\nOn December 13, 1987, the police drove up to L.S. Defendant McKinley was in the squad car, and L.S. identified him as one of her attackers.\nThe next witness to testify was Bertha Bell. She was acquainted with defendant Davis\u2019 family and lived near the Davis residence. On the night of December 2, 1987, L.S., a stranger, came to her home. L.S. was nervous and crying. The victim\u2019s shoe heel was torn off and her blouse was ripped loose. The victim stated \u201cTeddie and his friend\u201d had just raped her and put a gun to her head.\nOfficer Roy Jackson testified that on the night in question he arrived at the Bell residence to find the complainant \u201ccrying and almost hysterical.\u201d According to Officer Jackson, L.S. said that she just been raped at gunpoint by two black males and that one of them, whom she knew as Teddie, had taken $5 from her. Officer Jackson further related that on December 13, 1987, he picked McKinley up and took him to L.S., who identified him as one of her attackers.\nNext, the stipulated testimony of Dr. Timmons, who treated L.S. at the hospital, was admitted into evidence. Timmons would testify that he treated complainant, who was upset and crying and indicated she had been raped. There was a fresh scratch on her right arm, her left wrist was swollen, and a vaginal smear indicated the presence of spermatozoa.\nDefendant McKinley testified on his own behalf. He said that he first met L.S. in August of 1987, and that since that time, he had given her money to buy cocaine several times. Defendant McKinley further testified that after L.S. would purchase cocaine, the two would return to her apartment, where \u201cshe would get high and we would have sex.\u201d McKinley testified that the two had sex only one time, although he continued to see her and continued to give her money.\nOn the evening in question, he and defendant Davis visited L.S.\u2019 apartment. Inside, according to McKinley, a man was smoking cocaine. The victim suggested that if he had money and if defendants bought her a bag of cocaine, she \u201cwould turn [defendants] both on.\u201d Defendant McKinley said that the victim was \u201csort of a prostitute.\u201d\nNext, defendants and the victim left for defendant Davis\u2019 home, stopping at a liquor store on the way. In Davis\u2019 room, defendant stated that he saw L.S. kissing Davis and \u201ccooking up\u201d cocaine with her own paraphernalia. After she finished smoking the cocaine, she told McKinley that she should have gotten more cocaine. Then, however, she voluntarily took her clothes off and had sex with McKinley. He denied using force, and he denied that either Davis or himself had a gun. McKinley further denied either taking $5 from complainant or proposing to take her to the north side for the purposes of prostitution.\nAfter the three left Davis\u2019 apartment, complainant insisted on walking to her home, which was located some 10 blocks away. Defendant McKinley testified that she appeared angry over receiving too little cocaine.\nIn rebuttal, the State established defendant McKinley\u2019s 1982 plea of guilty to a charge of felony theft. Thereafter, the jury found McKinley guilty of both aggravated criminal sexual assault and armed robbery.\nTHE DAVIS TRIAL\nComplainant testified at the Davis trial in a manner consistent with her testimony at the McKinley trial. The same is true of Bertha Bell, to whose house complainant went after the incident, and of Officer Issacson, who additionally related details about the arrest and identification of defendant Davis. At the Davis trial, L.S. described the gun used during the incident as a black handgun, \u201cpossibly a .38.\u201d\nErnestine Lee, defendant Davis\u2019 sister, testified in Davis\u2019 behalf. She testified that she saw the defendants and \u201ca lady\u201d enter the basement room. She could not, however, hear what went on in the basement and did not see the group leave.\nDefendant Davis testified. When he went to L.S.\u2019 apartment, he did not see her smoking cocaine, but did see a man smoking. L.S. asked McKinley for money. McKinley, in turn, asked to borrow $25 from Davis to give the money to L.S. so that she could buy cocaine.\nAfter the three arrived at his basement apartment, Davis testified that he left for awhile, and when he returned he found McKinley and the victim on his bed, and they apparently had just engaged in sex. He further observed McKinley take $5 from L.S.\u2019 pocket. Then, L.S. offered to have sex with him (Davis) in exchange for more cocaine. Defendant Davis proceeded to have sex with L.S.\nAccording to Davis, a toy, plastic gun, grey with a red tip, picked up by McKinley, was present. McKinley played with the gun, clicking the trigger, but McKinley never threatened L.S. with the gun.\nDavis further testified that after L.S. and McKinley had a \u201cdomestic argument,\u201d he asked them to leave. Davis denied that L.S.\u2019 clothes were ripped. After she left, he advised McKinley to find her, and McKinley briefly gave chase. Defendants then, alone, went to the north side of the city. Police later found the toy gun and a cocaine pipe, which Davis claimed was L.S.\u2019, at his apartment.\nIn rebuttal, the State introduced evidence of defendant Davis\u2019 1979 misdemeanor and 1980 and 1981 felony convictions. Defense counsel requested that the jury be instructed on both robbery and criminal sexual assault as lesser-included offenses. The trial court gave the robbery instruction but not the criminal sexual assault instruction.\nThe first issue we address is whether the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury in the Davis trial on the lesser-included offense of criminal sexual assault. Defendant Davis\u2019 argument that the trial court erred in refusing to give the instruction on simple criminal sexual assault is as follows. According to defendant, a factual dispute existed on the question of whether either Davis or defendant McKinley was armed with a gun during the sexual assault. While the jury could have believed that the victim was forced to have sex against her will, it could have rejected her testimony that she was forced to do so at gunpoint, which provided the basis for the charge of aggravated criminal sexual assault. Defendant Davis testified that no gun was used to threaten the victim \u2014 only that defendant McKinley was playing with a plastic, toy gun. According to defendant Davis, the jury could have either believed complainant\u2019s testimony about the use of a real gun, believed that she consented to sex with defendants, or believed that complainant was forced to engage in sexual intercourse \u201cbut that no gun was displayed, used or threatened.\u201d Defendant does not argue that the jury could have found a belief on the part of the complainant that the toy gun was real to be unreasonable, although this appears to be an option for the jury flowing from the manner in which defendant has briefed the issue.\nThe State responds that the issue in this case does not involve the factual determination of the presence or absence of a gun during the incident. The question, to the State\u2019s line of thinking, is whether the jury could have found that L.S. reasonably believed that she was threatened by a gun during the sexual assault and robbery. According to the State, the trial court properly refused an instruction on the lesser-included sexual offense once defendant admitted the presence of a gun, whether real or toy. This is so, the State argues, because while the crime of armed robbery requires the person carry an objectively dangerous weapon, the crime of aggravated criminal sexual assault requires the presence only of a weapon which the victim subjectively believes to be dangerous. The jury, according to the State, could and did premise its verdict on the aggravated criminal sexual assault charge upon the belief that the weapon was one she reasonably believed under the circumstances to be dangerous. This, the State argues, is evident even if the jury were to believe defendant Davis\u2019 account of the type and manner of gun displayed.\nThe State observes, moreover, that defendant Davis was found guilty of armed robbery, a result which necessarily flows from the determination that it was a real-looking, dangerous gun.\nIn this case, defendants committed aggravated criminal sexual assault if they committed a sexual assault and while committing it \u201cdisplayed, threatened to use, or used a dangerous weapon or any object fashioned or utilized in such a manner as to lead the victim under the circumstances reasonably to believe it to be a dangerous weapon.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 12 \u2014 14(a)(1).) Criminal sexual assault (see 111. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 12 \u2014 13) is a lesser-included offense of aggravated criminal sexual assault. People v. Geneva (1990), 196 Ill. App. 3d 1017, 1029, 554 N.E.2d 556.\nIn People v. Phillips (1989), 181 Ill. App. 3d 144, 150, 536 N.E.2d 1242, a case in which defendant argued that he was not found guilty of aggravated criminal sexual assault beyond a reasonable doubt, the court discussed the dangerous instrument requirement of the statute. The court observed:\n\u201c \u2018In determining whether a particular instrument constitutes a dangerous weapon, the supreme court has held:\n\u201cWhere the weapon in question and the manner of its use are of such character as to admit of but one conclusion, the question whether or not it is deadly is one of law for the court to determine, but when the character of the weapon is doubtful or the question depends upon the manner of its use it is a question for the jury to determine from a description of the weapon, from the manner of its use and the circumstances of the case.\u201d \u2019 [Citations.]\u201d 181 Ill. App. 3d at 150.\nThe State contends that \u201c[a] toy gun does not give rise to the offense of the armed robbery statute.\u201d The State cites People v. Skelton (1980), 83 Ill. 2d 58, 414 N.E.2d 455, for this simple proposition, and the State\u2019s interpretation of Skelton in this manner is inaccurate. In fact, while the Skelton court held that a toy gun in that case was, as a matter of law, not a dangerous weapon, the court observed:\n\u201cIn the great majority of cases it becomes a question for the fact finder whether the particular object was sufficiently susceptible to use in a manner likely to cause serious injury to qualify as a dangerous weapon. Where, however, the character of the weapon is such as to admit of only one conclusion, the question becomes one of law for the court. [Citations.] The toy gun in this case, in our judgment, falls into the latter category. It does not fire blank shells or give off a flash *** it is entirely too small and light in weight to be effectively used as a bludgeon *** it fires no pellets *** and, except that it could, conceivably, be used to poke the victim in the eye (and a finger could be used for that purpose), it is harmless. It simply is not, in our opinion, the type of weapon which can be used to cause the additional violence and harm which the greater penalty attached to armed robbery was designed to deter.\u201d 83 Ill. 2d at 66-67.\nIn this case, there can be little doubt that the dangerousness of the weapon was an issue in need of resolution. Defendant Davis is correct in arguing that some evidence existed in the record (namely his own testimony) which, if believed by the jury, could have supported his case for simple criminal sexual assault. If the jury believed his testimony that the gun was a \u201csmall,\u201d \u201cplastic,\u201d \u201ccap\u201d pistol, that was never pointed at or used to threaten the victim, the jury might have concluded that it was not a dangerous weapon within the meaning of the aggravated criminal sexual assault statute. Moreover, the jury might have believed that the victim could not reasonably have believed under the circumstances that it was a dangerous weapon, a different question than whether it actually was a dangerous weapon. The jury was not allowed to consider this question due to the lack of instruction on the lesser-included offense.\nHowever, as the State points out, the jury did determine that a dangerous weapon was involved in the incident when it found defendant guilty of armed robbery. The record does not suggest, as defendant Davis contends in reply, that defendant testified that the toy gun was taken out and played with after the assault. Davis\u2019 testimony does not establish when the toy gun was played with. Given that the jury obviously believed that the gun used was a dangerous weapon in returning the guilty verdict on the armed robbery charge, we do not find any prejudice defendant Davis suffered from the lack of an instruction on the lesser-included sex offense charge. We therefore affirm defendant Davis\u2019 conviction.\nNext, we address whether the trial court\u2019s failure to instruct the jury in the McKinley trial on the lesser-included offenses of criminal sexual assault and robbery was error, despite the fact that these instructions were not requested.\nDefendant McKinley argues that despite the fact he never requested them, it was reversible error for the trial court not to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offenses of robbery and criminal sexual assault. Defendant asks us to disregard any waiver on the part of McKinley due to his failure to request the instructions under the plain error doctrine. We should do so, according to defendant, \u201cin the interests of fundamental fairness \u2014 e.g., parity \u2014 the same relief Davis can lay claim should be afforded to McKinley as well.\u201d\nThere is, however, an important difference in the testimony elicited at the two trials, namely, while Davis admitted that some type of pistol, albeit only a toy gun, was present, McKinley, on the other hand, completely denied that there was a weapon of any sort present. Thus, the victim\u2019s reasonable belief under the circumstances that the weapon was dangerous was not an issue. Moreover, given that defendant denied the presence of a weapon at all, there is no way the jury could have concluded, believing complainant\u2019s testimony as its verdict indicated it did, that any sexual assault without a dangerous weapon occurred. It is defendant\u2019s duty, as the State points out, to request jury instructions, and the failure to do so will constitute a waiver of the issue. See People v. Foster (1989), 190 Ill. App. 3d 1018, 547 N.E.2d 478.\nMoreover, defendant\u2019s argument that this case is analogous to People v. Reddick (1988), 123 Ill. 2d 184, 526 N.E.2d 141, is not persuasive. There, the supreme court chose to consider the correctness of instructions which were given which incorrectly stated the burden of proof involving the offenses of both murder and manslaughter. The court considered the issue despite the fact that both defendants in Reddick had failed to object at trial, present proper instructions or raise the issue in a post-trial motion. One defendant did not even raise the issue on appeal. (123 Ill. 2d at 198-99.) Reddick, however, is distinguishable. Here, defendant McKinley did not receive an instruction which incorrectly stated the burden of proof as to either offense he was convicted of, but rather did not receive an instruction on a lesser-included offense, which, as we have indicated, defendant was not clearly entitled to. Defendant has not advanced a convincing argument in support of his invocation that we address the issue under the plain error doctrine.\nLikewise, we reject defendant McKinley\u2019s brief argument that his counsel\u2019s failure to request the lesser-included offense instructions constituted ineffective representation. Given defendant\u2019s denial that any weapon was present at all, the failure to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offenses was strategically supportable. Defendant\u2019s testimony, in denying both the underlying crimes and the presence of a weapon which provided the aggravating factor resulting in the charges of the greater offenses, could reasonably have been viewed by counsel as removing the option of instruction on lesser-included offenses for (the sake of defendant\u2019s credibility and to avoid \u201ccompromise\u201d in the verdicts.\nFinally, we consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing defendants to their respective terms of imprisonment. Defendants\u2019 argument that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing 20-year (defendant McKinley) and 18-year (defendant Davis) concurrent sentences boils down primarily to the argument that defendants\u2019 conduct was not particularly brutal or heinous, as aggravated criminal sexual assaults and armed robberies go, that defendants had limited criminal histories, and that defendants showed some real potential for rehabilitation.\nA trial judge\u2019s decision in regard to sentencing is entitled to great deference and weight, and absent an abuse of this discretion, a sentence may not be altered upon review. (See People v. Perruquet (1977), 68 Ill. 2d 149, 368 N.E.2d 882.) In this case, defendants\u2019 sentences were 10 and 12 years below the statutory maximum, the conduct was indeed somewhat brutal, and we hold that the trial court did not abuse its significant discretion in imposing the sentences it did.\nAccordingly, defendants\u2019 convictions are affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nMcNAMARA and LaPORTA, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE RAKOWSKI" } ], "attorneys": [ "Randolph N. Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (Richard E. Cade, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellants.", "Jack O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb and James Fitzgerald, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RICHARD L. DAVIS et al., Defendants-Appellants.\nFirst District (6th Division)\nNos. 1\u201488\u20143163, 1\u201488\u20143315 cons.\nOpinion filed March 13, 1992.\nRandolph N. Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (Richard E. Cade, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellants.\nJack O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb and James Fitzgerald, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0476-01", "first_page_order": 500, "last_page_order": 509 }