{ "id": 2504931, "name": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Allen J. Ciochon et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Ciochon", "decision_date": "1974-11-13", "docket_number": "No. 72-243", "first_page": "363", "last_page": "368", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "23 Ill. App. 3d 363" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "316 U.S. 129", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 368290 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/316/0129-01" ] }, { "cite": "91 S.Ct. 117", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "27 L.Ed.2d 120", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "400 U.S. 882", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12091936, 12091906, 12092100, 12091756, 12091980, 12092013, 12092053, 12091862, 12091803 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/400/0882-05", "/us/400/0882-04", "/us/400/0882-09", "/us/400/0882-01", "/us/400/0882-06", "/us/400/0882-07", "/us/400/0882-08", "/us/400/0882-03", "/us/400/0882-02" ] }, { "cite": "45 Ill.2d 148", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2896259 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/45/0148-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 Ill.App.3d 766", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2921303 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "769-70" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/4/0766-01" ] }, { "cite": "48 A.L.R.3d 1178", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "41 Ill.2d 170", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2852973 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "175" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/41/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "401 U.S. 745", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11714876 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "457-59" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/401/0745-01" ] }, { "cite": "390 U.S. 234", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6169464 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "236" }, { "page": "1069" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/390/0234-01" ] }, { "cite": "389 U.S. 347", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11339173 ], "weight": 10, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "351-61" }, { "page": "582-88" }, { "page": "351" }, { "page": "582" }, { "page": "360-61" }, { "page": "587" }, { "page": "361" }, { "page": "588" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/389/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "388 U.S. 41", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6167673 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/388/0041-01" ] }, { "cite": "263 A.2d 904", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "216 Pa. Super. 177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa. Super.", "case_ids": [ 790583 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa-super/216/0177-01" ] }, { "cite": "234 A.2d 464", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2 Md. App. 300", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Md. App.", "case_ids": [ 2327638 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/md-app/2/0300-01" ] }, { "cite": "392 F.2d 432", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 2106288 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/392/0432-01" ] }, { "cite": "243 F.2d 858", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 410757, 411190 ], "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/243/0858-01", "/f2d/243/0858-02" ] }, { "cite": "47 S.Ct. 748", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "case_ids": [ 81242 ], "year": 1927, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/274/0693-01" ] }, { "cite": "274 U.S. 559", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 81148 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1927, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/274/0559-01" ] }, { "cite": "45 Ill.2d 140", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2896242 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/45/0140-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 716, "char_count": 12110, "ocr_confidence": 0.744, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.828409310358423e-08, "percentile": 0.5334905625772004 }, "sha256": "9843dd9c059d5fa9e0aa426feceb1263535577bb005a31de1731a6b15c98f1b3", "simhash": "1:9c7290aa180c6bab", "word_count": 2010 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:19:43.775116+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Allen J. Ciochon et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. PRESIDING JUSTICE THOMAS J. MORAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe State appeals an order allowing defendants\u2019 motion to quash a search warrant and suppress all evidence obtained thereunder.\nThe pertinent part of the affidavit in support of the warrant reads:\n\u201cI, John. Chaplin, a police, officer for the village ;of. Carol Stream,' while on patrol on 2/5/72.'.observed the following activities at the above described address: 1), observed lights on in the above apartment located at the above address and Nicholas Maggiore come out of the apartment on the balcony and observe my marked squad at about midnight 2) observed lights go out in the above ..apartment and Nicholas Maggiore and another white male obseWe my marked squad at about 2:30 AM 3) took up surveillance with binoculars and observed the lights on and Nicholas Maggiore and Donna Maggiore and a white male sitting at a table,. The white male appeared to prepare a solution and slowly handed a long thin object (approx. 4\") to Nicholas Maggiore who had a band on his arm and his sleeve rolled up. His back was then turned to .me: Nicholas Maggiore then handed the band to Donna and the long thin object to the white male. He again appeared to prepare . a solution and handed the long thin object to Nicholas. Donna then went by Nicholas but I could not observe her as she was blocked by Nicholas. At about 9:00 AM I talked to Katherine Lucas who is a manager of the apartment complex' at 545 Gundersen and she advised apartment 407 is occupied by Nicholas and Donna Maggiore. My description of the subjects fit that of Nicholas: Maggiore and Donna Maggiore known to Katherine Lucas. I received from her a copy of the application for lease prepared by Maggiores for apartment # 407.\ns/ John Chaplin, Complainant '\u2022\nI, John Ambrogio, a police officer with the Village of Carol Stream, was given an application for lease by Officer Chaplin signed by Donna Maggiore. Listed as nearest relative was Phyliss Homolik. On 2/5/72 I called the number listed on-the application for Phyliss Homolik and talked to a person who identified herself as Mrs. Homolik. She said no immediate relatives, of hers were diabetics. .\n3.\ns/ John Ambrogio, Complainant Subscribed and sworn to before me on February 5, 1972.\ns/ J. E. Fitzgerald, Judge\u201d\nBased upon the affidavit, a search warrant issued authorizing the seizure of articles used in the commission of the offenses of unlawful possession of a controlled substance (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1971, ch. 56%, \u00a7 1401) and unlawful possession of a hypodermic syringe or,needle (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1971, ch. 38, \u00a7 22-50).\nAt the hearing to quash the warrant, defendants\u2019 attempted to call one of the affiants, Chaplin, as a witness, to establish that defendants\u2019 constitutional rights had been violated because Chaplin employed an illegal method to obtain the information within his affidavit. In barring such evidence, the cotut held that under People v. Bak, 45 Ill.2d 140 (1970), defendants\u2019 proof must be confined to the sufficiency of the statements set forth in the affidavit and that they were thus precluded from introducing any extrinsic evidence. The court did, however, quash the warrant on the basis that Chaplin's use of binoculars to observe the defendants in their apartment violated their right to privacy and therefore constituted an unreasonable search.\nThe sole question presented is whether it is constitutionally permissible for the police, with the aid of binoculars, to peer into an apartment and thereafter use the conduct observed as basis for probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant.\nThe court\u2019s order was founded on the premise that the use of binoculars, by itself, amounted to an invasion of privacy thereby making tire search unreasonable. The State takes the position that anything observed by the use of binoculars falls within the \u201cplain view\u201d doctrine and that observations under that doctrine do not constitute a search. Both approaches are over-simplifications of the question and neither is completely accurate.\nThe use of binoculars does not, per se, constitute an unreasonable search and the court erred in so holding. (See United States v. Lee, 274 U.S. 559, 71 L.Ed. 1202, 47 S.Ct. 748 (1927); United States v. McCall, 243 F.2d 858 (10th Cir. 1957); Fullbright v. United States, 392 F.2d 432 (10th Cir. 1968); Johnson v. State, 2 Md. App. 300, 234 A.2d 464 (1967); Commonwealth v. Hernley, 216 Pa. Super. 177, 263 A.2d 904 (1970).) We take special note that in each case except Johnson v. State, supra, the authorities had prior information that a crime had occurred or was occurring before surveillance was initiated with binoculars or other aids; additionally, the activities of the suspects were in plain view. Such information is lacking in the case at bar. Whether, prior to the use of binoculars, authorities had reason to believe that a crime had taken place or was taking place is of vital importance. In Berger v. New York, 388 U.S. 41, 18 L.Ed.2d 1040, 87 S.Ct. 1873 (1967), a New York statute allowed state courts to issue warrants permitting eavesdropping when the affidavit related \u201cthat there is reasonable grounds to believe that evidence of a crime may be thus obtained.\u201d The statute did not require the affiant to aver that a crime had been or was in the process of being committed nor was it necessary that the warrant specify that place to be searched or the persons or tilings to be seized, as required under the fourth amendment. Because of the lack of these essentials, the court likened the statute to the general warrant of colonial days and declared it invalid.\nIn Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351-61, 19 L.Ed.2d 576, 582-88, 88 S.Ct. 507 (1967), the defendant\u2019s portion of a telephone conversation was overheard by the use of an electronic device attached to the outside of a public telephone booth. In holding this to be an unreasonable search, the court stated, \u201cThe Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. * * * But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected.\u201d (389 U.S. 347, 351, 19 L.Ed.2d 576, 582.) Justice Harlan, in a special concurring opinion, interpreted the court\u2019s decision to hold \u201conly (a) that an enclosed telephone booth is an area where, like a home * * * and unlike a field # * a person has a constitutionally protected reasonable expectation of privacy; (b) that electronic as well as physical intrusion into a place that is in this sense private may constitute a violation of the Fourth Amendment; and (c) that the invasion of a constitutionally protected area by federal authorities is, as the Court has long held, presumptively unreasonable in the absence of a search warrant.\u201d (389 U.S. 347, 360-61, 19 L.Ed.2d 576, 587.) He then wrote that to obtain benefits of fourth amendment protection, \u201cthere is a two-fold requirement, first that a person have exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and, second, that the expectation be one that society is prepared to recognize as \u2018reasonable\u2019. Thus a man\u2019s home is, for most purposes, a place where he expects privacy, but objects, activities or statements that he exposes to the \u2018plain view\u2019 of outsiders are not \u2018protected\u2019 because no intention to keep them to himself has been exhibited.\u201d (389 U.S. 347, 361, 19 L.Ed.2d 576, 588.) We can find no distinction in law between overhearing conversations by means of electronic devices and observing a person\u2019s conduct by the use of binoculars. Permissibility of their use depends upon the surrounding circumstances.\nWe do not subscribe to tire proposition that anything observed with the use of binoculars can automatically be categorized as \u201cwithin the plain-view doctrine.\u201d The State incorrectly relies on a post-Katz decision, Harris v. United States, 390 U.S. 234, 236, 19 L.Ed.2d 1067, 1069, 88 S.Ct. 992 (1968), and cases cited therein, where the Court stated, \u201cIt has long been settled that objects faffing in plain view of an officer who has a right to be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure and may be introduced into evidence.\u201d In those cases only the natural senses were used; no extrinsic aids were necessary.\nWhile Katz found the \u201ctrespass\u201d doctrine to be so eroded that it could no longer be controlling, it did not bar electronic devices (cf. United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745, 28 L.Ed.2d 453, 457-59, 91 S.Ct. 1122 (1971) and cases cited therein) but only restricted their use. See People v. Wright, 41 Ill.2d 170, 175 (1988) where the court stated, \u201cKatz is applicable only to those instances where electronic eavesdropping devices or other artificial means are employed in addition to the natural senses.\u201d As revealed by a reading of Berger and Katz, the Court, cognizant of the advancements in technology and the effect of those developments upon individual privacy, has turned to the reasonable expectation theory whenever the use of extrinsic aids to the natural senses has tended toward invasion of the right of privacy under the fourth amendment. For a review of search cases where binoculars were used, see Annot, 48 A.L.R.3d 1178 (1973).\nThe difficulty in review of the instant case is not so much a question of the applicable law as it is the lack of facts presented. Both the State and defendants have within their briefs made statements of \u201cfact\u201d which are unsupported by the record, e.g., defendants state that their apartment is located on the fourth floor and that Chaplin was a trespasser at the time of the surveillance; the State cla'ms that Chaplin made no physical trespass on defendants\u2019 property and that at the time of the surveillance the evidence obtained was in plain view. None of these \u201cfacts\u201d are revealed by the evidence.\nWe feel that the trial court misinterpreted the holding in People v. Bak, supra (see People v. Wilson, 4 Ill.App.3d 766, 769-70 (1972)), and in so doing, barred the introduction of evidence necessary to answer the question posed. In Bak and in People v. Mitchell, 45 Ill.2d 148 (1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 882, 27 L.Ed.2d 120, 91 S.Ct. 117, the defendants attempted to introduce evidence to controvert matters contained in the affidavits. Their purpose was to prove the informers unreliable and to show that other allegations of the affiants\u2019 were false. Here defendants intended neither of these purposes. They admitted tire facts averred in the affidavit. What they intended to introduce was evidence to prove that Chaplin\u2019s information, the basis of probable cause for issuance of the warrant, was obtained by means of an unreasonable search conducted prior to his seeking the warrant. To bar the taking of evidence on such claim would be to hold that all allegations contained in an affidavit for a search warrant are conclusive regardless of the means employed in obtaining the information. We have not found any law supporting such result.\nFor the reasons stated, we find it necessary to reverse the order and remand the cause with directions to take further evidence to determine the circumstances surrounding the use of binoculars in this case.\nReversed and remanded with directions.\nSEIDENFELD and RECHENMACHER, JJ., concur.\nIn this case the court relied upon Goldman v. United States, 316 U.S. 129, 86 L.Ed. 1322, 62 S.Ct. 993 (1942). In the subsequent case of Katz v. United States, 19 L.Ed.2d 576, at page 583, the Court held that the underpinnings of the trespass doctrine relied upon in Goldman were so eroded that it was no longer controlling.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. PRESIDING JUSTICE THOMAS J. MORAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "John J. Bowman, State\u2019s Attorney, of Wheaton (Robert Duffey and Charles Kaeding, both Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, and James W. Jerz and Charles D. Sheehy, both of Model District State\u2019s Attorneys Office, of counsel), for the People.", "Marco & Mannina, of Downers Grove, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Allen J. Ciochon et al., Defendants-Appellees.\n(No. 72-243;\nSecond District\nNovember 13, 1974.\nJohn J. Bowman, State\u2019s Attorney, of Wheaton (Robert Duffey and Charles Kaeding, both Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, and James W. Jerz and Charles D. Sheehy, both of Model District State\u2019s Attorneys Office, of counsel), for the People.\nMarco & Mannina, of Downers Grove, for appellees." }, "file_name": "0363-01", "first_page_order": 387, "last_page_order": 392 }