{ "id": 5163236, "name": "MURIEL DeCASTRIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GANDHI GUTTA, Defendant-Appellant (M. DePetrouch et al., Defendants)", "name_abbreviation": "DeCastris v. Gutta", "decision_date": "1992-10-08", "docket_number": "No. 2\u201491\u20140624", "first_page": "168", "last_page": "176", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "237 Ill. App. 3d 168" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "148 Ill. App. 3d 32", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3644235 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "34" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/148/0032-01" ] }, { "cite": "89 Ill. App. 3d 630", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5537410 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "635" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/89/0630-01" ] }, { "cite": "132 Ill. 2d 64", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5588592 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/132/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "172 Ill. App. 3d 897", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5080654 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/172/0897-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ill. App. 3d 673", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2565512 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/205/0673-01" ] }, { "cite": "106 Ill. 2d 135", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3138416 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/106/0135-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 321", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3188627 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "327" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/118/0321-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 Ill. App. 3d 780", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3561093 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/121/0780-01" ] }, { "cite": "46 Ill. 2d 288", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2898702 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "294" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/46/0288-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 N.E.2d 763", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "113 Ill. 2d 219", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3173826 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "243" }, { "page": "243" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/113/0219-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 813, "char_count": 19950, "ocr_confidence": 0.782, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.396674100219567e-08, "percentile": 0.3375312614750899 }, "sha256": "ee51be4852d916966365758a8dd59900c5d6e43369b94604abe1496a33b0813e", "simhash": "1:59e2302f7b13c573", "word_count": 3287 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:32:17.971536+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "MURIEL DeCASTRIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GANDHI GUTTA, Defendant-Appellant (M. DePetrouch et al., Defendants)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE UNVERZAGT\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis action was brought to recover damages occasioned by the alleged medical negligence of the defendants in treating the plaintiff, Muriel DeCastris. Trial proceeded on plaintiff\u2019s third-amended complaint against only defendant Gandhi Gutta, M.D. Dr. Gutta severed plaintiff\u2019s bile duct during gallbladder surgery in 1984, leading to a series of complications including pancreatitis, infections and the need for an external drain. Plaintiff requested in argument at trial that the jury award her $650,000; defendant suggested an award of $150,000. The jury returned a general verdict for plaintiff in the amount of $225,000 upon which the court entered judgment. Dr. Gutta filed a timely post-trial motion pursuant to section 2\u20141205 of the Civil Practice Law (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141205) to reduce the judgment by an amount equal to 50% of collateral source payments for medical expenses and lost wages which were shown by the evidence to total $103,206.79. Because the jury\u2019s verdict was a general one, the court declined to assume that it included an award for those payments, and it denied Dr. Gutta\u2019s motion. It is from that denial that Dr. Gutta appeals.\nDr. Gutta contends the court erred in refusing to reduce the judgment because the statute is mandatory and applies to unitemized, general verdicts. He further argues that the court ignored the established presumption that the jury is presumed to follow the instructions given it, that the jury\u2019s verdict necessarily included the plaintiff\u2019s medical expenses and lost wages, and that the plaintiff\u2019s constitutional challenge to section 2\u20141205 is waived and is unfounded.\nPlaintiff argues the court\u2019s refusal to reduce the judgment should be affirmed because section 2\u20141205 violates due process and equal protection and, therefore, is unconstitutional, and, further, because Dr. Gutta has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion or that its finding was manifestly wrong.\nDr. Gutta replies that the plaintiff has waived the constitutionality issue by failing to file a cross-appeal and section 2\u20141205 has already been found to be constitutional. We affirm.\nThe jury trial took place from January 28 through February 8, 1991. During trial, the plaintiff testified in detail as to medical expenses totaling $89,206.79 which she testified \u201cto the best of her knowledge and belief\u201d had been paid in full. Dr. Gutta did not contest any of the medical bills and offered no evidence that these claimed medical bills were unreasonable, excessive or unrelated to the alleged negligence. Plaintiff also testified to lost income amounting to approximately $14,000. The parties do not dispute that the plaintiffs combined medical expenses and lost wages total $103,206.79.\nDuring closing argument, plaintiff argued to the jury that, if it found for her, it was \u201ca given\u201d that she was entitled to reimbursement of the medical expenses and lost wages. Also in closing argument, Dr. Gutta argued to the jury that, with regard to medical bills and plaintiff\u2019s lost wages, if it found against him on liability, it would \u201cmaybe *** have to think about giving that to [plaintiff, yes.\u201d\nPlaintiff\u2019s instruction No. 14 was given to the jury over Dr. Gut-ta\u2019s objection to the inclusion of future pain and suffering:\n\u201cIf you decide for the plaintiff on the question of liability, you must then fix the amount of money which will reasonably and fairly compensate her for any of the following elements of damages proved by the evidence to have resulted from the negligence of the defendant, taking into consideration the nature, extent, and duration of the injury.\nThe disability and disfigurement resulting from the injury.\nThe pain and suffering experienced and reasonably certain to be experienced in the future as a result of the injuries.\nThe reasonable expense of necessary medical care, treatment, and services received.\nThe value of earnings lost.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 30.01 (3d ed. 1989) (hereinafter IPI Civil 3d).\nPlaintiff\u2019s instruction No. 17, general \u201cVerdict Form A,\u201d was agreed to be given to the jury. That verdict form provided that: \u201cWe, the jury, find for Muriel DeCastris and against Gandhi Gutta. We assess Muriel DeCastris\u2019 damages in the sum of $__\u201d IPI Civil 3d No. 45.06.\nOn February 8, 1991, after argument and instructions, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff and against Dr. Gandhi Gutta and awarded damages in the amount of $225,000. Judgment on the verdict was entered the same day.\nOn February 13, 1991, within 30 days of the entry of judgment, Dr. Gutta timely filed his motion to reduce the judgment pursuant to section 2\u20141205 of the Civil Practice Law. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141205.) Insofar as pertinent here, the defendant requested in the motion that the court reduce the judgment by an amount equal to 50% of the collateral source payments for medical expenses and lost wages.\nPlaintiff objected to the motion for reduction, contending that Dr. Gutta waived the right to the reduction by failing to tender an itemized verdict form as required by section 2\u20141109 of the Civil Practice Law. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141109.) That section requires a verdict in a case for damages for injury to the person to be itemized into economic and noneconomic losses. Absent such itemization, the plaintiff argued, the court must speculate whether the jury\u2019s verdict included none, some or all of the claimed medical and lost wage expenses that had been paid or become payable to her by collateral sources. Plaintiff also argued that section 2\u20141205, in its then-unamended form, was unconstitutional on due process and equal protection grounds and that there was no evidence that plaintiff had been reimbursed for the $14,000 in lost wages. Plaintiff also argued that there was evidence at trial from which the jury could have inferred that her medical costs and lost wages were paid on her behalf by others. Thus, the jury might not have included those special damages in its verdict.\nThe court held a hearing on Dr. Gutta\u2019s motion to reduce the judgment on April 2, 1991. At the hearing, the plaintiff represented to the court that she had not been reimbursed for the lost wages shown by the evidence at trial. Accordingly, the court permitted Dr. Gutta to propound an interrogatory on that issue. The plaintiff answered the interrogatory, which this court granted leave to be filed as a supplemental record, stating that of the approximate $16,000 in lost wages she actually incurred, $2,041 was reimbursed by insurance. Consequently, approximately $14,000 in lost, wages, as presented during trial, had not been reimbursed. On May 6, 1991, the trial court denied Dr. Gutta\u2019s motion to reduce the judgment, stating:\n\u201cFor this Court to reduce the instant judgment pursuant to Section 2\u20141205, the Court would have to assume that the jury\u2019s award included medical bills and lost wages. The Court can only speculate as to the substance of the jury\u2019s award without an itemized verdict. Such an assumption may be in error in light of the fact that there was evidence that the plaintiff was employed by an insurance carrier.\nIn upholding the constitutionality of Section 2\u20141205, the Illinois Supreme Court in Benier [sic] v. Burris (1986), 113 Ill. 2d 219, 497 N.E.2d 763, found that Section 2\u20141205 eliminated certain duplicative recoveries. The general verdict form does not adequately inform this Court as to whether or not there has been a duplicative recovery in the instant case.\u201d (Emphasis in original.)\nWe first address Dr. Gutta\u2019s contention that the court erred in refusing to reduce the judgment because the statute is mandatory and applies to unitemized, general verdicts. Plaintiff\u2019s argument below concerning the lack of an itemized verdict as required by section 2\u20141109 of the Civil Practice Law appears to be the one which influenced the trial court to deny reduction. Plaintiff renews that argument here in support of affirmance, contending preliminarily that if the intent of section 2\u20141205 is to prevent a \u201cdouble recovery,\u201d thereby fostering the governmental interest in reducing the costs of malpractice actions (see Bernier v. Burris (1986), 113 Ill. 2d 219, 243), then it must first be determined that there is or will be a double recovery. That is, plaintiff contends, it was Dr. Gutta\u2019s burden to show that the verdict included an award of medical bills and lost wages. Plaintiff cites no authority for imposing this burden on Dr. Gutta, and, in fact, we find no such burden is imposed by virtue of section 2\u20141205 or section 2\u20141109.\nSection 2\u20141205, in its unamended form, applied to the instant cause. It provides:\n\u201cAn amount equal to 50% of the benefits provided for medical charges, hospital charges, lost wages, private or governmental disability income programs, or nursing or caretaking charges, which have been paid, or which have become payable to the injured person by any other person, corporation, insurance company or fund in relation to a particular injury, shall be deducted from any judgment in an action to recover for that injury based on an allegation of negligence or other wrongful act, not including intentional torts, on the part of a licensed hospital or physician; provided, however, that:\n(1) Application is made within 30 days to reduce the judgment;\n(2) Such reduction shall not apply to the extent that there is a right of recoupment through subrogation, trust agreement, lien, or otherwise; and\n(3) The reduction shall not reduce the judgment by more than 50% of the total amount of the judgment entered on the verdict.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141205.\nThe amendment of this section, effective August 15, 1985, increased the allowable reduction for benefits payable for medical, hospital, nursing, or caretaking charges to 100%. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141205(ii).) Section 2\u20141205 now also prohibits reductions for charges paid for medical expenses which were \u201cdirectly attributable to the adjudged negligent acts or omissions of the defendants found liable\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141205(5)) and permits the damages awarded to be increased by the amounts paid in two preceding years for premiums or other costs associated with obtaining the collateral benefits (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141205(4)).\nUnder the provisions of the statute in effect at the time of Dr. Gutta\u2019s motion for reduction, it was his burden to make application for reduction within 30 days of the judgment and to show the amount of the benefits that were paid or have become payable to the plaintiff by collateral sources and which are not subject to recoupment through subrogation, trust agreement, lien or otherwise. The statute provides that the deduction shall be made \u201cfrom any judgment\u201d but it \u201cshall not reduce the judgment by more than 50% of the total amount of the judgment entered on the verdict.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141205.) Although the phrase \u201cany judgment\u201d would include a general as well as an itemized verdict, the phrase \u201cthe total amount\u201d of the judgment suggests a verdict that is itemized and must be totaled so that the reduction does not exceed 50% of the total amount.\nSection 2\u20141109, in effect at the time plaintiff filed her complaint here on May 23, 1985, provided:\n\u201cIn every case where damages for injury to the person are assessed by the jury the verdict shall be itemized so as to reflect the monetary distribution among economic loss and non-economic loss, if any.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141109.\nDr. Gutta\u2019s motion for reduction of the judgment identified plaintiff\u2019s hospital and medical expenses and her lost wages as \u201ceconomic\u201d damages (cf. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141702 (defining \u201ceconomic loss\u201d as \u201call pecuniary harm for which damages are recoverable\u201d)). Effective August 15, 1985, and applicable only to cases filed thereafter (see Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 110, par. 2\u20141109, Historical & Statutory Notes, at 32 (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1992) re: effective date of Pub. Act 84\u20147, which included the amendments to sections 2\u20141205 and 2\u20141109), section 2\u20141109 now provides for itemization which will reflect the distribution of economic loss by specific categories which must be further itemized to show the amounts intended to compensate for losses incurred prior to the verdict and those intended to compensate for losses which will be incurred in the future. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2-1109.\nWe find specious plaintiff\u2019s contention that the inability to determine whether the jury\u2019s general verdict here included her medical expenses and lost wages is attributable to Dr. Gutta\u2019s failure to seek a verdict itemized, at a minimum, as to economic and noneconomic losses as required by the then-unamended version of section 2\u20141109. The verdict form tendered here was tendered by plaintiff herself, and Dr. Gutta, not surprisingly, simply agreed to it.\nPlaintiff acknowledges the rule that one who elects a particular form of verdict cannot later argue that which could have been clarified if a proper verdict form had been used. (Moore v. Jewel Tea Co. (1970), 46 Ill. 2d 288, 294.) Plaintiff seeks to have this rule applied against Dr. Gutta since he agreed to the general verdict form, yet she ignores the fact that it was she who tendered the general verdict form in the first place and that it is she who now seeks to avoid reduction of the judgment by saying the general verdict does not clearly show that her medical expenses and lost wages are included therein. Her assertion that, when the verdict form was tendered, \u201cno one knew that defendant intended to later ask for application of 2\u20141205\u201d ignores Dr. Gutta\u2019s pretrial interrogatory to her seeking \u201cpursuant to \u00a72 \u2014 1205 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure\u201d to discover the collateral source payments made for each of the plaintiff\u2019s medical or hospital bills.\nThe itemization of a verdict so as to reflect the monetary distribution between economic loss and noneconomic loss has been held to be mandatory and the refusal of such a tendered instruction to be reversible error. (Henderson v. Hudson (1984), 121 Ill. App. 3d 780.) However, no such itemized verdict form was either tendered or refused here.\nUnder the circumstances presented by the record before us, we are compelled to agree with Dr. Gutta that the mere fact that the verdict was a general one does not preclude its reduction pursuant to section 2\u20141205. Although the court in Witherell v. Weimer (1987), 118 Ill. 2d 321, evidently impliedly approved the reduction of a general verdict, the precise issue at bar was not presented there, and, in fact, the plaintiff in that case agreed that any award was subject to reduction in the amount qf $41,052.77. (Witherell, 118 Ill. 2d at 327.) There is no such agreement here, of course. Consequently, we consider that Witherell provides scant support for Dr. Gutta\u2019s position. We think it is evident that section 2\u20141205 was not meant to be applied in a vacuum but, rather, was intended to operate in tandem with related statutes and, in particular, with section 2\u20141109 in furtherance of the well-established legislative intent to eliminate duplicative recoveries thereby fostering the goal of reducing the costs of malpractice actions. (See Bernier v. Burris (1986), 113 Ill. 2d 219, 243.) Clearly, the reduction of recoveries which are not duplicative or otherwise validly subject to remittitur serves no purpose we can discern save the undermining of the jury\u2019s verdict.\nInasmuch as this court\u2019s duty is to review a trial court\u2019s judgment and not its reasons therefor (Bell v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co. (1985), 106 Ill. 2d 135), and, assuming arguendo that the jury\u2019s verdict did include recovery for plaintiff\u2019s medical expenses and lost wages, we find we nonetheless may affirm the court\u2019s refusal to reduce the judgment on the basis that Dr. Gutta failed to prove the reduction to which he was entitled. As to the plaintiff\u2019s hospital and medical expenses, the interrogatories and answers appended to Dr. Gutta\u2019s motion to reduce showed plaintiff\u2019s answer that, \u201cJackson & Long & Associates, Travelers Insurance\u201d made medical or hospital bill payments, but her answer did not include, as the interrogatory had requested, a response as to- \u201cthe amount paid by that entity.\u201d Notably, Dr. Gutta\u2019s motion for reduction alleged that, \u201c[ajpparently all, or substantial [sic] all of the hospital bills, physician bills, and related expenses were paid by insurance.\u201d Nothing presented by Dr. Gutta in his pleadings or at the hearing established to what extent plaintiff\u2019s hospital and medical expenses were paid or were payable to her or to others on her behalf by those two collateral sources. Nor do we find any evidence in the record that Dr. Gutta showed the collateral source payments made were not subject to a right of recoupment in which case reduction would not be warranted to whatever extent the recoupment applied. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, par. 2\u20141205(2).\nAs to plaintiff\u2019s lost wages, the interrogatory propounded to her following the hearing on Dr. Gutta\u2019s motion for reduction shows she lost approximately $16,000 in wages, only $2,041 of which was reimbursed. Plaintiff further alleged that evidence of the lost wages which had already been reimbursed was not presented at trial; rather, only evidence of her unreimbursed lost wages was presented.\nWe conclude that Dr. Gutta failed to show he was entitled to a reduction of the judgment as provided in section 2\u20141205, and, therefore, the court\u2019s judgment was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nBecause we find we must affirm the court\u2019s judgment on this basis, a review of plaintiff\u2019s challenge to the constitutionality of section 2\u20141205 is not essential and will not be undertaken. (Cf. Werner v. Botti, Marinaccio & DeSalvo (1990), 205 Ill. App. 3d 673 (reviewing court will decide constitutional questions only where resolution of those questions is essential to disposition of appeal); see also In re Application of County Collector (1988), 172 Ill. App. 3d 897, aff\u2019d (1989), 132 Ill. 2d 64).) We reject, however, Dr. Gutta\u2019s contention that plaintiff waived the issue by not cross-appealing; the trial court\u2019s judgment here did not specifically rule that section 2\u20141205 was constitutional. (See Cleys v. Village of Palatine (1980), 89 Ill. App. 3d 630, 635 (\u201cwhere a general decision for the appellee contains a specific finding unfavorable to him and he fails to file a cross-appeal, the adverse finding is not properly before the reviewing court\u201d).) The court\u2019s judgment merely referred to the Bernier case wherein the present amended version of section 2\u20141205 was found to be constitutional. (Bernier v. Burris (1986), 113 Ill. 2d 219.) Nor do we agree with Dr. Gutta that Witherell v. Weimer (1986), 148 Ill. App. 3d 32, rev\u2019d & remanded on other grounds (1987), 118 Ill. 2d 321, is wholly dispositive of the constitutionality of section 2\u20141205 in its unamended state.- Witherell upheld the constitutionality of the section but only as against a special legislation challenge which is similar to that of an equal protection claim. (Witherell, 148 Ill. App. 3d at 34.) Plaintiff\u2019s challenge here included a due process challenge as well.\nFor the reasons stated above, the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nGEIGER and NICKELS, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE UNVERZAGT" } ], "attorneys": [ "William L. Barr, Jr., and Randy J. Curato, both of Bell, Boyd & Lloyd, of Chicago, for appellant.", "David B. Selig, of Sussman, Selig & Ross, and Michael W. Rathsack, both of Chicago, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "MURIEL DeCASTRIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GANDHI GUTTA, Defendant-Appellant (M. DePetrouch et al., Defendants).\nSecond District\nNo. 2\u201491\u20140624\nOpinion filed October 8, 1992.\nRehearing denied November 16, 1992.\nWilliam L. Barr, Jr., and Randy J. Curato, both of Bell, Boyd & Lloyd, of Chicago, for appellant.\nDavid B. Selig, of Sussman, Selig & Ross, and Michael W. Rathsack, both of Chicago, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0168-01", "first_page_order": 188, "last_page_order": 196 }