{ "id": 5307306, "name": "Irving Klehr et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Zoning Board of Appeals of The Village of Skokie, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Klehr v. Zoning Board of Appeals", "decision_date": "1974-11-18", "docket_number": "No. 59286", "first_page": "512", "last_page": "520", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "24 Ill. App. 3d 512" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "275 N.E.2d 168", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "1 Ill.App.3d 912", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5315057 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/1/0912-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 N.E.2d 423", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "328 Mass. 155", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 514106 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/328/0155-01" ] }, { "cite": "222 P.2d 439", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "36 Cal. 2d 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4408894 ], "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-2d/36/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "260 N.E.2d 454", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1950, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "125 Ill.App.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1577212 ], "year": 1950, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/125/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "180 N.E. 767", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "348 Ill. 166", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5275060 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/348/0166-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 N.E.2d 250", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "25 Ill.2d 434", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5352519 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/25/0434-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 N.E.2d 96", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "24 Ill.2d 270", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2803204 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/24/0270-01" ] }, { "cite": "137 N.E.2d 801", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "9 Ill.2d 448", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5320306 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/9/0448-01" ] }, { "cite": "187 N.E.2d 233", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "26 Ill.2d 515", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5356279 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/26/0515-01" ] }, { "cite": "139 N.E.2d 205", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "10 Ill.2d 61", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2725915 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/10/0061-01" ] }, { "cite": "280 N.E.2d 767", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "4 Ill.App.3d 257", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2915497 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/4/0257-01" ] }, { "cite": "270 N.E.2d 535", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "133 Ill.App.2d 22", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2473342 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/133/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 N.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "34 Ill.App.2d 412", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5237663 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "419" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/34/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "309 N.E.2d 653", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "18 Ill.App.3d 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2609502 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/18/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "282 N.E.2d 751", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "5 Ill.App.3d 77", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2525230 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "81" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/5/0077-01" ] }, { "cite": "235 N.E.2d 406", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "92 Ill.App.2d 355", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5322962 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/92/0355-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 807, "char_count": 16842, "ocr_confidence": 0.745, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.821957596111728e-08, "percentile": 0.45793808828236704 }, "sha256": "1aa4e095985eb70f35fb5fd6cb0e8be45244d45917413dd745165a2ac6e3f2fe", "simhash": "1:3ea71af12cd29ca2", "word_count": 2828 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:53:16.970085+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Irving Klehr et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Zoning Board of Appeals of The Village of Skokie, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE BURKE\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIrving and Alice Klehr filed a complaint in the circuit court of Cook County for administrative review of a determination by the Zoning Board of Appeals of the Village of Skokie denying a variation to allow construction of a single-family residence on plaintiffs\u2019 lot which has a 35-foot frontage in an area wherein the required frontage is 40 feet. The court found that the Board\u2019s decision to deny a variation was not arbitrary, unreasonable or capricious and did not violate the constitutional rights of the plaintiffs. The court further held that the relevant portions of the Skokie ordinance which prohibited the plaintiffs from erecting a dwelling unit on a lot with a 35-foot frontage were not unconstitutional.\nThe lot (recorded as Lot 214), located at 8306 North Karlov Avenue in Skokie, has a frontage of 35 feet on Karlov Avenue and a depth of 124 feet to a public alley on the west. Lot 214 is approximately 4346 feet square, which is less than the 4800-square-foot requirement of the Skokie zoning ordinance. Lot 214 is adjoined to the north by a lot (containing a residence) with a 55-foot frontage (recorded as Lot 215), and to the south by a lot (containing a residence) with a 45-foot frontage. The south lot is on the northwest corner of Karlov Avenue and Madison Street.\nIn 1953, plaintiffs purchased Lots 214 and 215 as one parcel from Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Scheffield. The record indicates that the plaintiffs and their predecessors in title held the two recorded lots in common ownership and used the entire parcel as a single family residence. Shrubbery borders Lot 214 on the north and east sides, while a garage built by the Scheffields is located on the western portion of the lot. Both the Klehrs and the Scheffields used the garage for their automobiles and for storage and maintained the property by attending to the lawn and shrubbery.\nIn 1968, the plaintiffs sold their home located on Lot 215, separate and apart from Lot 214, to Mr. and Mrs. Henry Camnitzer. The record indicates that the Mitchell Real Estate Company, on behalf of the plaintiffs, listed the home and the adjoining lot separately. Mr. Camnitzer was given a first right of refusal on Lot 214, but declined to purchase the property at the offered price of $12,000. The Kulwin Construction Company then agreed to purchase Lot 214 on the condition that a variance be obtained from the Skokie Zoning Board of Appeals. Plaintiffs proceeded to petition the Board for permission to build a single-family dwelling unit on their undersized lot.\nAt the outset of the testimony before the Board, plaintiffs contended that the matter was before the Board as a request to reinstate a previous variance granted to the property in September of 1965. The 1965 variance provided that a house was to be moved to Lot 214 from a parcel which consisted of three recorded lots located in the immediate vicinity. The 1965 plan contemplated two homes on a total of four recorded lots. However, the transactions necessaiy to accomplish the plan were not executed and, pursuant to the Skokie zoning ordinance, the variance died after a lapse of 18 months. The Board\u2019s position was that plaintiffs\u2019 request for a variance in 1972 was an entirely new case, differing from the circumstances which prompted the Board to grant a variance in 1965.\nTestimony was heard by the Board from witnesses on both sides of the issue. Mr. Jack Bieder, a man with 10 years\u2019 experience in the real estate business and part owner of the Kulwin Construction Company, testified for the plaintiffs. He stated that the highest and best use of the subject parcel was a single-family residence. Evidence was given that at least two other similarly narrow lots in the neighborhood contained single-family residences. It was Mr. Bieder\u2019s opinion that the value of Lot 214 was $12,000 if it could be used for a single-family dwelling; otherwise, it was valueless.\nNeighborhood opposition to the variance was voiced by several witnesses. Ninety signatures were submitted to the Board in a petition which opposed the variance on grounds that it would tend to congest the area and set a precedent for other similarly narrow lots in the area held in common ownership.\nMr. Henry Camnitzer, the present owner of the Klehr home, testified to the circumstances and events which led to his purchase of the property recorded as Lot 215. Although he declined to purchase the adjoining Lot 214 at the price of $12,000, Camnitzer stated that he was still interested in purchasing the lot at a different price. Through an agreement with the Klehrs, Mr. Camnitzer maintains Lot 214, attending to the lawn and shrubbery.\nAfter all the testimony was heard, the Board denied the plaintiffs\u2019 petition for a variance. The Board found that the plight of the plaintiffs was not unique and that their hardship was created by their own doing. The Board further found that a denial was warranted by provisions of the 1946 Skokie zoning ordinance which state that undersized lots of record held in common ownership after 1946 would not be the subject of variation. It is from these findings of the Board, which the circuit court affirmed, that plaintiffs prosecute this appeal. .\nPlaintiffs\u2019 claim is not supported by the prevailing applicable law. The facts in Weber v. Village of Skokie, 92 Ill.App.2d 355, 235 N.E.2d 406 closely resemble those in the instant case. The plaintiffs in Weber purchased a conforming parcel of land containing three lots of record in 1951. In 1964, the Webers conveyed two of those lots and retained the third. The remaining lot was substandard to the minimum lot size requirements provided by the Skokie zoning ordinance. When the Webers petitioned the Skokie Zoning Board of Appeals for a variance, the Board denied their petition. On appeal, this court upheld the Board\u2019s decision.\nWe held in Weber that a purchaser does not have an irrevocable right by virtue of a plat\u2019s recordation pursuant to the Plat Act (Ill. Rev. Stat 1973, ch. 109, par. 1 et seq.) to evade the applicable zoning law by establishing a nonconforming use out of the subject lot. \u201cThe fact that the property was platted prior to the enactment of the zoning ordinance does not give the purchaser any right to develop what have since become substandard lots.\u201d Citizens Bank & Trust Co. v. City of Park Ridge, 5 Ill.App.3d 77, 81, 282 N.E.2d 751; see Ganley v. City of Chicago, 18 Ill.App.3d 248, 309 N.E.2d 653.\nBecause the plaintiffs in the Weber case had used the three lots as one parcel for 13 years, we found no indication that reliance was placed on plat recordations. Since the Webers purchased the entire three-lot parcel in 1951, we found that they knew of the lot size requirements provided by the same 1946 zoning ordinance discussed in the instant case. Any financial disadvantage resulting to the Webers was due to their failure to convey all three lots as one parcel.\nSimilarly, the plaintiffs in the case at bar purchased Lots 214 and 215 in 1953, 7 years subsequent to the enactment of the Skokie zoning ordinance. The very fact that Lot 214 was granted a variance in 1965 as part of an overall plan indicates plaintiffs\u2019 knowledge of the substandard dimensions of their lot. It appears that for 15 years Lot 214 was used as a side yard for the adjoining Lot 215 whereon the family residence was located. The Klehrs utilized a garage located on Lot 214 for their automobile and the yard for recreational purposes. Thus, the circumstances attendant to the plaintiffs\u2019 ownership of the two lots do not indicate reliance upon plat recordations. With knowledge of the zoning restrictions, the Klehrs retained their undersized side lot at their own risk. As in the Weber case, we are inclined to believe that any financial disadvantage which might accrue to the plaintiffs is self-imposed.\nAny applicant seeking a variation from an authorized zoning board of appeals has a burden of proving three prerequisites. The Illinois statute provides:\n\u201cIn its consideration of the standards of practical difficulties or particular hardship, the board of appeals shall require evidence that (1) the property in question cannot yield a reasonable return if permitted to be used only under the conditions allowed by the regulations in that zone; and (2) the plight of the owner is due to unique circumstances; and (3) the variation, if granted, will not alter the essential character of the locality. A variation shall be permitted only if the evidence, in the judgment of the board of appeals, sustains each of the 3 conditions enumerated.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 24, par. 11 \u2014 13\u20144.\nThe record is insufficient to satisfy the burden placed upon the plaintiffs. \"A particular hardship\u2019 does not mean one that is self-imposed, or that a piece of property is better adapted for a forbidden use than for the one which is permitted, or that a variation would be to the owner\u2019s profit or advantage or convenience.\u201d (River Forest State Bank & Trust Co. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 34 Ill.App.2d 412, 419, 181 N.E.2d 1.) If plaintiffs are unable to reaHze a reasonable return for the lot, it is not due to the burdensome effect of the zoning ordinance; it is due to their failure to convey both lots as one parcel. Lot 214 is not totally valueless. Testimony was given by Mr. Camnitzer, an adjoining landowner, that he would be willing to purchase the lot at a price less than the current offer. Nor do we find it tenable that plaintiffs expected a variance in 1972 because of a variance granted to Lot 214 in 1965. Vastly different circumstances surrounded each instance and plaintiffs\u2019 reliance, if any, could not be said to be justified. The Board\u2019s finding, therefore, that the plaintiffs\u2019 plight is not unique shaU remain undisturbed. Asbach v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 133 Ill.App.2d 22, 270 N.E.2d 535; Szeliga v. City of Des Plaines, 4 Ill.App.3d 257, 280 N.E.2d 767.\nAbsent proof that plaintiffs have suffered special damage from an application of the 1946 Skokie zoning ordinance, the provisions for minimum lot size cannot be found to be confiscatory or deprive plaintiffs of their property without due process of law. (Jacobson v. City of Evanston, 10 Ill.2d 61, 139 N.E.2d 205.) Even though plaintiffs\u2019 property might be worth more as a single-family residence, this fact alone does not invalidate the zoning ordinance, nor make its application to plaintiffs\u2019 property an \u201cunfair taking.\u201d Minimum lot area requirements may validly restrict a more valuable use of property even if the subject lot is owned or has been owned in common with a contiguous lot. Minimum lot area restrictions will only be declared invalid if arbitrary or a clear abuse of power is shown. Plaintiffs have not sustained the burden of overcoming the presumption of the validity of the ordinance. Galpin v. Village of River Forest, 26 Ill.2d 515, 187 N.E.2d 233; Reitman v. Village of River Forest, 9 Ill.2d 448, 137 N.E.2d 801; Citizens Bank & Trust Co. v. City of Park Ridge, 5 Ill.App.3d 77, 282 N.E.2d 751.\nPlaintiffs further contend that portions of Skokie\u2019s zoning ordinance which provide that buildable lots of record effective in 1946 may be subject to variance except for lots held in common ownership with a contiguous lot violate their equal protection rights as guaranteed by the state and federal constitutions. Plaintiffs argue that because the ordinance is based upon ownership of contiguous lots rather than usuage of contiguous lots, it is therefore defective. The relevant portions of the ordinance provide:\n\u201c5 b. The Board of Appeals shall order the Director of Building to issue a permit for erecting a building for any permitted residential use in the district on the subject lot upon compliance with all of the foregoing provisions and all other applicable provisions of this ordinance, with each required side yard reduced to not less than ten percent of the width of the lot, if all of the following requirements are met:\n(1) The subject lot:\n(a) is not adjoining and contiguous to a vacant lot on either side held under common ownership at any time after the year 1946; or\n(b) is not contiguous to an improved lot of record which has one foot or more of an adjoining side yard in excess of the minimum required side yard for the district in which the building or structure is located, which additional side yard land could physically be added to the applicant\u2019s lot to increase its width or area; or that the owners of the adjoining lots refuse to sell any portion of land that could be added to the applicant\u2019s lot to increase the width thereof without reducing the required side yards of the adjoining lots and which additional land the applicant would be willing to purchase; and\n(c) is not owned and has not been owned directly or indirectly or by a nominee of any person, firm, corporation or trust, or by an officer, shareholder, director, partner, beneficiary, agent or person related by blood or marriage or by any predecessors in title who also held or holds any right, title or interest in or to either one or both of the contiguous lots after the year 1946 to the date of application for a building permit.\n(2) The contiguous lots are not owned and have not been owned directly or indirectly or by a nominee of any person, firm, corporation or trust, or by any officer, shareholder, director, partner, beneficiary, agent or person related by blood or marriage or by any predecessors in title, who also held or holds any right, title or interest, directly or indirectly, in the applicant\u2019s lot after the year 1946 to the date of application for a building permit.\u201d\nAmended Zoning Ordinance of the Village of Skokie, 1965, Article XIII, Section C, subsection 5b.\nPlaintiffs\u2019 claim is without merit. In order to overcome the presumption in favor of the validity of a zoning ordinance, it must be proven with clear and convincing evidence that, as applied to plaintiffs, the ordinance is arbitrary or discriminatory and bears no substantial relation to the public health, morals, safety and welfare. (Bennett v. City of Chicago, 24 Ill.2d 270, 181 N.E.2d 96.) It is not enough to show that the property can be utilized at a greater profit. (Reitman v. Village of River Forest, 9 Ill.2d 448, 137 N.E.2d 801.) \u201cWhere a legitimate dispute may exist as to the desirability of the classification imposed, it is clear that the courts should not intervene to substitute their judgment for that of the duly constituted legislative body.\u201d (Exchange National Bank v. County of Cook, 25 Ill.2d 434, 185 N.E.2d 250.) Whenever it appears that the public welfare is promoted by a legitimate exercise of a municipality\u2019s police power, the restrictive zoning ordinance in question will stand regardless of the fact that individuals may suffer an invasion of their liberty of action and ownership over property. (Forbes v. Hubbard, 348 Ill. 166, 180 N.E. 767.) Plaintiffs have not met their burden of proof. They have not demonstrated how the ordinance creates an invidious classification or abridges a constitutionally guaranteed fundamental right. Cases in this jurisdiction, as well as in other jurisdictions, have upheld ordinance provisions similar to those here in question. Mitchell v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 125 Ill.App.2d 1, 260 N.E.2d 454; Citizens Bank & Trust Co. v. City of Park Ridge, 5 Ill.App.3d 77, 282 N.E.2d 751; Ganley v. City of Chicago, 18 Ill.App.3d 248, 309 N.E.2d 653; Clemons v. City of Los Angeles (1950), 36 Cal. 2d 95, 222 P.2d 439; Howland v. Acting Superintendent of Buildings (1951), 328 Mass. 155, 102 N.E.2d 423.\nPlaintiffs cite Ziman v. Village of Glencoe, 1 Ill.App.3d 912, 275 N.E.2d 168, in support of their general position. The Ziman decision involves an ordinance regulating side-yard requirements and has little bearing to the facts in the instant case. The Ziman case cites with approval our holding in Weber v. Village of Skokie, 92 Ill.App.2d 355, 235 N.E.2d 406.\nWe conclude that the Board\u2019s denial of plaintiffs\u2019 petition for a variance was not arbitrary or discriminatory. The relevant portions of the Skokie zoning ordinance do not operate as a confiscatory taking nor as a denial of plaintiffs\u2019 equal protection rights under the law. The Village Board\u2019s decision was a legitimate exercise of the police power in promoting a well balanced neighborhood consistent with the requirements of its zoning ordinance. Therefore the judgment is affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.\nGOLDBERG and HALLETT, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE BURKE" } ], "attorneys": [ "Moltz & Wexler, of Chicago (Leon C. Wexler, of counsel), for appellants.", "Harvey Schwartz, of Skokie (Gilbert Gordon, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Irving Klehr et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Zoning Board of Appeals of The Village of Skokie, Defendant-Appellee.\n(No. 59286;\nFirst District (1st Division)\nNovember 18, 1974.\nMoltz & Wexler, of Chicago (Leon C. Wexler, of counsel), for appellants.\nHarvey Schwartz, of Skokie (Gilbert Gordon, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "0512-01", "first_page_order": 536, "last_page_order": 544 }