{ "id": 5384087, "name": "BRUCE GRATZLE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SEARS, ROEBUCK AND COMPANY, Defendant (Emerson Electric Company, Defendant-Appellant)", "name_abbreviation": "Gratzle v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.", "decision_date": "1993-05-14", "docket_number": "No. 2-92-1022", "first_page": "292", "last_page": "297", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "245 Ill. App. 3d 292" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "82 Ill. 2d 556", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5474979 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "562" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/82/0556-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 Wis. 2d 532", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wis. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8669396 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "535-36" }, { "page": "395" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wis-2d/64/0532-01" ] }, { "cite": "23 J. Marshall L. Rev. 247", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "J. Marshall L. Rev.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "97 Ill. 2d 104", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5516573 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "119" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/97/0104-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5470281 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "27" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/85/0001-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 499, "char_count": 10298, "ocr_confidence": 0.773, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.690711215556238e-08, "percentile": 0.357875690822129 }, "sha256": "b49a7bafba997828390e3a551133f467043db5ef63f0a226c6c44f592e44cd1b", "simhash": "1:37ee42e78f5015ac", "word_count": 1685 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:35:03.225726+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "BRUCE GRATZLE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SEARS, ROEBUCK AND COMPANY, Defendant (Emerson Electric Company, Defendant-Appellant)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE GEIGER\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe defendant, Emerson Electric Company, appeals from a judgment entered for the plaintiff, Bruce Gratzle, pursuant to a jury trial in a product liability action. On appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in (1) denying its motion for judgment non obstante veredicto (n.o.v.), where the jury found that the plaintiff\u2019s \u201ccontributory fault accounted for 60% of the proximate cause of his injury\u201d; (2) failing to instruct the jury on the effect of a contributory fault verdict as mandated by section 2 \u2014 1107.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2\u2014 1107.1); (3) denying the defendant\u2019s motion for a mistrial after the jury was granted access to examine and manipulate a table saw during a recess; (4) denying the defendant\u2019s motion to strike the testimony of the plaintiff\u2019s expert; and (5) allowing the jury to consider damages for future medical expenses.\nThe plaintiff filed his complaint on September 14, 1990, against Emerson Electric Company, and Sears, Roebuck and Company, alleging product liability, negligence, and breach of implied warranties for injuries sustained to the plaintiff\u2019s hand while he was using a table saw. The saw was manufactured by Emerson Electric Company, and the plaintiff purchased it from Sears, Roebuck and Company on November 15, 1989.\nThe defendants were granted leave to file affirmative defenses. They alleged therein assumption of risk and misuse of the product. Specifically, the defendants alleged that the plaintiff\u2019s assumption of risk and/or misuse of the product accounted for more than 50% of the proximate cause of his injuries, thereby barring the plaintiff from recovery.\nThe matter proceeded to jury trial on April 24, 1992. By the time of commencement of trial, the plaintiff had dismissed the negligence allegations. There remained only a product liability action against Emerson Electric Company, and an action against Sears, Roebuck and Company under an implied warranty theory.\nAfter closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury. Two of the jury instructions dealt with assumption of risk; these were plaintiff\u2019s instructions numbered 20 and 21. Instruction No. 20 provided, in part, as follows:\n\u201cPlaintiff\u2019s assumption of the risk, if any, does not bar his recovery. However, the total amount of damages to which he would otherwise be entitled is reduced in proportion to the amount of his fault in assuming the risk. This is known as comparative fault.\u201d\nPlaintiff\u2019s instruction No. 21 provided the method by which the jury was to reduce a verdict in the event it found that the plaintiff assumed the risk of his injuries. The jury was instructed as follows:\n\u201cSecond, determine what portion of [sic] percentage is attributable solely to the plaintiff\u2019s conduct in assuming the risk, considering the extent to which plaintiff\u2019s assumption of the risk and the unreasonably dangerous condition of the table saw each proximately contributed to the plaintiff\u2019s injury.\nThird, reduce the total amount of plaintiff\u2019s damages by the proportion or percentage of plaintiff\u2019s assumption of the risk. The resulting amount, after making such reduction, will be the amount of your verdict.\u201d\nThe jury was also provided with two verdict forms prepared by the plaintiff. Verdict form A was to be used in the event of a verdict in favor of the plaintiff and against any of the defendants. Verdict form A provided a formula by which the jury was to calculate a verdict and any reduction in the verdict for the plaintiff\u2019s assumption of risk. Form A allowed the jury to reduce the total award by the \u201cpercentage attributable solely to the plaintiff\u2019s assumption of the risk that was the proximate cause of the plaintiff\u2019s injury.\u201d\nThe jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff and against Emerson Electric Company. The jury found the plaintiff\u2019s damages were $200,000. Also the jury found that the plaintiff\u2019s assumption of risk constituted 60% of the proximate cause of his injuries. Using form A, the jury reduced the verdict by 60% to $80,000. The jury found Sears, Roebuck and Company not liable, and there is no appeal taken from that verdict.\nThe defendant, Emerson Electric Company, filed a post-trial motion arguing, in part, that it was entitled to a judgment n.o.v. pursuant to section 2 \u2014 1116 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2 \u2014 1116), since the jury had found that the plaintiff\u2019s assumption of risk accounted for 60% of the proximate cause of his injuries. -In the alternative, the defendant asserted that the jury\u2019s verdict should be set aside and a new trial granted because the trial court had failed to instruct the jury about contributory fault, as mandated by section 2 \u2014 1107.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2 \u2014 1107.1). The court refused to grant these portions of the defendant\u2019s post-trial motion. The defendant timely appealed.\nSection 2 \u2014 1116 abolished the pure comparative negligence system adopted by the Illinois Supreme Court in Alvis v. Ribar (1981), 85 Ill. 2d 1, 27, and replaced it with a modified comparative negligence regime. (Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 110, par. 2 \u2014 1116, Historical & Practice Notes, at 120 (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1992).) Under section 2 \u2014 1116, the plaintiff is barred from recovering damages if the trier of fact finds that the contributory fault on the part of the plaintiff is more than 50% of the proximate cause of the injury. (See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2 \u2014 1116.) However, if the contributory fault of the plaintiff is not more than 50% of the proximate cause of the injury, any damages allowed are diminished in the proportion to the amount of fault attributable to the plaintiff. (See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2 \u2014 1116.) Neither section 2 \u2014 1116 nor any other relevant section defines the meaning of \u201ccontributory fault,\u201d and there is no case law directly addressing whether the concept of \u201ccontributory fault\u201d as used in section 2 \u2014 1116 applies equally for findings that a plaintiff assumed the risk of his injury.\nIn a case decided under the pure comparative negligence system, before the adoption of our present modified comparative negligence system, the court in Coney v. J.L.G. Industries, Inc. (1983), 97 Ill. 2d 104, 119, held that assumption of risk would not bar recovery in a strict liability case, but that a recovery would be merely reduced by the amount that the trier of fact finds the plaintiff to be at fault. Thus there, under the pure comparative negligence system, assumption of risk was treated as contributory fault.\nIn determining if the legislature intended to treat assumption of risk the same as contributory fault under section 2 \u2014 1116, we note that the senator offering the modified comparative negligence amendment to fellow legislators described section 2 \u2014 1116 as the same kind of law that was in effect in Wisconsin. (See Comment, Modified Contributory Fault & Strict Products Liability: Illinois\u2019 Silent Disposal of Misuse & Assumption of Risk Turns Back the Evolution, 23 J. Marshall L. Rev. 247, 265 nn.119 & 120 (1990).) The Wisconsin Supreme Court interpreted their comparable statute to include assumption of risk, and other similar modified comparative negligence statutes and court decisions from other States indicate a trend toward abolishing the distinctions between different types of fault in the context of negligence verdict setoffs. Comment, 23 J. Marshall L. Rev., at 265 n.122, 268, citing Powers v. Hunt-Wesson Foods, Inc. (1974), 64 Wis. 2d 532, 535-36, 219 N.W.2d 393, 395.\nWe find that in enacting section 2 \u2014 1116 it was the intent of the legislature to include findings of assumption of risk as a type of contributory fault. Accordingly, we must determine if the court erred in failing to grant the motion for a judgment n.o.v. after the jury found that the plaintiff was 60% at fault due to his assumption of risk.\nSection 2 \u2014 1107.1 states in pertinent part:\n\u201cIn all actions on account of bodily injury *** based on *** product liability *** the court shall instruct the jury in writing that the defendant shall be found not liable if the jury finds that the contributory fault of the plaintiff is more than 50% of the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which recovery is sought.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2-1107.1.\nUnless the context of a statute or the intent of the legislature indicates to the contrary, the word \u201cshall\u201d in a statutory provision is to be considered mandatory. (See People v. Youngbey (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 556, 562.) Here, we find no such contrary intent or context indicating that the word \u201cshall\u201d has a discretionary meaning in section 2 \u2014 1107.1. See also Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 110, par. 2 \u2014 1107.1, Historical & Practice Notes, at 106 (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1992) (\u201cthis section puts the onus of giving the instruction on the court\u201d).\nWe find that the clear legislative intent of section 2 \u2014 1107.1 is to notify the jury of the effect of its determination of apportionment of contributory fault, notwithstanding the failure of the parties to request that the jury be so instructed. The legislation demonstrated its intent that the giving of that instruction was necessary for the receipt of a proper verdict. Here, neither party submitted to the court the instruction contained in section 2\u2014 1107.1. Nor did the defendant object to its absence. While we do not condone the defendant\u2019s failure to object to the absence of the instruction, we find that in the absence of the section 2 \u2014 1107.1 instruction, the verdict cannot stand.\nFor the above reasons, we need not address the other issues raised by the parties on appeal. We reverse judgment of the circuit court of Kane County and remand the cause for a new trial.\nReversed and remanded.\nINGLIS, P.J., and DOYLE, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE GEIGER" } ], "attorneys": [ "Lenard C. Swanson, of Swanson, Martin & Bell, of Wheaton (Bruce S. Terlep, of counsel), for appellant.", "Thomas J. Stiberth, of Howard S. Miller & Associates, of Elgin (Howard S. Miller, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "BRUCE GRATZLE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SEARS, ROEBUCK AND COMPANY, Defendant (Emerson Electric Company, Defendant-Appellant).\nSecond District\nNo. 2 \u2014 92\u20141022\nOpinion filed May 14, 1993.\nLenard C. Swanson, of Swanson, Martin & Bell, of Wheaton (Bruce S. Terlep, of counsel), for appellant.\nThomas J. Stiberth, of Howard S. Miller & Associates, of Elgin (Howard S. Miller, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "0292-01", "first_page_order": 312, "last_page_order": 317 }