{ "id": 5385460, "name": "LINDA ZIMMERMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. BUCHHEIT OF SPARTA, INC., Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Zimmerman v. Buchheit of Sparta, Inc.", "decision_date": "1993-06-10", "docket_number": "No. 5-92-0611", "first_page": "679", "last_page": "683", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "245 Ill. App. 3d 679" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "601 N.E.2d 720", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "729" }, { "page": "731" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 Ill. 2d 142", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3291423 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "160" }, { "page": "165" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/151/0142-01" ] }, { "cite": "519 N.E.2d 909", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 Ill. 2d 526", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3192772 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/119/0526-01" ] }, { "cite": "473 N.E.2d 935", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "937" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "105 Ill. 2d 158", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3141983 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "161-62" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/105/0158-01" ] }, { "cite": "421 N.E.2d 876", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 Ill. 2d 124", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5469094 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/85/0124-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 N.E.2d 353", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "357" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "74 Ill. 2d 172", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2994390 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "181" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/74/0172-01" ] }, { "cite": "380 N.E.2d 790", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "72 Ill. 2d 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5442540 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/72/0179-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 526, "char_count": 9769, "ocr_confidence": 0.775, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.250190952635112e-08, "percentile": 0.5111510362187139 }, "sha256": "082aa38a1c488738833bd1f5077b619dccf4a7cbfa55e06493f02f86d1c0b964", "simhash": "1:1263d5529effb766", "word_count": 1558 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:35:03.225726+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "LINDA ZIMMERMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. BUCHHEIT OF SPARTA, INC., Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HAAG\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff, Linda Zimmerman, appeals from a judgment of the circuit court of Randolph County, which dismissed the plaintiff\u2019s complaint pursuant to section 2 \u2014 615(b) of the Code of Civil Procedure (111. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110, par. 2 \u2014 615(b)) for failure to state a cause of action. The sole issue raised on appeal is whether the court erred in granting the defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss.\nThe allegations contained in plaintiff\u2019s complaint must be taken as true for purposes of a section 2 \u2014 615 motion to dismiss. (Fitzgerald v. Chicago Title & Trust Co. (1978), 72 Ill. 2d 179, 380 N.E.2d 790.) In her complaint, plaintiff alleges that on or about December 30, 1990, she was employed by the defendant and was injured in the course of her employment. Thereafter, plaintiff notified the defendant of her intention to seek workers\u2019 compensation benefits. She alleges that in retaliation for exercising her rights pursuant to the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act (Act) (111. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 48, par. 138.1 et seq.), she was demoted and her work time was reduced. Plaintiff claims damages in lost income and benefits resulting from defendant\u2019s actions.\nDefendant moved for the dismissal of plaintiff\u2019s complaint, arguing that no cause of action exists for retaliatory demotion or any other retaliatory action, except discharge. The trial court dismissed plaintiff\u2019s complaint and this appeal ensued.\nThe tort of retaliatory discharge was first recognized as a cause of action in Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc. (1978), 74 Ill. 2d 172, 384 N.E.2d 353, and was designed to prevent an employer from abridging an employee\u2019s rights under the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. In Kelsay, an employee was discharged in retaliation for filing a workers\u2019 compensation claim against her employer. The court held that the cause of action was necessary to prevent the public policy behind the enactment of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act from being frustrated. The court described our workers\u2019 compensation statutes as humane and of a remedial nature. They provide for \u201cefficient remedies for and protection of employees\u201d and thus promote the general welfare of the State. The court, therefore, concluded that this public policy warranted protection by the courts. Kelsay, 74 Ill. 2d at 181, 384 N.E.2d at 357.\nThe supreme court again considered the doctrine of retaliatory discharge in Palmateer v. International Harvester Co. (1981), 85 Ill. 2d 124, 421 N.E.2d 876. In contrast to Kelsay, the employee in Palmateer was not asserting rights pursuant to the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. Rather, he was discharged in retaliation for reporting information to the police concerning possible criminal conduct by a fellow employee and for agreeing to assist the police in their investigation. The supreme court held that under those circumstances, a cause of action for retaliatory discharge was necessary to ensure that the public policy behind the enactment and enforcement of the criminal code was protected.\nThe tort of retaliatory discharge protects the basic ability to exercise the right to file a claim under the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. (Darnell v. Impact Industries, Inc. (1984), 105 Ill. 2d 158, 473 N.E.2d 935.) The employee in Darnell was discharged because she had filed a workers\u2019 compensation claim against a prior employer. The supreme court stated: \u201cWe perceive no distinction between the situation where an employee is discharged for filing a workers\u2019 compensation claim against the defendant employer and one where the employer discharges the employee upon discovering that the employee had filed a claim against another employer. In either situation a retaliatory discharge is equally offensive to the public policy of this State as stated in the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act.\u201d 105 Ill. 2d at 161-62, 473 N.E.2d at 937.\nIn Hinthorn v. Roland\u2019s of Bloomington, Inc. (1988), 119 Ill. 2d 526, 519 N.E.2d 909, the tort developed further when the court held that a cause of action existed for an employee who had involuntarily resigned. It held that the plaintiff\u2019s resignation was equivalent to a discharge where she was directed by her employer to sign a voluntary-resignation form after the employee requested medical attention for a work-related injury.\nHinthorn sets forth the three elements necessary to state a valid cause of action for retaliatory discharge. A plaintiff must demonstrate (1) that she was discharged, (2) that the discharge was in retaliation for her activities, and (3) that the discharge violates a clearly mandated public policy.\nIn the case before us, there has been no allegation of an actual discharge or an involuntary resignation. Plaintiff argues that an employee should have a private cause of action against an employer for an employer\u2019s retaliatory actions short of termination when the employee exercises rights under the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. Plaintiff relies, more specifically, on section 4(h) of the Act, which provides:\n\u201cIt shall be unlawful for any employer, insurance company or service or adjustment company to interfere with, restrain or coerce an employee in any manner whatsoever in the exercise of the rights or remedies granted to him or her by this Act or to discriminate, attempt to discriminate, or threaten to discriminate against an employee in any way because of his or her exercise of the rights or remedies granted to him or her by this Act.\nIt shall be unlawful for any employer, individually or through any insurance company or service or adjustment company, to discharge or to threaten to discharge, or to refuse to rehire or recall to active service in a suitable capacity an employee because of the exercise of his or her rights or remedies granted to him or her by this Act.\u201d (Emphasis added.) 111. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 48, par. 138.4(h).\nDefendant argues that only a discharge is actionable under existing law. The supreme court has not yet addressed this issue with respect to cases involving rights asserted pursuant to the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act.\nIn Hartlein v. Illinois Power Co. (1992), 151 Ill. 2d 142, 601 N.E.2d 720, the court declined to expand the tort to encompass a retaliatory discharge \u201cprocess\u201d as alleged by the plaintiff. The court reasoned that the plaintiff was not threatened with a loss of employment. At the time of Illinois Power\u2019s directive to plaintiff instructing him to begin a job search, the plaintiff was not working but was collecting temporary total disability (TTD) benefits. The court rejected the plaintiff\u2019s attempt to characterize the threatened loss of TTD benefits as a loss of employment. The court pointed out that Illinois Power\u2019s directive was not accompanied by conduct or statements which indicated a prohibited discriminatory intent on the part of Illinois Power. (Hartlein, 151 Ill. 2d at 160, 601 N.E.2d at 729.) It was reasoned that, although Kelsay prohibits an employer from utilizing an employee\u2019s job as leverage to condition the exercise of rights under the Act, Kelsay did not prohibit the threatened loss of TTD benefits. Hartlein, 151 Ill. 2d at 165, 601 N.E.2d at 731.\nIn the instant case, plaintiff has alleged, and it must be taken as true, that she has been demoted and her hours have been reduced because she asserted her rights pursuant to the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. Section 4(h) prohibits the activities plaintiff has alleged in her complaint. The actions alleged also directly affect plaintiff\u2019s employment, which distinguishes these facts from the Hartlein case. Plaintiff has suffered a loss of income and employment, but not a termination of her employment. We see little difference between retaliation by loss of employment by termination and retaliation by reduction in hours and demotion. If the allegations of the complaint are true, the defendant clearly \u201cdiscriminated\u201d against the plaintiff in violation of the proscription against such conduct contained in section 4(h) of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act.\nUnder these circumstances, a cause of action could lie to ensure that the public policy behind the enactment of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act is not frustrated. It would be a bitter irony if employers were allowed to circumvent the public policy recognized by the supreme court in Kelsay and adopted by the legislature by section 4(h) by performing retaliatory and \u201cdiscriminatory\u201d actions short of termination. Public policy will not allow employers to frustrate an employee\u2019s rights under the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act and to avoid statutorily imposed duties by retaining the employee but demoting or reducing the employee\u2019s hours.\nLastly, simply because plaintiff has alleged a cause of action sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss in no way predetermines the ultimate disposition of her claim. Upon further development of the facts, it may be developed that the plaintiff was not demoted or her hours were not reduced or that the acts, if committed, were for some legitimate reason. These are questions of fact that cannot be decided on a motion to dismiss. Accepting, as we must, that all facts alleged by plaintiff are true, we conclude that plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a cause of action.\nAccordingly, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.\nReversed and remanded.\nCHAPMAN, P.J., and WELCH, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HAAG" } ], "attorneys": [ "Harriet H. Hamilton, of Cook, Shevlin, Ysursa, Brauer & Bartholomew, Ltd., of Belleville, for appellant.", "David R. Smith, of Nehrt, Sachtleben, Fisher, Smith & Kerkhover, of Chester, and John W. Grimm, of Limbaugh, Russell, Payne & Howard, of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "LINDA ZIMMERMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. BUCHHEIT OF SPARTA, INC., Defendant-Appellee.\nFifth District\nNo. 5 \u2014 92\u20140611\nOpinion filed June 10, 1993.\nHarriet H. Hamilton, of Cook, Shevlin, Ysursa, Brauer & Bartholomew, Ltd., of Belleville, for appellant.\nDavid R. Smith, of Nehrt, Sachtleben, Fisher, Smith & Kerkhover, of Chester, and John W. Grimm, of Limbaugh, Russell, Payne & Howard, of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0679-01", "first_page_order": 699, "last_page_order": 703 }