{ "id": 2930544, "name": "DEAN GRAUNKE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ELMHURST CHRYSLER PLYMOUTH VOLVO, INC., Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "Graunke v. Elmhurst Chrysler Plymouth Volvo, Inc.", "decision_date": "1993-07-29", "docket_number": "No. 2\u201492\u20140898", "first_page": "1015", "last_page": "1023", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "247 Ill. App. 3d 1015" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "726 F.2d 1410", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1929528 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1416" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/726/1410-01" ] }, { "cite": "634 F.2d 446", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1304426 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "453" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/634/0446-01" ] }, { "cite": "29 U.S.C. \u00a7 1132", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(g)(1)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "235 Ill. App. 3d 70", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5785516 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "86" }, { "page": "86" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/235/0070-01" ] }, { "cite": "236 Ill. App. 3d 891", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5783144 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "910" }, { "page": "910" }, { "page": "910" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/236/0891-01" ] }, { "cite": "165 Ill. App. 3d 809", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3613916 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "812" }, { "page": "812" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/165/0809-01" ] }, { "cite": "73 Ill. B.J. 266", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Ill. B.J.", "weight": 2, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "277" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "154 Ill. 2d 193", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4820884 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "197" }, { "page": "197" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/154/0193-01" ] }, { "cite": "142 Ill. App. 3d 550", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3450117 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "583" }, { "page": "583" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/142/0550-01" ] }, { "cite": "131 Ill. 2d 23", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5569688 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "49" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/131/0023-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 Ill. App. 3d 483", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3071957 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "495" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/102/0483-01" ] }, { "cite": "159 Ill. App. 3d 237", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3612843 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "249-50" }, { "page": "249-50" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/159/0237-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 Ill. B.J. 748", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Ill. B.J.", "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "204 Ill. App. 3d 596", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2573414 ], "weight": 11, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "602" }, { "page": "602" }, { "page": "603" }, { "page": "600" }, { "page": "602" }, { "page": "602" }, { "page": "602" }, { "page": "601-02" }, { "page": "599-603" }, { "page": "601" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/204/0596-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 831, "char_count": 18050, "ocr_confidence": 0.779, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.9356031722021737e-07, "percentile": 0.8477059859474433 }, "sha256": "be9b1399614fc27ae7e766a1ef6972d958869a68f5838a28a3d009eb08a594ea", "simhash": "1:37bb92a07e5d5c37", "word_count": 3011 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:38:22.874712+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "DEAN GRAUNKE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ELMHURST CHRYSLER PLYMOUTH VOLVO, INC., Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE DOYLE\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff, Dean Graunke, brought suit against defendant, Elmhurst Chrysler Plymouth Volvo, Inc., alleging claims of common-law fraud and a violation of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Act) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 1211/2, par. 262 et seq.) arising from the plaintiff\u2019s purchase of a vehicle from defendant. A jury found in favor of defendant on the common-law fraud claim. Contemporaneously, a bench trial was held on the Act claim, and the trial court also entered judgment in favor of defendant on that claim. Defendant subsequently filed a motion for attorney fees pursuant to section 10a(c) of the Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 121/2, par. 270a(c)), which was denied by the trial court. Defendant filed a timely appeal contending that the trial court erred in refusing to award attorney fees.\nThe dispute in this case centered around plaintiff\u2019s purchase of a Chrysler New Yorker from defendant in September 1986. Plaintiff claimed he was led to believe that he had purchased a \u201cbrand new\u201d 1987 New Yorker but discovered two years later that he had actually received a used 1986 New Yorker. In support of this claim, plaintiff offered a copy of a buyer\u2019s order which specified a 1987 vehicle.\nDefendant maintained that plaintiff knew all along that he was purchasing a 1986 demonstration vehicle with 2,116 miles on it and that the \u201c1987\u201d in the buyer\u2019s order was a mistake which was brought to plaintiff\u2019s attention when he came to pick up the car. Defendant offered a number of documents, several of which were signed by plaintiff, identifying the vehicle as a 1986 New Yorker. These documents included a letter plaintiff wrote to Chrysler in 1987 complaining of problems with the performance of his \u201c1986\u201d New Yorker, an odometer statement signed by plaintiff indicating that the vehicle had 2,116 miles on it when he purchased the car, the title and registration forms for the vehicle, and an insurance application.\nOn January 28, 1992, the trial court entered judgment in favor of defendant on the Act claim, commenting:\n\u201cMr. Graunke did indeed send a letter in which he referred to the vehicle as a 1986 Chrysler New Yorker *** and this letter was sent in 1987. His testimony on direct examination had repeatedly been that he first determined in summer of 1988 *** this was a 1986 vehicle.\nI considered the other documents that were provided in the course of the transaction as well, and I noted Mr. Graunke\u2019s careful manner of going through those documents on the stand. And I noted his demeanor, and quite frankly I did not find his testimony to be credible. *** I believe that it was a 1986 vehicle, he knew it, and the overwhelming majority of the documents indicated it was a 1986 vehicle.\u201d\nThe trial court ordered that upon the filing of a petition for costs, defendant was to be awarded reasonable costs. On February 13, 1992, defendant filed a petition for attorney fees in the amount of $20,878.75, and costs in the amount of $515.20. This petition relied on section 10 of the Act, the documentary evidence presented at trial and the trial court\u2019s finding that plaintiff\u2019s testimony was not credible. Defendant provided a statement itemizing the hours expended by its attorneys in connection with this case. Deducted from that statement were $6,711.75 in charges for time \u201cexpended in connection with portions of the case not related to the Consumer Fraud Act count.\u201d Although defendant\u2019s petition asserted that it was necessary to be represented by two attorneys at trial, $4,655, representing the time the second attorney expended at trial, was deducted from the amount of the statement, \u201cin order to avoid any claim of a duplication of effort.\u201d\nAfter a hearing on July 1, 1992, the trial court denied defendant\u2019s request for attorney fees, but did award costs of $291.90. In reaching its decision on the question of fees, the trial court discussed the decision of the Appellate Court, Fourth District, in Haskell v. Blumthal (1990), 204 Ill. App. 3d 596:\n\u201cI think the issue that we have to address first *** is the criteria for a defendant who is the prevailing party in a Consumer Fraud Act case to be awarded attorney\u2019s fees. As I understand it in looking at [the opinion in Haskell (204 Ill. App. 3d at 602)], \u2018We have difficulty in envisioning a circumstance arising under the Act where fees should be awarded a defendant absent bad faith on the part of a plaintiff.\u2019 \u201d\nThe trial court also noted a reference in Haskell to Friedman, Private Right of Action Under the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act, 76 Ill. B.J. 748 (1987): \u201cAs Friedman has indicated, the purpose of awarding fees to a defendant is to deter bad-faith conduct by a plaintiff and to reimburse a defendant when that occurs.\u201d (Haskell, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 602.) Finally, the court quoted from Haskell\u2019s discussion of Supreme Court Rule 137 (see 134 Ill. 2d R. 137): \u201cThe special standard involved is whether the \u2018knowledge, information, and belief\u2019 of plaintiffs\u2019 pleader in allegations of the complaint are not \u2018warranted by existing law or a good-faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law,\u2019 and whether they are \u2018interposed *** to harass or to cause unnecessary delay.\u2019 \u201d Haskell, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 603, quoting Supreme Court Rule 137 (134 Ill. 2d R. 137).\nAfter hearing arguments on the issue of attorney fees, the trial court commented:\n\u201cThis matter bothers me a great deal because I did find the testimony of the plaintiff in this case to be incredible. I did not believe it ***.\nI noted his occupation, his \u2014 the fact that the great number of documents that he was given on his second visit did indeed indicate that he had purchased a 1986 rather than 1987 automobile. His application for insurance indicated a 1986 rather than a 1987 automobile, his own letter contradicted *** his testimony in open court that the first time he learned it was a 1986 automobile was when he telephoned Chrysler in 1988.\nYet the issue here to me, whether taking the facts as presented to a lawyer *** in this case, whether there was an exercise of bad faith in filing this case.\n* * *\n\u2018 \u201cSince the Act affords even broader consumer protection than does the common law action of fraud, it is clear that *** [the] plaintiff suing under the Act need not establish all of the elements of fraud as the Act prohibits any deception or false promise. [Citation.] And it is clear from the language of the Act, particularly its reference to false promisef ], that liability is not limited to existing material facts. Furthermore, it is well established that under the Act the intention of the seller [and] (his good or bad faith) is not important and *** [the] plaintiff can recover under the Act for innocent misrepresentations.\u201d \u2019 [Buechin v. Ogden Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. (1987), 159 Ill. App. 3d 237, 249-50, quoting Duhl v. Nash Realty, Inc. (1981), 102 Ill. App. 3d 483, 495.]\nUnder the Consumer Fraud Act and under this Buechin case I am not prepared to state that there\u2019s a bad faith attempt to extend the law under these facts, I say it even though I did find his testimony to be incredible and I didn\u2019t believe that he met his burden of proof but I\u2019m not prepared to say there was bad faith in bringing the lawsuit, and if you wish to take the matter to the Appellate Court I would certainly understand. I think that the whole issue needs to be clarified.\u201d\nOn appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in several respects in denying defendant\u2019s petition for attorney fees. First, defendant argues there should be no distinction between the circumstances under which attorney fees can be awarded to a prevailing defendant and a prevailing plaintiff under the Act. Second, defendant argues that, under the Act, attorney fees should be awarded to a prevailing defendant where the complaint is not well grounded in fact, irrespective of bad faith. Finally, defendant argues that it should have been awarded attorney fees in this case even if awards to prevailing defendants under the Act are limited by a \u201cbad faith\u201d requirement. Plaintiff responds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant\u2019s petition for attorney fees.\nSection 10a(c) of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act provides:\n\u201cIn any action brought by a person under this Section, the Court may award, in addition to the relief provided in this Section, reasonable attorney\u2019s fees and costs to the prevailing party.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 1211/2, par. 270a(c).\nThe common law does not contemplate an award of attorney fees to a prevailing party, and, therefore, statutes which allow for such awards must be strictly construed. (Carson Pirie Scott & Co. v. State of Illinois Department of Employment Security (1989), 131 Ill. 2d 23, 49; Warren v. LeMay (1986), 142 Ill. App. 3d 550, 583.) However, the primary rule in statutory construction, to which all other rules are subordinate, is to determine and give effect to the true intent of the legislature. (People ex rel. Baker v. Cowlin (1992), 154 Ill. 2d 193, 197; Warren, 142 Ill. App. 3d at 583.) In determining the intent of the legislature, a court should first consider the statutory language itself and, where that language is clear, it should be given effect without resorting to other aids for construction. Baker, 154 Ill. 2d at 197.\nThe language of section 10a(c) clearly and unambiguously provides that a prevailing defendant may be awarded reasonable attorney fees by the trial court. (Accord Haskell, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 600; see also Saltzman, A Brief Look at Statutory Attorneys\u2019 Fees in Illinois, 73 Ill. B.J. 266, 277 (1985).) We find nothing in the language of the Act to limit recovery for either prevailing plaintiffs or defendants to cases in which their opponents have acted in \u201cbad faith.\u201d (See Haskell, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 602; see also Zervos v. Solo Cup Co. (1987), 165 Ill. App. 3d 809, 812 (showing of bad faith is not a requirement for permitting attorney fees award in ERISA actions).) As this court has previously recognized, determining whether to award attorney fees under the Act rests in the sound discretion of the trial court. Totz v. Continental Du Page Acura (1992), 236 Ill. App. 3d 891, 910; Roche v. Fireside Chrysler-Plymouth, Mazda, Inc. (1992), 235 Ill. App. 3d 70, 86.\nDefendant asserts that the trial court read the decision in Haskell \u201cas absolutely barring an award of attorney\u2019s fees to any prevailing defendant unless it is demonstrated that the plaintiff acted \u2018in bad faith\u2019 in bringing the lawsuit,\u201d and that the trial judge \u201cfelt he was not empowered to exercise his discretion in considering the fee issue.\u201d In Haskell, the court stated only that it had \u201cdifficulty in envisioning a circumstance arising under the Act where fees should be awarded a defendant absent bad faith on the part of a plaintiff.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Haskell, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 602.) We interpret this language to be a general commentary on the policy underlying attorney fees awards, rather than a pronouncement limiting fee awards to cases in which there is bad faith on the part of a plaintiff. As we have stated, attorney fees may be awarded to either prevailing plaintiffs or prevailing defendants at the discretion of the trial court, and section 10a(c) requires neither a showing that the opposing party acted in bad faith, nor even that its pleadings are not well grounded in fact.\nIt is unclear from the record whether the trial court misinterpreted the holding in Haskell as precluding an award of attorney fees to defendant if plaintiff had not acted in bad faith. It is possible to read the trial court\u2019s comments as merely emphasizing its finding that plaintiff\u2019s claim was not brought in bad faith and, in its discretion, declining to award attorney fees.\nHowever, taking the comments in their entirety, it appears that the trial court may have considered a finding of plaintiff\u2019s bad faith to be a prerequisite to its exercise of discretion to award fees. The court specifically referred to the \u201cbad faith\u201d element as discussed in Haskell, the Friedman article and Supreme Court Rule 137. It observed that, \u201cas a trial judge I have discretion as to whether to award fees under those standards.\u201d (Emphasis added.) The court framed the issue before it as follows: \u201ctaking the facts as presented to a lawyer *** in this case, whether there was an exercise of bad faith in filing this case.\u201d It then concluded that it could not say that there was bad faith in filing the suit and suggested that the issue might best be clarified by an appeal.\nBecause of the possibility that the judge may have misinterpreted Haskell as precluding an award of attorney fees to defendant in the absence of a showing of plaintiff\u2019s bad faith in filing suit, we consider it best to vacate the order and remand this cause to the trial court. Our action will revest the trial court with jurisdiction either to clarify the basis of its decision or, if it misapplied the law, to reexamine its decision in light of the principles discussed herein. Whether attorney fees are to be awarded to defendant is a matter reserved to the trial court\u2019s discretion.\nIn view of the additional arguments raised by the parties, it is further necessary to discuss the standard which the trial court should apply in exercising its discretion to award fees under the Act, as well as the factors which might be considered. In Haskell, the appellate court held that different standards should apply to prevailing plaintiffs and prevailing defendants when deciding the issue of discretionary attorney fees awards. Although we find Haskell to contain an excellent discussion of the subject of fee awards, we would not agree with that court\u2019s use of the term \u201cstandards\u201d in this context. In our opinion, it is more accurate to state that the policy considerations which come into play in evaluating a plaintiff\u2019s application for attorney fees may not mirror those considerations applicable to a defendant\u2019s application. Choosing to award attorney fees to either prevailing defendants or plaintiffs lies solely within the trial court\u2019s discretion, and the only applicable \u201cstandard\u201d by which the exercise of that discretion should be measured is whether it has been abused. (Totz, 236 Ill. App. 3d at 910; Roche, 235 Ill. App. 3d at 86.) However, there are a number of factors and considerations, as Haskell explains, which may properly bear upon the court\u2019s ultimate decision.\nAlthough the Act fails to specify what factors should or may be considered by a court when determining whether to award attorney fees, the legislative purpose behind permitting such awards to prevailing parties under the Act has been clearly defined and should be given consideration by a trial court. A consumer who has been defrauded in a small amount may be reluctant to bring an action for recovery out of fear that any eventual recovery would be consumed or overwhelmed by the expense of securing representation. (Haskell, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 602; Totz, 236 Ill. App. 3d at 910.) Recognizing the Illinois legislature\u2019s desire to eradicate all forms of deceptive and unfair business practices and to grant appropriate remedies to defrauded consumers (Buechin, 159 Ill. App. 3d at 249-50), the Act permits prevailing plaintiffs to recover attorney fees at the discretion of the trial court. However, prevailing defendants are also permitted to request reimbursement for the costs and attorney fees they expend defending themselves from claims of commercial wrongdoing, presumably in part to deter baseless claims of fraud and to protect honest and fair businesses from potential abuse of the Act\u2019s provisions (Haskell, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 601-02).\nThe body of law pertaining to other statutory attorney fees awards provides another source of guidance regarding the factors a court may consider when determining whether to award attorney fees to a prevailing party under the Act. (See Saltzman, 73 Ill. B.J. 266; Friedman, 76 Ill. B.J. 748; see also generally Haskell, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 599-603.) Cases interpreting section 502(g) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) (29 U.S.C. \u00a7 1132(g)(1) (1988)) are also instructive. These sources suggest the following factors which a court might consider: (1) the degree of the opposing party\u2019s culpability or bad faith; (2) the ability of the opposing party to satisfy an award of fees; (3) whether an award of fees against the opposing party would deter others from acting under similar circumstances; (4) whether the party requesting fees sought to benefit all consumers or businesses or to resolve a significant legal question regarding the Act; and (5) the relative merits of the parties\u2019 positions. (See Haskell, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 601, citing Zervos, 165 Ill. App. 3d at 812, citing Hummell v. S.E. Rykoff & Co. (9th Cir. 1980), 634 F.2d 446, 453.) We recognize that no single factor is necessarily controlling, nor is this list an exhaustive one. (Accord Carpenters Southern California Administrative Corp. v. Russell (9th Cir. 1984), 726 F.2d 1410, 1416.) Thus, the existence of bad faith in the action by an opposing party is not the only consideration, but it is an important factor, in some cases the controlling one, which should be considered by a court deciding whether to award attorney fees.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the circuit court\u2019s order denying fees is vacated, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.\nVacated and remanded with directions.\nGEIGER and QUETSCH, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE DOYLE" } ], "attorneys": [ "Steven P. Bloomberg and David J. Freeman, both of Moss & Bloomberg, Ltd., of Bolingbrook (Stuart D. Gordon, of counsel), for appellant.", "Lehrer, Flaherty & Canavan, P.C., of Wheaton (Maureen Flaherty, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "DEAN GRAUNKE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ELMHURST CHRYSLER PLYMOUTH VOLVO, INC., Defendant-Appellant.\nSecond District\nNo. 2\u201492\u20140898\nOpinion filed July 29, 1993.\nSteven P. Bloomberg and David J. Freeman, both of Moss & Bloomberg, Ltd., of Bolingbrook (Stuart D. Gordon, of counsel), for appellant.\nLehrer, Flaherty & Canavan, P.C., of Wheaton (Maureen Flaherty, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "1015-01", "first_page_order": 1033, "last_page_order": 1041 }