{ "id": 5411005, "name": "KENNETH ABBOTT et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AMOCO OIL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Abbott v. Amoco Oil Co.", "decision_date": "1993-08-18", "docket_number": "No. 2\u201492\u20141275", "first_page": "774", "last_page": "787", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "249 Ill. App. 3d 774" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "183 Ill. App. 3d 1081", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2626916 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1090" }, { "page": "1090" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/183/1081-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 Ill. App. 3d 1046", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5498606 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1049" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/100/1046-01" ] }, { "cite": "194 Ill. App. 3d 744", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8499223 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "748" }, { "page": "748" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/194/0744-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 Ill. App. 3d 170", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2577833 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "175" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/204/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "218 Ill. App. 3d 261", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8498587 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "267" }, { "page": "267" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/218/0261-01" ] }, { "cite": "225 Ill. App. 3d 317", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5244281 ], "weight": 8, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "320-21" }, { "page": "321-22" }, { "page": "324" }, { "page": "324" }, { "page": "320" }, { "page": "323" }, { "page": "324" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/225/0317-01" ] }, { "cite": "97 Ill. App. 3d 22", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3108300 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "30" }, { "page": "31" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/97/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "970 F.2d 273", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10514447 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/970/0273-01" ] }, { "cite": "125 Ill. App. 3d 972", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3632541 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "990-91" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/125/0972-01" ] }, { "cite": "135 Ill. App. 3d 317", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3600048 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "321" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/135/0317-01" ] }, { "cite": "197 Ill. App. 3d 194", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2481299 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "203-04" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/197/0194-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 Ill. App. 3d 142", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3206787 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "145" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/84/0142-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 Ill. App. 3d 1039", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3339076 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1046" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/63/1039-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 Ill. 2d 182", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3163694 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/99/0182-01" ] }, { "cite": "140 Ill. App. 3d 713", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3533124 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "719" }, { "page": "719" }, { "page": "719" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/140/0713-01" ] }, { "cite": "39 Cal. Rptr. 767", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "771" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "228 Cal. App. 2d 810", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2144455 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "814-15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-app-2d/228/0810-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 Ill. App. 3d 421", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2866114 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "426" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/27/0421-01" ] }, { "cite": "223 Ill. App. 3d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5255899 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "9" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/223/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "133 Ill. App. 3d 238", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3529840 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "245" }, { "page": "245" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/133/0238-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 Ill. 2d 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3096980 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "17" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/92/0013-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1166, "char_count": 31333, "ocr_confidence": 0.774, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.705294510542074e-07, "percentile": 0.7015524843340287 }, "sha256": "413495efdc75eaf22d3f9b667056b53a542b518494e5b70348d368d9a66d420f", "simhash": "1:3f9fd5b2e943f4e5", "word_count": 5152 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:37:18.171744+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "KENNETH ABBOTT et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AMOCO OIL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE INGLIS\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIn this case, a large group of gasoline retailers (the dealers) who sell Amoco brand products sued Amoco alleging breach of contract. Specifically, the dealers claimed that Amoco violated express promises it made to them in conjunction with Amoco\u2019s \u201cDiscount for Cash\u201d program, that Amoco, alternatively, violated the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing with regard to gasoline pricing, and that Amoco breached either its express or implied obligations with regard to the rent it charged the dealers. The circuit court of Du Page County dismissed the complaint with prejudice under section 2 \u2014 615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 615 (West 1992)) as being substantially insufficient in law. The dealers appealed, and we affirm.\nThe dealers\u2019 complaint alleges that they all are located in a geographic area delineated by Amoco and known as the Chicago District. The dealers were required to execute various forms drafted by Amoco in order to become franchisees, and the terms of the documents were not negotiable. The dealers allege that the price they were to pay for gasoline was not fixed. Instruments known as \u201cDealer Supply Agreements\u201d (DSA\u2019s) executed by the dealers provide, \u201cThe price for motor fuels purchased by Dealer from Amoco hereunder, shall be Amoco\u2019s dealer buying price for each respective grade of said products in effect in Amoco\u2019s pricing area in which the above-identified motor fuel sales facility is located at the time when title to said products passes from Amoco to Dealer.\u201d\nThe dealers further allege that until 1982, Amoco represented that the price of gas to dealers took into account the cost of credit, including the costs of Amoco\u2019s credit card program. In 1982, Amoco began to implement its discount for cash program, which the dealers were allegedly required to accept. Under the program, it is claimed that Amoco made the dealers pay a credit card fee for each Amoco credit card purchase occurring at the dealers\u2019 respective stations. However, Amoco also promised the dealers a discount in the cost of gas to reflect the removal of the cost of credit from the gas prices. Amoco allegedly told the dealers that the discount for cash program was designed to \u201cunbundle\u201d the cost of credit from the price of gasoline to dealers and that the dealers could then offer a discount on the price of gas to retail customers who paid with cash, allowing the dealers to become more competitive in the growing cash purchase market. The dealers claim in their first count that Amoco then failed to \u201crealistically and meaningfully provide the promised price discounts\u201d and that Amoco hid its breaches \u201cthrough a variety of pricing techniques and policies.\u201d\nIn their second count, the dealers allege that Amoco\u2019s actions with regard to the pricing of gasoline violated the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing implicit in the DSA\u2019s.\nIn the third count, the dealers allege that they are required to lease their stations from Amoco pursuant to written leases. They claim that, since 1982, Amoco has represented to them that rents would be based on the fair-market or investment value of the facilities and improvements. The dealers assumed that Amoco would act in good faith in setting the rental values and claimed that Amoco represented to them that the rentals would be so calculated. The dealers allege that Amoco failed to disclose to them the manner in which it calculated rent and that Amoco charged them for capital improvements that had never existed at the stations, had been removed, had been fully depreciated, were owned by the dealers, or were otherwise charged for under separate agreements. The dealers also claim that Amoco unfairly charged them for signs which were supposed to be loaned to the dealers without charge, that Amoco duplicated service bay and car wash charges, and that Amoco made dealers pay for things such as property taxes and maintenance fees which either were not incurred or were covered in other charges. The dealers allege that these actions by Amoco constitute a breach of contract or a violation of Amoco\u2019s duty of good faith and fair dealing.\nThe dealers did not append any written instruments to their complaint when it was first filed, which violated section 2 \u2014 606 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 606 (West 1992)). The circuit court then ordered the dealers to execute an affidavit repeating their claim that the signed copies of the documents at issue were in the hands of Amoco and \u201cpoint forth with some degree of specificity which agreement or agreements they are relying upon.\u201d The dealers\u2019 attorney responded with an affidavit reciting his experience in similar lawsuits, reiterating the dealers\u2019 claims, and referring the court to documents filed in other cases alleged to be sufficient to spell out representations made by Amoco to the dealers here.\nThe court found this affidavit insufficient and allowed the dealers to file another affidavit. The dealers then submitted various documents and affidavits. Amoco moved to dismiss the complaint as being substantially insufficient at law (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 615 (West 1992)). The court granted the motion to dismiss, finding that the contracts between the dealers and Amoco gave Amoco discretion to set gas prices and rents, that the contracts would not be rewritten, and that Illinois does not recognize a cause of action founded upon a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.\nOn appeal, the dealers argue that the trial judge did not apply the proper standards for deciding motions brought under section 2 \u2014 615, that the order dismissing the complaint is internally inconsistent and makes unwarranted and unsupported factual assumptions, that counts I and II of the complaint state viable alternative causes of action, and that the dismissal of count III was improper in light of section 2 \u2014 615 standards and the decisions of other courts.\nAmoco argues on appeal that the trial judge properly applied section 2 \u2014 615 standards below, that the dealers\u2019 breach of contract claims contradict the unambiguous terms of the parties\u2019 integrated contracts, and that Illinois law does not recognize an independent cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.\nSECTION 2-615 STANDARDS\nThe dealers\u2019 first argument on appeal is that the trial judge disregarded the proper standards for deciding a section 2 \u2014 615 motion when dismissing the dealers\u2019 complaint. The dealers argue that the trial judge should have addressed the adhesionary aspects of the DSA\u2019s. The dealers also find fault with the court\u2019s determining that it had to limit its interpretation' of the contracts at issue to the contracts\u2019 four corners and its simultaneous finding that the parties understood that the nature of the petroleum market made volatile price fluctuations necessary. The dealers also complain that the contracts at issue did not confer upon Amoco the right to employ cash discount programs, as the trial court found was within Amoco\u2019s authority to set fuel prices. The dealers argue further that the court should not have disregarded certain communications in the record from Amoco to various dealers notifying the dealers that Amoco was reducing the processing fee on credit card tickets to 3% and setting the gallonage discount for the Midwest region at 2.1 cents per gallon. The dealers claim that these communications support counts I and II of their complaint. Finally, the dealers argue that the court, when dismissing count III, should not have ignored the adhesionary aspects of the leases or the proceedings in separate but similar cases brought against Amoco.\nPleadings are to be liberally construed so as to do justice between the opposing parties when considering a motion to dismiss. (Pelham v. Griesheimer (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 13, 17.) Further, exhibits attached to a complaint become part of the pleadings, and factual matters in such exhibits which are at odds with a complaint\u2019s allegations control over those conflicting allegations. (Outboard Marine Corp. v. James Chisholm & Sons, Inc. (1985), 133 Ill. App. 3d 238, 245.) A motion to dismiss does not admit allegations in a complaint that are negated by conflicting facts in an attached exhibit. Outboard Marine, 133 Ill. App. 3d at 245.\nThis court recently set forth the standards to be followed with regard to appeals from section 2 \u2014 615 dismissals:\n\u201cFor purposes of the appeal of the dismissal pursuant to section 2 \u2014 615, all well-pleaded facts within the four comers of the amended complaint are regarded as admitted and true, together with all reasonable inferences drawn in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs. [Citation.] An appeal from a section 2 \u2014 615 dismissal for failure to state a cause of action reviews only the question of the legal sufficiency of the complaint, by ascertaining whether the essential elements of the cause of action were alleged. [Citation.] The ultimate facts to be proved must be alleged, and any evidentiary support or conclusions drawn from the allegations should not be considered in a section 2 \u2014 615 motion. [Citation.] Therefore, a motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action should be affirmed on appeal only where no set of facts can be proved under [the] pleadings which set forth a cause of action entitling the plaintiff to relief.\u201d Bank of Northern Illinois v. Nugent (1991), 223 Ill. App. 3d 1, 9.\nThe circuit court stated in its final order that the dealers\u2019 claims were without merit and that amendments would be ineffective. We believe that the circuit court\u2019s decision was correct, notwithstanding the alleged procedural errors it made. Consequently, we will not discuss the dealers\u2019 procedural arguments, but will address the issue of whether sufficient legal claims were set out.\nBREACH OF CONTRACT-PRICING\nThe DSA\u2019s signed by Amoco and the dealers require the dealers to pay Amoco for gasoline at \u201cAmoco\u2019s dealer buying price for each respective grade of said products in effect in Amoco\u2019s pricing area in which the above-identified motor fuel sales facility is located at the time when title to said products passes from Amoco to Dealer.\u201d The DSA\u2019s further provide:\n\u201cThis Dealer Supply Agreement cancels and supersedes all prior written or unwritten agreements and understandings between the parties pertaining to the matters covered in this Agreement. No obligations, agreement [sic] or understandings shall be implied from any of the terms and provisions of this Agreement, all obligations, agreements and understandings with respect to the subject matter hereof being expressly set forth herein. No representations or statements, other than those expressly set forth herein, were relied upon by the parties in entering in [sic] this Agreement. No modification or waiver of, addition to, or deletion from the terms of this Agreement shall be effective unless reduced to writing and signed by Dealer and a representative of Amoco authorized to execute this Agreement.\u201d\nThe dealers\u2019 claim here is that Amoco promised them a discount in the price of gas to offset credit fees Amoco began to charge on credit card transactions and that Amoco then failed to provide the discounts in a \u201crealistic\u201d and \u201cmeaningful\u201d manner, meaning that the dealers thought that Amoco\u2019s gas was still priced too high, even after the application of the discount. Thus, the dealers argue, essentially, that Amoco charged too much for its gasoline. This claim is directly contrary to both the integration clause and the provisions of the DSA\u2019s allowing Amoco to charge the dealers the price for gasoline in effect in the dealers\u2019 geographic area at the time the dealers take title to the gas. In order to escape the language of the DSA\u2019s, the dealers argue that the DSA\u2019s are adhesion contracts and that the integration clauses should thus be ignored.\nA contract of adhesion is \u201c \u2018a standardized contract prepared entirely by one party, and which, due to the disparity in bargaining power between the draftsman and the second party, must be accepted or rejected by the second party on a \u201ctake it or leave it\u201d basis without opportunity for bargaining and under such conditions that the second party or \u201cadherer\u201d cannot obtain the desired product or service save by acquiescing in the form of the agreement.\u2019 \u201d Star Finance Corp. v. McGee (1975), 27 Ill. App. 3d 421, 426, quoting Walnut Creek Pipe Distributors, Inc. v. Gates Rubber Co. Sales Division, Inc. (1964), 228 Cal. App. 2d 810, 814-15, 39 Cal. Rptr. 767, 771.\nThe dealers assert that the DSA\u2019s meet the test for contracts of adhesion because they had no say in any of the terms of the agreement and they were required to accept Amoco\u2019s terms if they wanted to become franchisees. However, even if the DSA\u2019s are adhesion contracts, it does not follow that they are unenforceable. Rather, contracts of adhesion are generally lawful (Methodist Medical Center v. Taylor (1986), 140 Ill. App. 3d 713, 719) and \u201cmere disparity of bargaining power is not sufficient grounds to vitiate contractual obligations.\u201d (Streams Sports Club, Inc. v. Richmond (1983), 99 Ill. 2d 182, 191.) Something beyond adhesion is required to subject a contract to judicial scrutiny. As was stated in Eisele v. Ayers (1978), 63 Ill. App. 3d 1039, 1046, \u201cCourts declare adhesion contracts unlawful because the party in the superior bargaining position has taken unfair advantage of the \u2018adherer\u2019 by making the desired product available only if the weaker party accedes to the form of the contract.\u201d We agree with Eisele that unfair advantage is the key to differentiating between the types of adhesion contracts, but we do not agree with Eisele\u2019s implication that the remedy upon finding an onerous provision in an adhesion contract is to render the entire contract unlawful. Clearly, some contracts may be so one-sided as to be utterly unenforceable. (See Streams Sports Club, 99 Ill. 2d at 191.) However, we agree with courts which have implied that, generally, burdensome clauses in adhesion contracts should be construed against the more powerful party. Methodist Medical Center, 140 Ill. App. 3d at 719, citing Star Finance, 27 Ill. App. 3d 421.\nWe do not believe that the dealers have sufficiently pleaded that the DSA\u2019s are unfair contracts of adhesion. The dealers have not alleged, for example, how they were damaged beyond the loss of the promised discounts or how Amoco\u2019s prices or pricing terms compared with those of other oil companies. Thus, the dealers\u2019 assertion that the DSA\u2019s are inequitable adhesion contracts is a conclusory allegation unsupported by other factual allegations and is not deemed admitted for purposes of a section 2 \u2014 615 motion to dismiss. Panorama of Homes, Inc. v. Catholic Foreign Mission Society, Inc. (1980), 84 Ill. App. 3d 142, 145.\nAbsent an adhesionary aspect, we are left with contracts that are clear in their terms and which the dealers do not argue are ambiguous. A court must enforce a contract as written and may not rewrite it to suit one of the parties. (Gladstone v. McHenry Medical Group (1990), 197 Ill. App. 3d 194, 203-04.) As written by Amoco and agreed to by the dealers, the DSA\u2019s, by virtue of their clear language and their integration clauses, embody the entire price agreement between Amoco and the dealers. Since Amoco could set the price for gasoline, it could logically offer a discount to its dealers as part of its pricing policy. Moreover, as previously noted, the dealers\u2019 argument that no \u201cmeaningful\u201d or \u201crealistic\u201d discount was given to them actually focuses on the price they paid Amoco for gasoline \u2014 a price they now claim is too high. This claim is foreclosed by the DSA\u2019s.\nIMPLIED COVENANT-PRICING\nThe dealers argue in the alternative that Amoco violated the covenant of good faith and fair dealing implicit in all contracts in Illinois when Amoco failed to provide the dealers with the promised discount in any \u201crealistic\u201d or \u201cmeaningful\u201d manner. The dealers claim that the price provision was an open term that Amoco had discretion in filling, and that Amoco was bound to calculate the price in a manner consistent with the parties\u2019 expectations in entering into their relationship\u2014 that they would both make a reasonable profit.\nAmoco argues that Illinois does not recognize a cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Amoco claims that the implied covenant is merely a principle of contract interpretation that does not apply here due to the unambiguous nature of the DSA\u2019s.\nThere is a duty of good faith and fair dealing included in every contract as a matter of law in Illinois. (Powers v. Delnor Hospital (1985), 135 Ill. App. 3d 317, 321.) The duty limits the manner in which a party who is vested with discretion under the contract may exercise it by requiring that party to \u201cexercise that discretion reasonably and with proper motive, *** not *** arbitrarily, capriciously, or in a manner inconsistent with the reasonable expectations of the parties.\u201d Dayan v. McDonald\u2019s Corp. (1984), 125 Ill. App. 3d 972, 990-91, criticized, Original Great American Chocolate Chip Cookie Co. v. River Valley Cookies, Ltd. (7th Cir. 1992), 970 F.2d 273.\nWe need not decide whether Illinois law permits an independent cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in a situation such as this. Even if a cause of action is viable, the dealers have failed to state a claim here. In a contractual relationship like the one between Amoco and the dealers, where the dealers are forced to pay Amoco a gasoline price set by and subject to modification by Amoco, and where both Amoco and the dealers seek to maximize their profits, any increase in gas prices by Amoco will affect the dealers adversely. This cause and effect relationship is obvious. Thus, the dealers cannot complain when Amoco merely exercises the discretion the dealers allowed Amoco to possess. Bad faith or unfairness needs to be pleaded affirmatively in a case like the present one.\nThe dealers do not include in their pleading any factual allegations which would support their claim that Amoco acted unfairly or in bad faith when setting its gasoline prices. For example, they do not allege that they have been driven out of business or even placed in financial trouble by Amoco\u2019s prices. They do not allege that Amoco\u2019s pricing policies or prices were out of line with those of other oil companies. They do not allege that there could not have been legitimate business reasons for Amoco\u2019s actions. (See, e.g., Foster Enterprises, Inc. v. Germania Federal Savings & Loan Association (1981), 97 Ill. App. 3d 22, 30 (savings and loan\u2019s rejection of reasonable market appraisal of real estate because appraisal was too low to allow it \u201cto bail out of a mortgage loan long since gone sour\u201d violated implied covenant).) The dealers simply seek to recover a discount allegedly promised to them and then limited or negated by Amoco\u2019s pricing decisions. We believe that allegations of an unexpectedly high price, without more, do not state a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in light of the contractual terms at issue in this case.\nThe case of Continental Mobile Telephone Co. v. Chicago S M S A Ltd. Partnership (1992), 225 Ill. App. 3d 317, is instructive on this issue. In Continental, an independent reseller of cellular telephone service sued the cellular telephone transmission system operator from which the reseller purchased mobile telephone service alleging, inter alia, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The reseller and the operator had signed a contract in which the operator was given the right to revise its rates and charges in its sole discretion. (Continental, 225 Ill. App. 3d at 320-21.) The operator later changed its rates, which had a detrimental effect on the reseller. (Continental, 225 Ill. App. 3d at 321-22.) The appellate court, affirming the trial court\u2019s dismissal of the reseller\u2019s count alleging breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, held that no such claim was stated because both parties were aware at the outset that the operator could raise its rates whenever it chose to do so. (Continental, 225 Ill. App. 3d at 324.) The parties\u2019 awareness of the operator\u2019s rights under the contract \u201cnegatjed] any inference that [the operator\u2019s] actions were outside the contemplation of the parties and could be characterized as a breach of good faith.\u201d Continental, 225 Ill. App. 3d at 324.\nLikewise, in this case, the dealers were aware at the time they signed their DSA\u2019s that Amoco was reserving the right to set the price in the area in which the dealers were located. The DSA\u2019s said nothing about the discount for cash program or any representations made thereunder, even though the DSA\u2019s in the record were executed years after the only documents in the record that mention a discount offered to the dealers by Amoco.\nThe dealers\u2019 claim is virtually undistinguishable from the claim made by the reseller in Continental. It is similarly without merit. The dealers distinguish Continental because in that case the reseller and the operator actively negotiated the contract at issue (Continental, 225 Ill. App. 3d at 320), while here the dealers could not negotiate the terms of the DSA\u2019s. While this factor is one to be considered, we are not convinced that it is determinative of the issue of whether a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing has been stated. Although the dealers had to accept Amoco\u2019s terms in order to become Amoco franchisees, the dealers presumably had other choices as to franchisors in the retail gasoline business.\nMoreover, use of the implied covenant as a construction aid in determining the contracting parties\u2019 intent (see Anderson v. Burton Associates, Ltd. (1991), 218 Ill. App. 3d 261, 267) does not help the dealers, as we have previously found the DSA\u2019s to be unambiguous, negating the need for interpretive rules. (T D C Development Corp. v. First Federal Savings & Loan Association (1990), 204 Ill. App. 3d 170, 175.) Further, \u201ccontract terms implied in law cannot supplant express contract terms.\u201d Foster Enterprises, 97 Ill. App. 3d at 31.\nBREACH OF CONTRACT-RENT\nIn count III of their complaint, the dealers allege that, since 1982, Amoco promised and represented to them that the rents it set in its leases would be based on the fair-market/investment value of the land and improvements at the leased facilities. Subsequently, the dealers allege, Amoco failed to disclose information regarding the components of its rental charges; charged the dealers for capital improvements that had never existed at the property, had been removed, had been fully depreciated, were owned by the dealers, or were charged for under separate agreements; charged the dealers for signs which were supposed to be loaned free of charge; imposed duplicate charges for service bays and car washes; and required the dealers to pay for items such as property taxes and maintenance fees which were never incurred or were already reflected in other charges. The dealers claim their rental overpayments, with interest, as damages.\nAmoco responds that the express language of the leases executed by the dealers contradicts the dealers\u2019 claims. We agree.\nThe form leases executed by the dealers simply state an amount that a dealer must pay to Amoco as rent for its facility. The lease does not state the basis on which the rental charge is determined or what components are included in the rent. The clause following the rental clause states:\n\u201cIn the event that the original term of this Lease is for more than one year, each year of said term Lessor reserves the right to modify the monthly rental specified above to conform with Lessor\u2019s established policy rental in effect for this type of facility as of each anniversary date of the commencement of the term by giving Lessee at least ninety (90) days\u2019 advance written notice of such changed rental, and Lessee shall have the right at any time during said ninety (90) day period to terminate this Lease upon giving Lessor fifteen (15) days\u2019 notice in writing.\u201d\nTowards the end of the lease, there is an integration clause which states as follows:\n\u201cThis Lease cancels and supersedes all prior written and unwritten agreements and understandings between the parties pertaining to the matters covered in this Lease. No obligations, agreement [sic] or understandings shall be implied from any of the terms and provisions of this Lease, all obligations, agreements and understandings with respect to the subject matter hereof being expressly set forth herein. No representations or statements, other than those expressly set forth herein, were relied upon by the parties in entering into this Lease. No modification or waiver of, addition to, or deletion from the terms of this Lease shall be effective unless reduced to writing and signed by Lessee and a representative of Lessor authorized to execute this Lease.\u201d\nThe dealers do not bring to our attention any documents in which Amoco made any of the representations that the dealers rely upon in bringing this count. Neither do the dealers state whether the representations were written or oral. An examination of the quoted portions of the lease shows that the dealers\u2019 allegations are directly inconsistent with the language of the leases. Moreover, the lease language is not ambiguous, and the dealers do not argue that it is.\nAs we previously stated, an unambiguous contract must be enforced as it is written. (J.M. Beals Enterprises, Inc. v. Industrial Hard Chrome, Ltd. (1990), 194 Ill. App. 3d 744, 748.) \u201cFurthermore, a court may not add provisions to an unambiguous contract even if these make the contract more equitable.\u201d Beals, 194 Ill. App. 3d at 748.\nUnder the leases here, the dealers clearly agreed to pay Amoco a specified rental charge for their dealer facilities. They also allowed Amoco to modify the rent in future years under certain circumstances. Now, the dealers seek to read more terms into the leases in order to relieve themselves of the burden of what they apparently perceive to be bad bargains. This the law does not allow them to do. See National Tea Co. v. American National Bank & Trust Co. (1981), 100 Ill. App. 3d 1046, 1049.\nNor have the dealers adequately pleaded that the leases are adhesion contracts. The leases are very similar to the DSA\u2019s in that the dealers agreed to pay a price set by Amoco that Amoco had discretion to change. We previously found that the dealers had not pleaded factual allegations sufficient to show that the DSA\u2019s were adhesive, and the same reasoning applies to the dealers\u2019 leases. Moreover, even if the leases were contracts of adhesion, such a conclusion would not necessarily lead to a determination that the leases\u2019 integration clauses were invalid, as the dealers argue. Again, as previously stated, we believe that the fact that a contract is one of adhesion does not invalidate a contract, but is one factor to consider when construing ambiguous terms. (See Methodist Medical Center v. Taylor (1986), 140 Ill. App. 3d 713, 719.) The leases are not ambiguous.\nThe dealers seek to have undocumented assertions and promises vary the terms of an unambiguous contract requiring any amendments to be made in writing and specifically disavowing that any outside representations were relied upon in its execution. This is contrary to Illinois law. See Continental Mobile Telephone Co. v. Chicago S M S A Ltd. Partnership (1992), 225 Ill. App. 3d 317, 323.\nIMPLIED COVENANT-RENT\nFinally, the dealers allege that Amoco breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the leases when it demanded the improper charges detailed in the preceding section. Amoco again asserts that the implied covenant gives rise to no independent cause of action, but rather is only a rule of construction which has no application to the unambiguous leases at issue.\nAs noted, a covenant to deal fairly and in good faith is implied in every contract in Illinois. (Vincent v. Doebert (1989), 183 Ill. App. 3d 1081, 1090.) Under this covenant, a party vested with discretion under the contract may not exercise that discretion arbitrarily or capriciously. Vincent, 183 Ill. App. 3d at 1090; Continental Mobile Telephone Co., 225 Ill. App. 3d at 324.\nThe dealers' leases with Amoco are substantially similar to the DSA\u2019s at issue in the gasoline pricing claims, in that the dealers will unavoidably be injured in some way any time that Amoco raises the rent it has contractual discretion to modify. Thus, as with the implied covenant claim under the DSA\u2019s, the dealers must sufficiently allege bad faith or unfairness on the part of Amoco in order to show a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing as it pertains to rental charges.\nThe dealers have not pleaded that the rental charges caused financial trouble for their facilities or even alleged the size of the profit loss for which the overcharges were purportedly responsible. Neither have the dealers alleged that Amoco\u2019s rental policies were out of step with those of other oil companies or comparable business concerns.\nWhile we would agree that a plan by Amoco to profit at the dealers\u2019 expense by double charging for fixtures or services would point to bad faith by Amoco, the dealers offer no documents or factual allegations substantiating their overcharge claims. Moreover, the dealers\u2019 assertions that Amoco represented to them the basis on which it calculated rent or the individual charges for various fixtures are directly contradicted by the leases the dealers signed. Finally, it is not even clear whether the dealers are complaining of the initial rental rates, which Amoco set and which the dealers agreed to pay in the contract, or whether the dealers feel cheated by subsequent modifications to the rent, which were within Amoco\u2019s discretion. In short, the dealers seem to be alleging that an additional, contractual rent agreement exists between them and Amoco, separate from the leases specifically embodying the parties\u2019 entire agreement. As we discussed, the dealers\u2019 breach of contract claim is foreclosed and we do not think that conclusory allegations of unfair dealing, without more, can provide the dealers with a remedy under the circumstances of this case. See Anderson v. Burton Associates, Ltd. (1991), 218 Ill. App. 3d 261, 267.\nFor the reasons outlined in our discussion of the implied covenant as it pertained to gasoline pricing, the dealers have failed to sufficiently allege a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing with regard to rental charges.\nThe judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County dismissing the dealers\u2019 complaint with prejudice is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nUNVERZAGT and WOODWARD, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE INGLIS" } ], "attorneys": [ "Mark A. LaMantia, of Farrell & Barr, of Rosemont, for appellants.", "Richard C. Godfrey and David J. Zott, both of Kirkland & Ellis, and William J. Noble, both of Chicago, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "KENNETH ABBOTT et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AMOCO OIL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.\nSecond District\nNo. 2\u201492\u20141275\nOpinion filed August 18, 1993.\nMark A. LaMantia, of Farrell & Barr, of Rosemont, for appellants.\nRichard C. Godfrey and David J. Zott, both of Kirkland & Ellis, and William J. Noble, both of Chicago, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0774-01", "first_page_order": 792, "last_page_order": 805 }