{ "id": 5385430, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CARL DIXON, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Dixon", "decision_date": "1993-11-18", "docket_number": "No. 1-92-1075", "first_page": "771", "last_page": "779", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "256 Ill. App. 3d 771" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "83 Ill. 2d 545", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5474009 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "548-49" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/83/0545-01" ] }, { "cite": "177 Ill. App. 3d 713", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3621257 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "722-23" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/177/0713-01" ] }, { "cite": "128 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3228708 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/128/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "443 U.S. 307", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6182418 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "319" }, { "page": "573" }, { "page": "2788" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/443/0307-01" ] }, { "cite": "128 Ill. 2d 66", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3229038 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/128/0066-01" ] }, { "cite": "482 U.S. 730", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6219896 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "739" }, { "page": "643" }, { "page": "2664" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/482/0730-01" ] }, { "cite": "484 U.S. 554", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 601912 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "559" }, { "page": "957-58" }, { "page": "842" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/484/0554-01" ] }, { "cite": "135 Ill. 2d 252", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3256584 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "302" }, { "page": "317" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/135/0252-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 738, "char_count": 16565, "ocr_confidence": 0.74, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.811301206786956e-08, "percentile": 0.4575917360432983 }, "sha256": "cf5628a6543a080a96528bbcb612846683c567a8b0d5ddffbf686865e0dea701", "simhash": "1:74eb4023ee2ebc89", "word_count": 2666 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:39:51.292435+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CARL DIXON, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE JOHNSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nAfter a bench trial in the circuit court of Cook County, defendant, Carl Dixon, was convicted of first degree murder (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 9 \u2014 1(a) (now 720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 1(a) (West 1992))) and sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment in the Hlinois Department of Corrections.\nOn appeal, defendant contends (1) the trial court erroneously admitted the prior inconsistent statement of a State witness for substantive purposes when the statement did not meet the requirements of section 115 \u2014 10.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter the Code) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, par. 115 \u2014 10.1 (now 725 ILCS 5/115 \u2014 10.1 (West 1992))); (2) a witness\u2019 assertion of his fifth amendment right against self-incrimination in response to questions pertaining to the prior inconsistent statement denied him his right to confront witnesses against him; (3) he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; and (4) the trial court erroneously denied both his motion for a directed verdict and his motion for a new trial as the evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.\nWe affirm.\nThe following pertinent facts were adduced at trial. Officer Darryl Cavin testified that, on the morning of May 12,1990, he responded to a call regarding a shooting. Upon arriving at the scene, he observed a man lying in the crosswalk of the street with his face down. Officer Cavin stated that he questioned Christopher Carlisle, one of the individuals at the scene. Carlisle told him that the victim\u2019s name was Patrick Marshall and that a man ran up behind Patrick and fired three shots.\nAshadu McPherson, the victim\u2019s cousin, testified that on the night of May 11, 1990, he was with Patrick Marshall, defendant, Omar Norman, and Christopher Carlisle. McPherson stated that defendant was showing the group of men a black .9 millimeter gun which they passed amongst themselves. As the gun was passed, Marshall ran from the group, apparently having taken defendant\u2019s gun. Defendant then ran to his house and emerged with a shotgun. He put the shotgun in the trunk of his car and drove around with McPherson and Norman looking for Marshall, who he believed had taken his gun.\nAs they drove around, defendant told McPherson to get his gun back. McPherson assured defendant that he would get the gun back and then got out of the car. Later that evening, McPherson met up with defendant again and observed a .22-caliber or a .25-caliber gun in defendant\u2019s lap. While they were in the car, defendant said, \"Tell Pat to give me my gun\u201d and \"If you don\u2019t give me my gun, I am going to have to do something to him.\u201d McPherson told defendant that he would get his gun back and defendant then dropped off McPherson. McPherson later called home and learned that Marshall had been killed.\nAt trial, Christopher Carlisle, a friend of both defendant and Patrick Marshall, testified that he was with Marshall on May 12, 1990, but denied many of the facts pertaining to the crime included in a statement he had given to Assistant State\u2019s Attorney David Studenroth which directly implicated defendant in the killing. When specifically asked about what he told Studenroth, Carlisle exercised his fifth amendment right against self-incrimination. Carlisle was also shown a copy of the statement and when asked whether the signature at the bottom was his, he again asserted the fifth amendment. Defense counsel chose not to cross-examine Carlisle.\nThe State then called Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Studenroth to the stand, who testified that Carlisle gave a three-page statement to him regarding Marshall\u2019s killing. Subsequent to making the statement, Studenroth observed Carlisle read it and sign each page at the bottom. The statement revealed that Carlisle saw defendant walk toward Marshall with a gun in his hand. Defendant then asked Marshall, \"Where\u2019s my shit at?\u201d and Marshall replied, \"I\u2019ll get it to you man.\u201d The statement further indicated that Carlisle then saw defendant point a gun at Marshall and fire several times. At the conclusion of this testimony, defense counsel chose not to recall Car-lisle.\nAfter argument in aggravation and mitigation, defendant was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to 20 years in the fllinois Department of Corrections. The trial court also sentenced defendant to a seven-year term of imprisonment for violating his probation on a burglary conviction to be served concurrently with the murder sentence. Defendant appeals.\nInitially, defendant maintains that the trial court improperly admitted the prior inconsistent statement of Christopher Carlisle as substantive evidence because the statement did not meet the admissibility requirements of section 115 \u2014 10.1 of the Code. We do not agree.\nSection 115 \u2014 10.1 of the Code provides in pertinent part:\n\"Admissibility of Prior Inconsistent Statements. In all criminal cases, evidence of a statement made by a witness is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if\n(a) the statement is inconsistent with his testimony at the hearing or trial, and\n(b) the witness is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and\n(c) the statement\u2014\n(1) was made under oath at a trial, hearing or other proceeding, or\n(2) narrates, describes, or explains an event or condition of which the witness had personal knowledge, and\n(A) the statement is proved to have been written or signed by the witness ***.\u201d (725 ILCS 5/115 \u2014 10.1 (West 1992).)\nFor the reasons which follow, Carlisle\u2019s statement was properly admitted into evidence.\nThe first admissibility requirement is that the witness\u2019 prior statement must be inconsistent with the testimony he gives at trial. On direct examination, the following colloquy occurred between the prosecutor and Carlisle:\n\"Q. Did you see Carl Dixon get out of the car?\nA. No, I didn\u2019t.\nQ. Did you see Carl Dixon walk up to Patrick?\nA. No, sir.\nQ. Did you see Carl Dixon with a gun in his hand?\nA. No, sir.\nQ. Did you hear Carl Dixon say, 'Where is my shit at?\u2019\nA. No, sir.\nQ. Did you hear Patrick respond, 'I\u2019ll get it to you, man.\u2019?\nA. No, sir.\nQ. Did you see Carl Dixon point that gun at Patrick and start firing several times at Patrick?\nA. No, sir.\nQ. Did you see Patrick run about a half block and collapse?\nA. No, sir.\u201d\nAt this point, the prosecutor showed Carlisle the statement he gave to Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Studenroth on the day of the killing. Carlisle stated that he recognized it to be a statement. When asked if it was the statement he gave to the assistant State\u2019s Attorney, he replied, \"I plead the fifth.\u201d He was then asked if his signature appeared at the bottom of the page and again he invoked his fifth amendment privilege. The trial court allowed him to utilize this privilege in each of these instances.\nThe next day, the State called Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Studenroth to the stand, who testified that he interviewed Carlisle and took his statement. He stated that after he wrote out the statement, he reviewed it with Carlisle \"word for word, page by page.\u201d Carlisle then signed his name at the bottom of each p\u00e1ge as did Studenroth and two police detectives.\nAfter both sides were heard as to the admissibility of Carlisle\u2019s statement as a prior inconsistent statement under section 115 \u2014 10.1, the trial court stated, \"I am going to permit it[,] [o]n the basis that this statement is inconsistent with what he testified to yesterday!,] [w]hen these questions were put to him specifically.\u201d Therefore, only the portions of Carlisle\u2019s statement that directly contradicted his previous testimony were allowed into evidence.\nThe statement\u2019s relevant contents revealed that Carlisle saw defendant get out of the car and walk toward the victim. He saw defendant with a gun in his hand and heard him ask Marshall, \"Where\u2019s my shit at?\u201d He also heard Marshall reply, \"I\u2019ll get it to you man.\u201d The statement further reveals that Carlisle saw defendant point the gun at Marshall and fire several times. It also indicates that, after the shooting, Carlisle and the victim began to run. Finally, it states that Carlisle observed the victim collapse after running about half a block.\nDefendant now argues that Carlisle\u2019s out-of-court statement could not have been inconsistent with his testimony at trial because he invoked his fifth amendment privilege. We disagree.\nDefendant was not able to invoke his fifth amendment privilege in all instances and did testify substantively as to his knowledge of the events surrounding the killing of Patrick Marshall. As previously established, Carlisle responded to substantive questions posed by the prosecutor by effectively denying the information he gave to Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Studenroth. Clearly, the portions of Carlisle\u2019s statement were in direct contradiction to his testimony at trial and are, therefore, inconsistent.\nDefendant urges us to liken this case to People v. Redd (1990), 135 Ill. 2d 252, when the two are in fact incongruous. In Redd, the witness in question successfully invoked the fifth amendment privilege throughout his entire testimony and failed to answer any questions. The trial court then permitted the introduction of the witness\u2019 prior testimony, reasoning, \"I interpreted [section 115 \u2014 10.1] to mean that when someone takes the fifth amendment, that is the same as being inconsistent with his testimony at the hearing or trial or in fact as to the Grand Jury.\u201d (Redd, 135 Ill. 2d at 302.) Our supreme court concluded that since the witness did not testify, \"it was error to allow him to be impeached by prior statements allegedly made by him.\u201d Redd, 135 Ill. 2d at 317.\nOur situation here is dissimilar. Carlisle repeatedly tried to invoke the fifth amendment privilege and the trial court determined, instance by instance, whether he had a valid privilege to invoke. Thus, Carlisle was allowed to take the fifth as to some questions but not as to others. Consequently, unlike Redd and as previously illustrated, he did provide substantive testimony and specific answers to questions posed to him at trial.\nWe believe portions of Carlisle\u2019s statement were properly admitted as substantive evidence because they were in direct contradiction to his prior testimony and inconsistent in accordance with section 115 \u2014 10.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.\nThe second element of section 115 \u2014 10.1 requires that the witness must be available for cross-examination concerning his prior statement. This requirement was unequivocally satisfied. At the conclusion of Carlisle\u2019s direct examination testimony, the trial court inquired as to whether defense counsel wanted to cross-examine Car-lisle. Defense counsel responded, \"No cross, your Honor.\u201d Defense counsel, then, had the full opportunity to cross-examine Carlisle, who was readily available. This is all section 115 \u2014 10.1 mandates.\nDefendant argues that, because Carlisle invoked his fifth amendment privilege on direct examination, he would have been unavailable to testify on cross-examination. As previously elucidated, Carlisle did testify substantively at trial and defense counsel decided not to cross-examine him, presumably because his testimony was favorable to defendant.\nThis contention further assumes that Carlisle would have asserted his fifth amendment privilege when cross-examined by defense counsel. This, of course, is speculation. Defendant cannot claim a lack of opportunity to cross-examine Carlisle when he did not even attempt to call Carlisle to the stand.\nWe also reject defendant\u2019s assertion that he could not effectively cross-examine Carlisle or challenge the truth of his statement because Carlisle was not on the stand when the statement was admitted into evidence. After Carlisle\u2019s prior statement was introduced by Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Studenroth, defense counsel specifically asked the trial court if he could recall Carlisle as a rebuttal witness. The trial court granted this request. If necessary, then, defense counsel had the option of recalling Carlisle to rebut the assistant State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s testimony. Carlisle was thus available to be cross-examined within the meaning of section 115 \u2014 10.1.\nThird, the witness\u2019 statement must have been signed by him and must narrate an event within his personal knowledge. Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Studenroth testified that he took Carlisle\u2019s statement and saw him read and sign each page of it. At trial, Studenroth identified the statement as the one which he had written and seen Carlisle sign. We believe that, although Carlisle took the fifth when he was shown the statement and asked if it was his, the testimony of Studenroth is sufficient proof that the statement was made and signed by Carlisle. As the final requirement of section 115 \u2014 10.1 was satisfied, the trial court did not err in admitting Carl-isle\u2019s prior inconsistent statement into evidence.\nNext, defendant submits that Carlisle\u2019s invocation of his fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination, when asked about the prior inconsistent statement, made him unavailable for cross-examination violating the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment. In view of our previous discussion, this issue fails to warrant much attention.\n\"|T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees only 'an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish/ \u201d (Emphasis omitted.) (United States v. Owens (1988), 484 U.S. 554, 559, 98 L. Ed. 2d 951, 957-58, 108 S. Ct. 838, 842, quoting Kentucky v. Stincer (1987), 482 U.S. 730, 739, 96 L. Ed. 2d 631, 643, 107 S. Ct. 2658, 2664; see People v. Flores (1989), 128 Ill. 2d 66.) As defendant had the opportunity to cross-examine Carlisle, his right to confront witnesses was not violated.\nNext, defendant contends that he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. \"[T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact would have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) (Jackson v. Virginia (1979), 443 U.S. 307, 319, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788; see People v. Young (1989), 128 Ill. 2d 1.) We believe, based on the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the prosecution, that a rational trier of fact could have found defendant guilty of first degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt.\nFinally, defendant opines that the trial court erroneously denied both his motion for a directed verdict and his motion for a new trial. In furtherance of this position, defendant points solely to the trial court\u2019s improper admission of Carlisle\u2019s prior inconsistent statement as substantive evidence. We have already determined that the statement was properly admitted.\nIn ruling on a motion for a directed verdict, \"the trial court need consider only whether a reasonable mind could fairly conclude beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant is guilty, considering the evidence most strongly in the People\u2019s favor.\u201d (People v. Huffman (1988), 177 Ill. App. 3d 713, 722-23.) We believe application of the above standard to this case supports the trial court\u2019s denial of defendant\u2019s motion for a directed verdict.\nThe appropriate standard of review for the denial of a motion for a new trial is as follows:\n\"The decision of a trial court to grant a new trial is an exercise of discretion which should not be disturbed unless a clear abuse of that discretion is shown. [Citations.] In determining whether that discretion was abused, the reviewing court will consider whether the jury\u2019s verdict was supported by the evidence and whether the losing party was denied a fair trial.\u201d (Reidelberger v. Highland Body Shop, Inc. (1981), 83 Ill. 2d 545, 548-49.)\nBased on our thorough review of the record, we do not believe the trial court abused its discretion in denying defendant\u2019s motion for a new trial.\nFor the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nCAHILL, P.J., and HOFFMAN, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE JOHNSON" } ], "attorneys": [ "William H. Wise, of Wise & Kuzas, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant.", "Jack O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Donald T. Lyman, and Hareena Meghani-Wakely, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CARL DIXON, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (4th Division)\nNo. 1 \u2014 92\u20141075\nOpinion filed November 18, 1993.\nRehearing denied December 16, 1993.\nWilliam H. Wise, of Wise & Kuzas, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant.\nJack O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Donald T. Lyman, and Hareena Meghani-Wakely, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0771-01", "first_page_order": 793, "last_page_order": 801 }