{ "id": 2884004, "name": "ROBERT MAYFIELD et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ACME BARREL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee (Alcan-Toyo America, Inc., et al., Defendants)", "name_abbreviation": "Mayfield v. Acme Barrel Co.", "decision_date": "1994-02-03", "docket_number": "No. 1-93-0732", "first_page": "32", "last_page": "39", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "258 Ill. App. 3d 32" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "502 N.E.2d 856", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 Ill. App. 3d 332", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3506430 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "212" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/156/0207-01" ] }, { "cite": "447 N.E.2d 786", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "95 Ill. 2d 322", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3111584 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/95/0322-01" ] }, { "cite": "300 N.E.2d 512", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "13 Ill. App. 3d 699", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5346703 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/13/0699-01" ] }, { "cite": "408 N.E.2d 198", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "81 Ill. 2d 229", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5480680 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/81/0229-01" ] }, { "cite": "569 N.E.2d 1211", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "211 Ill. App. 3d 205", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2527729 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/211/0205-01" ] }, { "cite": "617 N.E.2d 204", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "247 Ill. App. 3d 43", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2929110 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/247/0043-01" ] }, { "cite": "451 N.E.2d 870", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "96 Ill. 2d 479", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3114553 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/96/0479-01" ] }, { "cite": "564 N.E.2d 1222", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "139 Ill. 2d 455", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5574428 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "463" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/139/0455-01" ] }, { "cite": "474 N.E.2d 1312", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "130 Ill. App. 3d 940", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3491961 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/130/0940-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 N.E.2d 348", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "146 Ill. App. 3d 815", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3571916 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/146/0815-01" ] }, { "cite": "405 N.E.2d 1256", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 Ill. App. 3d 89", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3195839 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/85/0089-01" ] }, { "cite": "608 N.E.2d 573", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "241 Ill. App. 3d 198", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2435284 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/241/0198-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 784, "char_count": 16105, "ocr_confidence": 0.79, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.3008088916877134e-07, "percentile": 0.7873580660494106 }, "sha256": "f81170696a8104cce1afe398d408e12c6763ba5577bba123c36769fe860aa37c", "simhash": "1:ebc0e8ccabc67fbe", "word_count": 2690 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:48:59.357066+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "ROBERT MAYFIELD et al, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ACME BARREL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee (Alcan-Toyo America, Inc., et al., Defendants)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HOFFMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe plaintiffs, Robert and Hattie Mayfield, appeal from an order which dismissed numerous counts of their second-amended complaint with prejudice based on the exclusive remedy of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act (Act) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 48, par. 138.5(a)).\nRobert Mayfield was injured on July 23, 1990, when a steel drum he was loading into an incinerator at his place of employment exploded. At the time of his injury, he was employed by ACME Barrel Company (ACME), which reconditions used steel drums and barrels. In counts XIII through XXII of their second-amended complaint, the plaintiffs sought recovery against ACME on a variety of theories including negligence, spoliation of evidence, intentional misconduct, and loss of consortium.\nACME moved to dismiss all of the counts pending against it pursuant to section 2 \u2014 619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110, par. 2 \u2014 619), relying upon the exclusive remedy provision of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. Additionally, ACME argued that Illinois does not recognize a cause of action for the spoliation of evidence. The trial court granted ACME\u2019s motion on the exclusive remedy argument and dismissed counts XIII through XXII of the plaintiffs\u2019 second-amended complaint and included the requisite findings under Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (134 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)) in its order of dismissal. This appeal followed.\nOPINION\nSection 2 \u2014 619 affords a defendant an expeditious means to obtain a summary disposition of an action based upon an affirmative bar to the plaintiff\u2019s right to recovery. (Kontos v. Boudros (1993), 241 Ill. App. 3d 198, 608 N.E.2d 573.) In ruling upon a motion brought pursuant to that section, a court must accept as true all well-pled facts in the complaint under attack (Austin View Civic Association v. City of Palos Heights (1980), 85 Ill. App. 3d 89, 405 N.E.2d 1256), and draw all inferences from those facts which are favorable to the plaintiff (Holubek v. City of Chicago (1986), 146 Ill. App. 3d 815, 497 N.E.2d 348). However, conclusions of fact or law in the complaint which are not supported by specific factual allegations are not taken as true and are not considered by the court in ruling on the motion. (Bell Fuels, Inc. v. Lockheed Electronics Co. (1985), 130 Ill. App. 3d 940, 474 N.E.2d 1312.) Such a motion should only be granted in those cases where there are no material facts in dispute and the defendant is entitled to be dismissed as a matter of law.\nWe first address whether it was proper to dismiss counts XIII, XIV, XXI, and XXII of the plaintiff\u2019s second-amended complaint.\nIn count XIII, Robert Mayfield sought recovery from ACME upon the theory that ACME\u2019s unlicensed, unauthorized, and negligent operation of a hazardous waste disposal site proximately caused his injuries. In count XXI, he sought recovery from ACME on the theory that in its unauthorized and unlicensed operation of a hazardous waste disposal site, ACME proximately caused his injuries by intentionally failing to warn him that he would be handling hazardous waste, failing to train him in the procedures for disposing of such materials, accepting barrels for disposal without proper certification, and failing to comply with certain directions on the barrels that were accepted. Counts XIV and XXII sought recovery in favor of Hattie Mayfield for loss of consortium and their charging allegations mirror the allegations of counts XIII and XXI, respectively.\nThe Workers\u2019 Compensation Act provides an exclusive statutory scheme which obligates employers to compensate their employees for accidental injuries sustained out of and in the course of their employment. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 48, par. 138.1 et seq.) The Act provides a remedy to an injured employee without regard to fault on the part of the employer, but the remedy provided is exclusive and in lieu of all common law actions against the employer for damages. (Meerbrey v. Marshall Field & Co. (1990), 139 Ill. 2d 455, 564 N.E.2d 1222.) Section 5(a) of the Act provides in pertinent part as follows:\n\"(a) No common law or statutory right to recover damages from the employer *** for injury or death sustained by any employee while engaged in the line of his duty as such employee, other than the compensation herein provided, is available to any employee who is covered by the provisions of this Act, to any one wholly or partially dependent upon him, *** or any one otherwise entitled to recover damages for such injury.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 48, par. 138.5(a).)\nIn addition to barring actions for damages by the employee against his employer, the exclusivity provision of the Act precludes actions by a spouse for loss of consortium. (Fregeau v. Gillespie (1983), 96 Ill. 2d 479, 451 N.E.2d 870.) To escape the exclusive remedy against an employer as provided by the Act, an employee must establish that his injury was not accidental, did not arise from his employment, was not received during the course of his employment, or was not compensable under the Act. Meerbrey, 139 Ill. 2d at 463.\nWhether an injury is accidental for the purposes of applying the Act is dependent upon the object of the employer\u2019s intention. It is only when the employer acts with a specific intent to injure the employee that the resultant injury is stripped of its accidental character. (Wells v. IFR Engineering Co. (1993), 247 Ill. App. 3d 43, 617 N.E.2d 204; Copass v. Illinois Power Co. (1991), 211 Ill. App. 3d 205, 569 N.E.2d 1211.) This concept is often explained by reference to Professor Larson\u2019s treatise wherein he stated:\n\"Even if the alleged conduct goes beyond aggravated negligence, and includes such elements as knowingly permitting a hazardous work condition to exist, knowingly ordering claimant to perform an extremely dangerous job, wilfully failing to furnish a safe place to work, or even wilfully and unlawfully violating a safety statute, *** this still falls short of the kind of actual intention to injure that robs the injury of accidental character.\u201d 2A A. Larson, Workmen\u2019s Compensation Law \u00a7 68.13, at 13-36 to 13-44 (1990).\nThe plaintiffs do not allege in their second-amended complaint that ACME acted with any specific intent to injure Robert Mayfield. To be sure, counts XXI and XXII allege that ACME acted intentionally in the manner in which it operated its waste disposal site, but the plaintiffs do not allege that in so acting ACME had the specific intent to injure Robert Mayfield. Additionally, the facts of this case as pled in the complaint establish that at the time of his injury Robert Mayfield was employed by ACME, he was at his place of employment, he came into contact with the barrel that exploded in connection with his duties for ACME, and when the barrel exploded he suffered burns to his body. The facts as alleged by the plaintiffs establish that Robert Mayfield\u2019s injuries were accidental (Wells, 247 Ill. App. 3d 43, 617 N.E.2d 204), they were of a type which are compensable under the Act, and they arose both out of and in the course of his employment for ACME (Collier v. Wagner Castings Co. (1980), 81 Ill. 2d 229, 408 N.E.2d 198). Despite the fact that their complaint contains no allegations of fact against ACME which, if true, would remove Robert Mayfield\u2019s injury from the scope of the Act, the plaintiffs argue that the exclusivity provision of the Act is inapplicable by reason of the dual capacity doctrine. We disagree.\nWe find no need to again trace the evolution of the dual capacity doctrine from its first application in Illinois in the case of Marcus v. Green (1973), 13 Ill. App. 3d 699, 300 N.E.2d 512, to the most recent pronouncement on the subject by our supreme court in Sharp v. Gallagher (1983), 95 Ill. 2d 322, 447 N.E.2d 786, as we undertook in Hyman v. Sipi Metals Corp. (1987), 156 Ill. App. 3d 207, 509 N.E.2d 516. It is sufficient to say that the application of the doctrine rests upon a two-part test requiring (1) a second capacity of the employer which generates obligations unrelated to those flowing from its status as an employer, and (2) a distinct separate legal persona. Hyman, 156 Ill. App. 3d at 212.\nThe fact that the plaintiffs refer to ACME in its operation of a waste disposal site as a separate persona from its drum and barrel operation is irrelevant to the inquiry at hand. Robert Mayfield was injured while in the employ of ACME and the plaintiffs do not allege that some legal entity other than ACME operated either the drum and barrel operations or the waste disposal site. Because the plaintiffs\u2019 allegations are directed against only a single legal entity, ACME, as Robert Mayfield\u2019s employer, the second prong of the test is not satisfied and the dual capacity doctrine has no application to the facts as pled in counts XIII, XIV, XXI, and XXII of the plaintiffs\u2019 complaint. (Sharp, 95 Ill. 2d 322, 447 N.E.2d 786; Hyman, 156 Ill. App. 3d 207, 509 N.E.2d 516.) Accordingly, we hold that counts XIII, XIV, XXI, and XXII of the plaintiffs\u2019 second-amended complaint are barred as a matter of law because of the exclusive remedy provision of the Act. Having so found, we need not address the issues raised by the parties as to whether Robert Mayfield\u2019s filing for relief before the Industrial Commission and his acceptance of temporary total disability payments under the Act operate as a bar to recovery under these counts.\nNext, we address the trial court\u2019s order of dismissal as it relates to counts XV through XX. Each of these counts attempts to state a cause of action against ACME for spoliation of evidence and, as earlier indicated, they were also dismissed with prejudice pursuant to a section 2 \u2014 619 motion because of the exclusive remedy provision of the Act.\nIn urging reversal, the plaintiffs argue that because these counts seek recovery for ACME\u2019s destruction of evidence and not for the injuries sustained by Robert Mayfield in the explosion, the claims pled and the damages sought do not fall within the scope of the Act. ACME argues that the dismissal should be affirmed because the claims presented in these counts fall within the scope of the Act and its exclusive remedy provision. It also contends that the counts are premature because the plaintiffs\u2019 common law actions against the other defendants are still pending. The plaintiffs respond that ACME waived the argument that the claims were premature because it never presented the argument to the trial court.\nIssues not raised by appellants in their briefs are generally considered waived (134 Ill. 2d R. 341(e)(7)), but appellees may urge any point in support of the judgment on appeal that is supported by the record (Shaw v. Lorenz (1969), 42 Ill. 2d 246, 246 N.E.2d 285), without regard to whether the point was raised before the trial court (Furgatch v. Butler (1988), 188 Ill. App. 3d 1060, 545 N.E.2d 140). Additionally, the waiver doctrine is an admonition to the parties and not a limitation upon the power of a reviewing court to address issues of law as the case may require. (Schutzenhofer v. Granite City Steel Co. (1982), 93 Ill. 2d 208, 443 N.E.2d 563.) In this case, the issue of whether the plaintiffs\u2019 spoliation claims are premature is one of law resting upon facts apparent from an examination of the plaintiffs\u2019 complaint; also, we have afforded the plaintiffs the opportunity to file an amendment to their reply brief so that they might fully address this issue. (See Hux v. Raben (1967), 38 Ill. 2d 223, 225, 230 N.E.2d 831.) For these reasons, we will address ACME\u2019s argument that the plaintiffs\u2019 claims based upon the theory of spoliation of evidence are premature.\nOur supreme court recognized an implied statutory cause of action for spoliation of evidence under the X-Ray Retention Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 111\u00bd, par. 157 \u2014 11), with its decision in Rodgers v. St. Mary\u2019s Hospital (1992), 149 Ill. 2d 302, 597 N.E.2d 616. However, the issue of whether Illinois will recognize a common law tort for spoliation has yet to be resolved. (Petrik v. Monarch Printing Corp. (1986), 150 Ill. App. 3d 248, 501 N.E.2d 1312.) The cases which have addressed the issue are unanimous in their holding that an indispensable prerequisite to the maintenance of such an action, if it does exist, is a showing of an actual injury proximately caused by the loss or destruction of the evidence in question. (See, e.g., Petrik, 150 Ill. App. 3d 248, 501 N.E.2d 1312; Fox v. Cohen (1980), 84 Ill. App. 3d 744, 406 N.E.2d 178.) The threat of some future harm that has not yet been realized is insufficient to satisfy this element of the claim and, as such, no action for spoliation can be brought until after the underlying claim which is dependent upon the missing evidence is lost. (Petrik, 150 Ill. App. 3d 248, 501 N.E.2d 1312; Fox, 84 I. App. 3d 744, 406 N.E.2d 178.) It is also noteworthy that the spoliation claim in Rodgers, which was based on a statute, was not filed until after a jury found in favor of one of the defendants in the underlying action. Rodgers, 149 Ill. 2d at 306.\nEach of the plaintiffs\u2019 counts XV through XX alleges that they have been injured by ACME\u2019s destruction of evidence \"in that the opportunity to establish liability against the manufacturer and distributors [of the barrel which exploded causing Robert Mayfield\u2019s injuries] has been prejudiced.\u201d The plaintiffs do not allege that they have lost any cause of action that they might have against the manufacturer or distributors; they only allege that their opportunity to establish liability has been prejudiced. In fact, counts I through XII of the plaintiffs\u2019 second-amended complaint, which remain pending and undetermined, are the plaintiffs\u2019 actions against the entities that distributed barrels to ACME and manufactured the substance in the barrel that exploded and injured Robert Mayfield.\nSupreme Court Rule 366 recognizes our responsibility as a reviewing court to achieve just results and to maintain a sound and uniform body of precedent. (134 Ill. 2d R. 366; Hux, 38 Ill. 2d 223, 230 N.E.2d 831.) In the exercise of that responsibility, we deem it unwise, in a case where the spoliation claims are premature because viable claims against the putative tortfeasors are pending, to decide the issues of whether Illinois should recognize a common law tort for spoliation of evidence and whether the exclusive remedy provision of the Act would bar an injured employee from bringing such an action against his employer. We would hardly contribute to a uniform body of precedent when, in the context of a premature action, we decide issues relating to the existence of a defense to a cause of action before it has been decided whether the cause of action is cognizable.\nBased upon the foregoing analysis, we affirm the trial court\u2019s decision in dismissing counts XV through XX of the plaintiffs\u2019 second-amended complaint, but under the authority of Supreme Court Rule 366(a)(5), we modify that dismissal to reflect that these counts are dismissed because they were brought prematurely and, as such, their dismissal is without prejudice. 134 Ill. 2d R. 366(a)(5); see Schulte v. Burch (1986), 151 Ill. App. 3d 332, 502 N.E.2d 856 (trial court\u2019s judgment dismissing action was modified on appeal to reflect that action was dismissed without prejudice when appellate court found that the action was premature).\nIn conclusion, the trial court\u2019s order dismissing counts XIII, XIV, XXI, and XXII of the plaintiffs\u2019 second-amended complaint is affirmed and the trial court\u2019s order dismissing counts XV through XX is affirmed as modified.\nAffirmed as modified.\nJOHNSON and THEIS, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HOFFMAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Wahler, Pecyna & Fleming, of Chicago (Dennis M. Fleming, of counsel), for appellants.", "Lord, Bissell & Brook, of Chicago (Peter F. Higgins, Hugh C. Griffin, and Stephen A. DiTullio, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "ROBERT MAYFIELD et al, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ACME BARREL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee (Alcan-Toyo America, Inc., et al., Defendants).\nFirst District (4th Division)\nNo. 1 \u2014 93\u20140732\nOpinion filed February 3, 1994.\nWahler, Pecyna & Fleming, of Chicago (Dennis M. Fleming, of counsel), for appellants.\nLord, Bissell & Brook, of Chicago (Peter F. Higgins, Hugh C. Griffin, and Stephen A. DiTullio, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "0032-01", "first_page_order": 52, "last_page_order": 59 }