{
  "id": 2865365,
  "name": "In re ESTATE OF ADDIE DAVIS, a Disabled Person (Merlyn E. Whyte, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Citicorp Savings, n/k/a Citibank, Defendant-Appellant)",
  "name_abbreviation": "Whyte v. Citicorp Savings",
  "decision_date": "1994-03-17",
  "docket_number": "No. 1\u201493\u20141271",
  "first_page": "525",
  "last_page": "529",
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      "cite": "260 Ill. App. 3d 525"
    }
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  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.",
    "id": 8837,
    "name": "Illinois Appellate Court"
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  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 29,
    "name_long": "Illinois",
    "name": "Ill."
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:46:56.444129+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "In re ESTATE OF ADDIE DAVIS, a Disabled Person (Merlyn E. Whyte, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Citicorp Savings, n/k/a Citibank, Defendant-Appellant)."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "JUSTICE JOHNSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff, Merlyn E. Whyte (hereinafter Whyte), as plenary guardian of the estate of Addie Davis, brought suit in the circuit court of Cook County against defendant, Citicorp Savings, now known as Citibank (hereinafter Citibank), to recover assets in the amount of $12,537.82 which Citibank paid to a presenter of two forged powers of attorney forms. Following a bench trial, the trial court entered judgment in favor of Whyte for the full amount.\nOn appeal, Citibank contends the trial court erroneously held it liable for Whyte\u2019s loss as it relied in good faith upon notarized powers of attorney and as there was no evidence that it should have known that the documents were forged.\nWe affirm.\nAddie Davis had $12,537.82 in a savings account at Citibank. In July 1991, Calvin Payne, Davis\u2019 nephew, told Christopher K. Boyd, a Citibank employee, that Davis requested that his name be added to her account. Payne presented Boyd with a general power of attorney form purportedly executed by Davis.\nBoyd verified Davis\u2019 sole ownership of the account and checked Payne\u2019s identity by examining his driver\u2019s license and two credit cards. Boyd then explained that Citibank had its own special power of attorney form which needed to be completed before Citibank would acknowledge Payne\u2019s claim of agency. He signed the form and left with it.\nTwo days later, Payne returned and gave Boyd the Citibank power of attorney form with his signature, the apparent signature of Davis, and the signature and seal of a notary public. Boyd compared Davis\u2019 signature on the power of attorney form with her signature kept on Citibank microfiche. Based on this comparison and the notarization, Boyd concluded that the agency was genuine and added Payne as a signatory to Davis\u2019 account.\nThe next month, Payne met with Boyd and requested that all the funds in Davis\u2019 account be transferred to a checking account bearing only his name. Boyd gave Payne another Citibank power of attorney form which he indicated required completion before the funds could be transferred. Payne again signed the form and left with it.\nTwo days later, Payne returned and presented Boyd with the form reflecting his signature, the apparent signature of Davis, and the signature and seal of a notary public. Boyd compared Davis\u2019 signature on the form with the one Citibank kept on file and concluded it was genuine. Boyd subsequently created a checking account in Davis\u2019 name, in care of Payne, and transferred all of the funds held in the savings account to the newly created checking account. Payne later removed all of the funds.\nShortly thereafter, Whyte discovered that the powers of attorney were forged, and she was appointed temporary guardian of Davis\u2019 estate and was granted leave to initiate proceedings against Payne and Citibank. Whyte filed an action against Citibank on January 30, 1992, alleging breach of contract, negligence, and breach of fiduciary duty. She accordingly sought recovery of the $12,537.82. After a bench trial, the trial judge entered judgment in favor of Whyte for the entire $12,537.82 plus costs. Citibank appeals.\nOn review, Citibank asserts that the trial court erroneously held it liable for Whyte\u2019s loss pursuant to the Illinois Power of Attorney Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110\u00bd, par. 801\u20141) (hereinafter the Act).\nThe Act permits an individual to empower an agent to act on the individual\u2019s behalf during his lifetime, including times of disability, and allows such individual to be confident that this relationship will be honored by third parties. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110\u00bd, par. 802\u20141.\nAn agency relationship is predicated upon the authority the agent derives from the principal and the execution of that authority. In this relationship, the binding of the principal is dependent on whether the agent acted with authority. Although there are three distinct types of authority, each must be based upon the acts of the principal and cannot be gleaned or assumed from the conduct of the agent.\nAccordingly, before an agency is created, both a principal and an agent must exist. The Act defines \"principal\u201d as \"an individual *** who signs a power of attorney or other instrument of agency granting powers to an agent.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110\u00bd, par. 802\u20143(e).) \"Agent\u201d is defined as the \"person designated to act for the principal in the agency.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110\u00bd, par. 802\u20143(b).) The existence of a principal necessarily precedes the existence of both an agent and an agency.\nIt is undisputed that Addie Davis never authorized Calvin Payne to act in her behalf. The two documents Payne submitted to Citibank, which he purported to be genuine representations of the agency relationship, were forgeries. Payne\u2019s unilateral acts, therefore, were undertaken without any authority whatsoever from Davis and these acts were honored by Citibank. Accordingly, we are compelled to find that an agency did not exist.\nWhile acknowledging the documents as forgeries, Citibank maintains that section 2 \u2014 8 of the Act shields it from liability for disbursing all of the funds in Davis\u2019 account to Payne. The section provides: \"Any person who acts in good faith reliance on a copy of the agency will be fully protected and released to the same extent as though the reliant had dealt directly with the principal as a fully-competent person.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110\u00bd, par. 802\u20148.\nHowever, Citibank\u2019s assertion that the good-faith reliance provision of the Act applies to these circumstances is fallacious. In order to claim good-faith reliance on an agency, an agency, as defined by the Act, must first exist. As previously elucidated, there was no principal-agent relationship between Davis and Payne. At no time did Davis \"sign[ ] a power of attorney *** granting powers to [Payne]\u201d conferring authority upon him to transfer funds from her savings account to a checking account in his name. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 110\u00bd, par. 802\u20143(e).\nThe application of sound logic to these facts demonstrates that section 2 \u2014 8 of the Act is only to be construed within the context of an agency pursuant to the Act. As no agency existed, Citibank\u2019s reliance upon this provision is unavailing. We conclude that the trial court properly found Citibank liable for Whyte\u2019s loss.\nFor the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nHOFFMAN and THEIS, JJ., concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "JUSTICE JOHNSON"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "David H. Addis and Jonathan L. Loew, both of Spritzer, Addis, Susman & Krull, of Chicago, for appellant.",
      "David F. Platek, of Chicago, for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "In re ESTATE OF ADDIE DAVIS, a Disabled Person (Merlyn E. Whyte, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Citicorp Savings, n/k/a Citibank, Defendant-Appellant).\nFirst District (4th Division)\nNo. 1\u201493\u20141271\nOpinion filed March 17, 1994.\nDavid H. Addis and Jonathan L. Loew, both of Spritzer, Addis, Susman & Krull, of Chicago, for appellant.\nDavid F. Platek, of Chicago, for appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0525-01",
  "first_page_order": 543,
  "last_page_order": 547
}