{ "id": 2851411, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CRAIG BROCK, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Brock", "decision_date": "1992-12-30", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201490\u20140147", "first_page": "485", "last_page": "503", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "262 Ill. App. 3d 485" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "442 N.E.2d 504", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "92 Ill. 2d 440", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3097342 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/92/0440-01" ] }, { "cite": "559 N.E.2d 1041", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "202 Ill. App. 3d 417", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2588447 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/202/0417-01" ] }, { "cite": "522 N.E.2d 1146", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "122 Ill. 2d 221", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5549839 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/122/0221-01" ] }, { "cite": "518 N.E.2d 372", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "164 Ill. App. 3d 889", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3582348 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/164/0889-01" ] }, { "cite": "306 N.E.2d 27", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "56 Ill. 2d 201", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5404417 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/56/0201-01" ] }, { "cite": "535 N.E.2d 837", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "127 Ill. 2d 153", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5564623 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/127/0153-01" ] }, { "cite": "562 N.E.2d 958", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "138 Ill. 2d 349", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5576240 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/138/0349-01" ] }, { "cite": "18 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 4241", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "137 F.R.D. 20", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "F.R.D.", "case_ids": [ 7850231 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/frd/137/0020-01" ] }, { "cite": "555 F.2d 605", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 962148 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/555/0605-01" ] }, { "cite": "472 N.E.2d 164", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "129 Ill. App. 3d 218", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3489143 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "225" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/129/0218-01" ] }, { "cite": "490 N.E.2d 688", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 Ill. 2d 454", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3166977 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/111/0454-01" ] }, { "cite": "498 N.E.2d 753", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "147 Ill. App. 3d 632", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3603663 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/147/0632-01" ] }, { "cite": "150 N.E.2d 100", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "13 Ill. 2d 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2773896 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "478" }, { "page": "477" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/13/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "142 N.E.2d 11", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "11 Ill. 2d 60", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2786690 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/11/0060-01" ] }, { "cite": "139 N.E.2d 780", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "10 Ill. 2d 288", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2724671 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "292-93" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/10/0288-01" ] }, { "cite": "157 N.E. 247", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "326 Ill. 327", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5188657 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/326/0327-01" ] }, { "cite": "490 N.E.2d 688", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "111 Ill. 2d 454", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3166977 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/111/0454-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1440, "char_count": 42238, "ocr_confidence": 0.79, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.12982294956584e-08, "percentile": 0.3218950216788701 }, "sha256": "e00090230cdb1a81dda1d46bef8c389564bca6f32fdc5ce118fba4d112e2312c", "simhash": "1:a3aa38c5726fe497", "word_count": 6692 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:36:39.333622+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CRAIG BROCK, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE McNAMARA\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a jury trial, defendant, Craig Brock, was found guilty of murder and armed robbery of Michael Spivery and armed robbery of Ernest Catchings and Michael Pate. Defendant was sentenced to a term of 60 years\u2019 imprisonment on the murder count. He appeals, contending that the trial court erred by permitting psychiatric testimony concerning defendant\u2019s comprehension of the Miranda warnings; that defendant did not knowingly and intelligently waive his Miranda rights; that the court erred by refusing to sever the trial on the charges relating to the Catchings-Pate armed robbery where the offenses were not part of the same transaction; that hearsay evidence was improperly admitted; and that the court erred in refusing to give the jury defendant\u2019s proffered jury instruction on involuntary manslaughter.\nPrior to trial, defendant made a motion to suppress statements, contending that he was incapable of understanding the full meaning of the Miranda rights. In support of his motion, defendant tendered the psychiatric evaluation of Doctor Alan K. Rosenwald, who examined defendant on December 4, 1988. Doctor Rosenwald opined after examination that defendant had a reading problem, was suffering from a mental defect, and that \"his verbal skills are so limited that he lacks an intelligent understanding of his rights.\u201d\nThereafter, the State sought a psychiatric examination to ascertain whether defendant was able to understand his Miranda rights. The State argued that pursuant to section 104 \u2014 11(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 104 \u2014 11(a)), the issue of defendant\u2019s fitness for trial, to plead or to be sentenced may be raised by the defense, the State or the court at any appropriate time before a plea is entered. Over defendant\u2019s objection, the trial judge ordered defendant to be examined for fitness and sanity. Defendant\u2019s request that an attorney be present for the psychiatric evaluation was denied.\nMOTION TO SUPPRESS STATEMENTS\nPrior to trial, defendant moved to suppress statements taken from him while in police custody. Detective Thomas Pufpaf of the Chicago police department testified that on September 1, 1987, he was investigating the Spivery homicide and the Catchings-Pate armed robbery. Defendant arrived at the police station accompanied by his mother and stepfather. Pufpaf advised defendant of his Miranda rights, which defendant indicated that he understood. Later that evening, Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Mark Fuller spoke with defendant and informed him of his Miranda rights. Defendant again indicated that he understood those rights. The following morning, Pufpaf had another conversation with defendant and advised him of his Miranda rights. After defendant indicated his understanding, Pufpaf conducted an interview with him.\nAt approximately 11 a.m., defendant spoke with both Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Schreiber and Pufpaf. Schreiber told defendant that he was a State\u2019s Attorney, not defendant\u2019s attorney, and that he was working with the police. Defendant indicated that he understood. Schreiber advised defendant of his constitutional rights and told defendant that he wanted to reduce his statement into written form by a court reporter. Defendant stated that this arrangement was acceptable to him. Upon the arrival of the court reporter, defendant was again apprised of his constitutional rights. Schreiber went over the typewritten statement with defendant, who reviewed and initialed the bottom of each page. After Schreiber made a number of changes requested by defendant, the last page was signed by defendant. Pufpaf stated that defendant was fed and allowed to use the rest room, and that he was not struck by a chair or any other object. Defendant never indicated that he did not understand the Miranda warnings.\nSchreiber\u2019s testimony essentially paralleled that of Pufpaf. Defendant stated that he had been not been mistreated in any way and that he was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Schreiber noticed that defendant appeared to have a swollen lip and that he had a couple of old bandages on his fingers. Defendant told him that the swollen lip was the result of a basketball injury and that the bandages were covering stitches for an injury sustained four weeks prior to arrest. Schreiber had no difficulty communicating with defendant, who was coherent and responsive.\nDoctor Alan K. Rosenwald, a clinical psychologist, testified at the hearing on behalf of defendant. In December 1988, Doctor Rosenwald administered certain diagnostic tests to defendant. Based upon the achievement test results, he found that defendant was functionally illiterate and that he read below the third-grade level. He opined that defendant was borderline mentally defective and that his vocabulary and reading skills were extremely limited.\nDoctor Rosenwald stated that repetition of the Miranda warnings would not have increased defendant\u2019s comprehension of the concept behind the right. Although defendant appeared to possess sufficient abilities to memorize his rights, his understanding was likely to be very limited. The doctor considered defendant to be functionally retarded.\nOn cross-examination, Doctor Rosenwald testified that the public defender\u2019s office contacted him and requested a psychological evaluation of defendant with reference to intelligence and intellectual factors. He did not examine defendant for his fitness or competency to stand trial. Defendant\u2019s intelligence quotient was 72, two points above the level of retardation. Assuming that defendant had prior contacts with the law, he still would have been unable to have an intelligent understanding of the Miranda warnings.\nDefendant\u2019s fifth-grade teacher, Millicerit Drower, testified on his behalf at the hearing. Defendant was a participant in her program for students who were two years behind in reading and mathematics. Drower stated that defendant\u2019s first reaction was to indicate that he understood an instruction even when he did not. Drower considered this behavior to be a defense mechanism designed to protect his self-image. Drower did not believe that defendant would be able to comprehend his right to legal counsel, to have an attorney appointed for him if he could not afford one, and the right to remain silent. Defendant advanced only one month in his reading skills while he was a student in Drower\u2019s classroom.\nMarlene Wolter, defendant\u2019s sixth- and eighth-grade teacher, also testified on his behalf. Defendant was promoted to her classroom only by virtue of his age and was in a learning disorder program. According to Wolter, defendant had a great deal of difficulty with the printed page, and also with verbal instructions. In order for defendant to comprehend an instruction, it would have to be repeated so that the vocabulary involved was something that he understood.\nThe parties stipulated that on December 5, 1987, defendant was given a physical examination by Doctor Aaron Hamb of Cermak Hospital. Defendant told Doctor Hamb that he had been injured when he was hit with a chair on his right side three months earlier. Defendant complained that the injury still hurt and that he had intermittent pain and difficulty in movement. After examination, Doctor Hamb found no objective evidence of injury.\nThe parties also stipulated that if Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Mark Fuller were called as a witness, he would testify that on September 1, 1987, he had a five-minute conversation with defendant. During this conversation, Fuller advised defendant that he was an assistant State\u2019s Attorney, and not defendant\u2019s attorney. Fuller further advised defendant of his Miranda rights, and defendant indicated that he understood. Fuller then had the brief conversation with defendant.\nThe State called Yvette Thomas, a receiving clerk for Cook County jail, as a rebuttal witness at the hearing. On September 2, 1987, Thomas completed a history and physical examination sheet for defendant. According to the sheet, Brock indicated that he did not have any injuries and that his health was generally good. Thomas did not note any bruises, cuts, swelling, sores or any marks on defendant\u2019s body.\nThe State also called Doctor Kaplan of the Psychiatric Institute as a rebuttal witness. Defendant objected, contending that he had not raised the issue of defendant\u2019s mental fitness to stand trial or sanity at the time of the offense; rather, he had only raised defendant\u2019s inability to understand Miranda warnings. The State maintained that it would not question Doctor Kaplan about fitness or sanity; rather, it would only inquire about the witness\u2019 opinion as to defendant\u2019s understanding of his constitutional rights. The judge overruled defendant\u2019s objection and permitted Doctor Kaplan to testify.\nDoctor Kaplan testified that on May 3, 1989, the State requested him to examine defendant for three purposes; to wit: (1) fitness for trial; (2) mental status at the time of the crime; and (3) defendant\u2019s understanding of his Miranda rights. Doctor Kaplan interviewed defendant for one hour. Prior to the interview, he reviewed the police reports concerning the offenses at issue; the court-reported statement signed by defendant; a psychological examination performed a few days prior by one of the staff psychologists at the Psychiatric Institute; Doctor Rosenwald\u2019s report; and a social history taken from defendant\u2019s father. Doctor Kaplan opined that within a reasonable degree of medical certainty and accuracy, defendant could understand the Miranda warnings on September 1, 1987. He based his opinion on the fact that defendant\u2019s intelligence tested as borderline and that he is not retarded; that his answers were responsive to questions and that defendant did not have any problem understanding him.\nDoctor Kaplan discussed the Miranda warnings with defendant. He learned that defendant had been arrested as a juvenile on five separate occasions, and had been arrested twice as an adult prior to his arrest for the current offense. Also, defendant was a member of a street gang and was streetwise. Thus, the combination of defendant\u2019s intelligence above the level of retardation, prior arrest experience, and the fact that he considered him to be a streetwise individual led Doctor Kaplan to believe that defendant could understand his rights. He also noted that defendant was able to function in society, that he had fathered two children by different women, and that he maintained part-time employment. Doctor Kaplan concluded that defendant would have no trouble understanding the Miranda rights that were read to him.\nThe trial judge determined that defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights and that defendant was not physically coerced into making a statement. The judge noted that Doctor Rosenwald did not question defendant about his understanding of Miranda rights, but that Doctor Kaplan specifically asked defendant whether he understood those rights. Additionally, in each of defendant\u2019s seven prior arrests, Miranda rights were given and explained to him. Finally, defendant knew there was a possibility that he would need an attorney when the officer first asked him to come to the police station, as evidenced by the fact that defendant asked his mother to obtain a public defender at the time of the arrest.\nDefendant also made a motion to sever the trial on the charges relating to the shooting death of Spivery from those relating to the armed robbery of Catchings and Pate. The trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion, finding there was continuous conduct and that the counts were related.\nTHE TRIAL\nRobert Burns testified that on September 1, 1987, he was living at 2451 W. Jackson Boulevard, Chicago. Around 3 a.m., Burns saw the deceased jogging near the front of his house. As the deceased approached the front of Burns\u2019 home, he fell. Burns did not hear the report of a gunshot prior to the time that he saw the deceased.\nErnest Catchings, the victim of the armed robbery, testified that on September 1, 1987, at approximately 1:30 a.m., he was sitting in his car in a parking lot located at 2515 W. Jackson. Catchings heard a single gunshot. Catchings and Pate (since deceased) drove to the apartment building where they both resided, which was approximately one block away. As they exited the car, they were approached by two men running from the parking lot. Catchings and Pate had their hats turned to the left which indicated their membership in the Vice Lords gang, while the two men who approached them had their hats turned to the right, signifying that they were members of the Disciples. Catchings noticed that one of the men, later identified as codefendant Travis Fleming, was carrying a pair of tan shoes, and that the second man, whom he identified as defendant, was carrying a sawed-off rifle.\nFleming ordered Catchings and Pate to remove their hats. Fleming removed the jewelry Catchings was wearing, as well as his baseball cap and wallet. Pate removed his St. Louis Cardinals\u2019 baseball jacket and a gold chain. Fleming picked up the articles that Pate had removed. Defendant then walked over to Catchings and hit him in the eye. Thereafter, an individual in the apartment building yelled, and defendant and Fleming fled. Defendant\u2019s blue hat fell from his head. Catchings and Pate retrieved the hat and gave it to the police when they arrived a few moments later. Catchings later identified defendant and Fleming in a lineup.\nThomas Bachelder, an evidence technician assigned to the crime laboratory of the Chicago police department, testified that he. and his partner arrived at the scene of the Spivery homicide at approximately 4:20 a.m. The victim was wearing socks without shoes, and his pockets were turned inside out.\nOfficer Mary Ann Perry of the Chicago police department testified that she was assigned to investigate the Spivery homicide. Perry estimated that she discovered the victim\u2019s body at approximately 1:30 a.m. Later that day, Perry received a phone call from Catchings asking whether she was investigating a murder in which the victim did not have any shoes. Catchings told her that early in the morning he had been with a friend. He heard a gunshot and moments later he was robbed by two men, one of whom he identified as Travis Fleming. Fleming was carrying a pair of men\u2019s shoes in. his hand when he approached Catchings and the other victim. Fleming\u2019s companion carried a sawed-off weapon.\nPerry and two other detectives then went to Fleming\u2019s residence, and he and his mother agreed to accompany the detectives to the police station. After a conversation with Fleming, Perry sought defendant.\nDuring cross-examination, Perry testified that she received the assignment at approximately 3 a.m., and that she arrived on the scene around 4 a.m. Perry further testified that Burns told her that the shooting had occurred between midnight and 1 a.m.\nPufpaf testified at trial to essentially the same sequence of events that he had previously stated at the motion to suppress. Upon arriving at the police station, defendant denied any knowledge of the Spivery homicide or the Catchings-Pate armed robbery. Fleming and defendant participated in a lineup with four other persons, and Catchings identified defendant as the man with the gun and Fleming as his companion. In a subsequent conversation with Fuller, defendant denied having any knowledge of the offenses.\nSchreiber testified that after advising defendant of the Miranda rights, he took the following statement from defendant. On the night of the murder, Fleming approached him and asked whether he wanted to make some quick money. Defendant replied that he was interested. Fleming proposed that they rob a man in a building located across the street. Defendant borrowed a .22 sawed-off rifle from his brother-in-law. They approached a man dressed in beige clothing intending to rob him. Fleming searched the man\u2019s pockets and found nothing. Defendant told the man to take off his shoes and socks. Defendant told the victim to run, and when he got 10 feet away, defendant caught himself shooting at him. Defendant stated that he shot at the victim because he wanted to scare him. Immediately after the shooting, they ran across the street and saw two men, whom Fleming indicated that he knew. Defendant noticed that the men\u2019s hats were turned in a different direction from his hat. Fleming removed the man\u2019s jewelry and a St. Louis Cardinals\u2019 jacket. During the robbery, defendant had unzipped his jacket and had the gun at his side; however, it was not pointed at the man. He took $1.60 from the man\u2019s pocket. At the conclusion of the statement, defendant indicated that the police had treated him well, and that his swollen lip and stitches were the result of injuries sustained prior to his arrest.\nMillicent Drower testified again at trial for defendant that he was academically retarded and had special difficulties with reading and comprehension. According to Drower, repeating an instruction would not necessarily help defendant\u2019s comprehension of a concept. She described defendant as a student who persevered and wanted to improve. However, defendant often said that he understood a concept even when he did not.\nMarlene Wolter, defendant\u2019s sixth- and eighth-grade teacher, also testified on his behalf at trial. Wolter testified that defendant was well below average academically and that he was severely learning disabled.\nDoctor Rosenwald testified for defendant as an expert witness in the field of psychology. As testified to in the motion to suppress, Doctor Rosenwald evaluated defendant for 21h hours and administered a number of psychological tests. Doctor Rosenwald found that defendant recognized words at the second-grade level, that he is borderline mentally retarded, and clearly retarded in the area of language. He did not discuss the Miranda warnings with defendant. According to Doctor Rosenwald, defendant suffered from a mental defect which was limited intellectual ability. Defendant\u2019s ability to answer judgmental questions was limited; thus, whenever there is a question of communication in which one has to be aware of variations or subtlety in meaning, defendant would be handicapped. Doctor Rosenwald testified that defendant would not understand the significance of the Miranda warnings.\nThe State called Doctor Kaplan as an expert witness in rebuttal over defense objection. He testified that he examined defendant pursuant to a court order on May 3, 1989. After reviewing all the material in his file, including psychological testing done by the staff psychologist, Doctor Kaplan found that defendant\u2019s intelligence quotient was 76, which placed him in the range of borderline intelligence.\nDoctor Kaplan asked defendant specific questions about the Miranda warnings. He opined that defendant could understand the Miranda warnings. He based his opinion on the fact that while defendant\u2019s intelligence was in the below average range, he was not retarded. Also, defendant appeared to be streetwise, by virtue of the fact that he belonged to a gang, and he had prior familiarity with the criminal justice system. Further, defendant had fathered two children by different women, had lots of friends of both sexes, was able to use public transportation and had a part-time job. Doctor Kaplan went over the Miranda rights with defendant. Defendant stated that he understood them at that time; however, he did not on September 1 and 2, 1987.\nRosalind Lewis, defendant\u2019s ninth-grade teacher, testified that she taught defendant during the 1985-86 school year. Lewis stated that defendant was chronically absent from her class. Defendant was labeled as having a mild learning disability.\nOn appeal, defendant first assigns as reversible error the trial court\u2019s ruling which permitted Doctor Kaplan to testify, based upon his fitness examination of defendant, that he understood the Miranda warnings. As previously stated, the State contends that defendant placed his fitness for trial at issue by virtue of the examination and written opinion submitted by Doctor Rosenwald. The State further maintains that pursuant to section 104 \u2014 11(a) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, par. 104 \u2014 11(a)), the issue of defendant\u2019s fitness for trial may be raised by the State, defendant or the court. Specifically, section 104 \u2014 11(a) provides in relevant part:\n\"The issue of the defendant\u2019s fitness for trial, to plead, or to be sentenced may be raised by the defense, the State or the Court at any appropriate time before a plea is entered or before, during, or after trial.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 104 \u2014 11(a).\nThe Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 further provides that \"[w]hen the issue of fitness involves the defendant\u2019s mental condition, the court shall order an examination of the defendant by one or more licensed physicians, clinical psychologists, or psychiatrists chosen by the court.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 104 \u2014 13(a).) The use of statements made during such court-appointed evaluation is governed by section 104 \u2014 14(a), as set forth below:\n\"Statements made by the defendant and information gathered in the course of any examination or treatment ordered under Section 104 \u2014 13 *** shall not be admissible against the defendant unless he raises the defense of insanity or the defense of drugged or intoxicated condition, in which case they shall be admissible only on the issue of whether he was insane, drugged or intoxicated.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 104 \u2014 14(a).\nDefendant argues that section 104 \u2014 14(a) operates as an exclusionary bar to the testimony elicited at trial by Doctor Kaplan because he did not raise the defense of insanity or drugged or intoxicated condition; rather, the only issue focused upon concerned defendant\u2019s comprehension of the Miranda warnings.\nIn People v. Nicklaus (1986), 147 Ill. App. 3d 632, 498 N.E.2d 753, this court also had occasion to interpret section 104 \u2014 14(a). In Nicklaus, this court held that a psychologist who had been appointed to examine defendant to determine his fitness to stand trial should not have been permitted to testify at the sentencing hearing concerning statements made by defendant in the course of competency examinations where the defendant had never raised an insanity defense. The Nicklaus court held that the admission of such testimony, which included opinions that defendant had little regard for human life and would probably commit future criminal acts, was reversible error.\nDefendant also relies upon the consolidated case of People v. Kashney (1986), 111 Ill. 2d 454, 490 N.E.2d 688, in which our supreme court specifically addressed whether or not the State, consistent with section 104 \u2014 14(a), may introduce statements made by a defendant during a court-ordered psychiatric examination. Defendant Lee indicated in the pretrial phase of the proceedings that he might rely on the affirmative defense of insanity. The trial court then ordered a psychiatric examination to determine his fitness to stand trial. At trial, over defendant\u2019s objection, the State called the court-appointed psychiatrist. The prosecutor elicited from her an opinion based upon the information she had received during the examination. Our supreme court held that the exclusionary language of section 104\u2014 14(a) barred the introduction of such testimony, even for purposes of impeaching the defendant\u2019s psychiatrist. In light of the fact that defendant Lee had not raised the affirmative defense of insanity, the State was precluded from calling the court-appointed psychologist and eliciting from her statements made by the defendant during the examination.\nHowever, our supreme court reached a different result under the factual circumstances presented in defendant Kashney\u2019s case. There, the defendant, who was charged with the murder and robbery of two victims, testified at trial in his own behalf that he had falsely confessed because of the pressure of satanic forces or demons which possessed one of the investigating officers who questioned him. The defendant presented the testimony of two self-styled experts in the field of demonology. The first witness testified as to the possible existence of demons, and the second expert testified that it was possible for a person to believe that another person is possessed by demons, and under such a belief, to respond with extreme fear.\nThe defendant also presented the testimony of two psychiatrists, Doctors Reifman and Goldsmith, both of whom had participated in defendant\u2019s court-ordered fitness examinations. Doctor Reifman testified that the defendant suffered from a schizophrenic reaction, paranoid type, which he described as a serious mental illness characterized by delusions based upon misinterpretation or misconception of reality. Doctor Goldsmith made a diagnosis of a chronic paranoid state, which he described as a mental illness characterized by false beliefs or illusions.\nThe defendant contended that the court erred when it allowed the State to question him concerning statements he made to psychiatrists who performed the court-ordered fitness examinations. Similar to the case sub judice, the defendant argued that in conducting such questioning, the State violated section 104 \u2014 14(a) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 104 \u2014 14(a)), which operates as an exclusionary provision prohibiting the use at trial of any statements he made during his court-ordered fitness examinations unless he raised the affirmative defense of insanity.\nOur supreme court reasoned that whether or not the defendant raised the affirmative defense of insanity was not the dispositive issue. Rather, the determinative issue is whether or not the defendant can claim any protection under section 104 \u2014 14(a) where he introduced the substance of statements he made during his fitness examinations. The court concluded that defendant waived whatever protection might be afforded by section 104 \u2014 14(a) by calling the court-appointed psychiatrists to testify in support of his claim that his confession was coerced by alleged demonic possession.\nApplying this rationale to the present case, we find defendant\u2019s attempt to invoke the protection of section 104 \u2014 14(a) to be unavailing under the circumstances. It is true that defendant did not present a defense of insanity or drugged or intoxicated condition as prescribed by section 104 \u2014 14(a). Nonetheless, defendant attempted to demonstrate that his diminished mental capacity prevented him from comprehending the Miranda warnings. Toward this end, defendant offered the testimony of Doctor Rosenwald, who opined that defendant would have been unable to comprehend his Miranda rights despite repeated warnings. This testimony was bolstered by two of defendant\u2019s former grade school teachers.\nThe State then called Doctor Kaplan of the Psychiatric Institute as a rebuttal witness. Doctor Kaplan testified that he found that defendant could understand the Miranda warnings because his intelligence tested as borderline and he was not retarded, that he was a member of a street gang, and that he considered him to be streetwise. Doctor Kaplan also noted that defendant was able to function in society and use public transportation, that he had fathered two children by different women, and that he maintained part-time employment.\nWe find that, under the circumstances, the State was properly allowed the opportunity to rebut defendant\u2019s theory that his diminished intellectual capacity prevented him from comprehending the full import of his Miranda rights. In furtherance of his theory, defendant relied in part upon the testimony of Doctor Rosenwald. It follows, therefore, that fundamental fairness would require the State to be permitted the opportunity to rebut defendant\u2019s proffered testimony. As succinctly expressed in this court\u2019s opinion in People v. Kashney (1984), 129 Ill. App. 3d 218, 472 N.E.2d 164:\n\"We do not believe that in these circumstances the legislature intended to preclude, the State from also utilizing information and statements obtained during such examination in an effort to impeach the defendant. To rule otherwise would allow a defendant to commit perjury without the risk of being confronted with prior inconsistent statements.\u201d People v. Kashney, 129 Ill. App. 3d at 225, citing United States v. Castenada (7th Cir. 1977), 555 F.2d 605.\nWe also note that in United States v. Banks (C.D. Ill. 1991), 137 F.R.D. 20, the prosecution moved to perform psychological/psychiatric examinations upon a defendant intending to assert the defense that he suffered from \"obstructive sleep apnea.\u201d The Federal district court analyzed Rule 12.2(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, which provides that \"[i]n an appropriate case the court may *** order the defendant to submit to an examination pursuant to 18 USC 4241 or 4242.\u201d (Fed. R. Crim. P. 12.2(c).) Sections 4241 and 4242 address the court\u2019s authority to order the defendant to undergo psychiatric testing to determine his competency to stand trial or to determine the defendant\u2019s sanity at the time of the offense, and apply only to an insanity defense. (18 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 4241, 4242 (Supp. 1991).) The Banks court held that Rule 12.2(c), which allowed the prosecution to have its expert examine defendant to verify his defense of diminished mental capacity, authorized the court to order a psychiatric evaluation of a defendant who intends to rely on a mental incapacity defense other than insanity, despite the rule\u2019s reference to- a statutory section explicitly limited to cases involving the insanity defense.\nDefendant further argues that the trial court\u2019s conclusion that he knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights and the denial of his motion to suppress was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Defendant correctly cites People v. Bernasco (1990), 138 Ill. 2d 349, 562 N.E.2d 958, for the proposition that a valid Miranda waiver must be knowing and intelligent, in addition to being free of coercion or other misconduct.\nA reviewing court will not disturb a trial court\u2019s determination on a motion to suppress evidence unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. (People v. Galvin (1989), 127 Ill. 2d 153, 535 N.E.2d 837.) Whether a defendant intelligently waived his right to counsel depends, in each case, on the particular facts and circumstances of that case, including the defendant\u2019s background, experience, and conduct. (People v. Bernasco, 138 Ill. 2d 349, 562 N.E.2d 958, citing People v. Turner (1973), 56 Ill. 2d 201, 306 N.E.2d 27.) Subnormal mental capacity alone does not render a confession involuntary, but it is a factor in determining the voluntariness thereof. People v. Burke (1987), 164 Ill. App. 3d 889, 518 N.E.2d 372.\nThe trial court conducted a thorough hearing on defendant\u2019s motion to suppress, which included the testimony of Detective Pufpaf, who was investigating the Spivery homicide and the Catchings-Pate armed robbery. Pufpaf interviewed defendant after he arrived at the police station accompanied by his mother and stepfather, and advised him of his Miranda rights. Defendant reviewed and initialed the bottom of each page of the statement prepared by Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Schreiber. We also note that Schreiber made several changes in the text of the statement at defendant\u2019s request.\nThe judge also heard the testimony of Doctor Rosenwald and two of defendant\u2019s teachers who offered their opinions concerning defendant\u2019s intelligence. We also consider the fact that defendant knew there was a possibility that he would need an attorney when he arrived at the police station, and that he was able to discern the differences between a private attorney versus a public defender. Too, defendant had been arrested on seven prior occasions, and Miranda rights were given to him in each instance. We note that Yvette Thomas, the receiving clerk at Cook County jail, testified that defendant did not have any injuries, and that she did not note any bruises, cuts or abrasions on defendant\u2019s body. The parties\u2019 stipulation concerning the testimony of Doctor Aaron Hamb also indicated that he found no objective evidence of the injuries allegedly sustained by defendant during his interrogation.\nUpon review of the evidence, we will not disturb the trial court\u2019s denial of defendant\u2019s motion to suppress statements.\nDefendant next contends that the trial court improperly refused to sever the charges relating to the Spivery murder from those arising from the Catchings-Pate armed robbery. Defendant contends that the two crimes were separate and distinct and were not part of the same comprehensive transaction, and that he was prejudiced by the joinder of these two offenses at trial.\nThe joinder of related prosecutions is governed by section 114 \u2014 7 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, par. 114 \u2014 7), which provides that separate offenses may be joined if they are part of the same comprehensive transaction.\nThe trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to sever the Spivery murder charge from the Catchings-Pate armed robbery. The court found that there was a pattern of continuous conduct in the commission of the murder and the armed robbery. In defendant\u2019s statement, he admitted that after they robbed and shot Spivery, they went across the street where they happened upon Catchings and Pate and committed the armed robbery. Thus, the two offenses occurred within minutes of each other and a block away by the defendant\u2019s own account. In addition, Catchings testified that Fleming was carrying a pair of beige shoes while defendant wielded the sawed-off rifle, which lends further support to the theory that the offenses were part of the same continuous transaction.\nDefendant further contends that the trial court erred in admitting the hearsay testimony of Detective Pufpaf that Pate identified defendant in a lineup. Defendant also challenges the testimony of Officer Mary Ann Perry that Robert Burns told her that he saw the victim running and falling between midnight and 1 a.m.\nThe State counters defendant\u2019s argument by asserting that such testimony was limited to the investigatory means by which defendant was apprehended and arrested, and was therefore admissible. In People v. Gacho (1988), 122 Ill. 2d 221, 522 N.E.2d 1146, our supreme court held that it is permissible for an officer to testify to what he did during the course of an investigatory procedure; however, the introduction of the substance of the conversation is objectionable as hearsay. More recently, in People v. Johnson (1990), 202 Ill. App. 3d 417, 559 N.E.2d 1041, this court also held that the testimony of the police officers that other parties had identified the defendant as being involved in a burglary was error despite the State\u2019s contention that it explained police procedure.\nArguably, Pufpaffs testimony concerning the fact that Pate, who was deceased at the time of trial, had identified defendant and Fleming in a lineup can be considered as information obtained during the course of an investigation. No specific detail of the conversation that accompanied the lineup was elicited at trial. Accordingly, we find that it was proper to admit the lineup identification testimony to establish the officer\u2019s actions relating to the investigation.\nHowever, the introduction of Perry\u2019s testimony concerning the statement that Burns made to her concerning the time that the shooting occurred was error, in view of the fact that Perry testified as to the specific details rather than simply what she did during the course of that investigation. Nonetheless, such an evidentiary error can be labeled harmless if properly admitted evidence is so overwhelming that no fair-minded jury could reasonably have voted to acquit the defendant. People v. Carlson (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 440, 442 N.E.2d 504.\nIn the present case, we do not find that the evidence was so closely balanced that the admission of Perry\u2019s testimony would have produced a different result at trial. In his own statement, defendant related the sequence of events which occurred prior to and immediately following the shooting of the victim. Catchings also testified that he heard a single gunshot prior to the time that he and Pate encountered defendant and Fleming. Thus, it appears that while Perry\u2019s testimony may have been improper, sufficient other corroborative evidence existed to support the jury\u2019s determination of defendant\u2019s guilt.\nFinally, we find that the trial court properly refused the involuntary manslaughter instruction. This murder occurred during the commission of a forcible felony, and there was no evidence offered to support an involuntary manslaughter instruction.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.\nRAKOWSKI, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE McNAMARA" }, { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE EGAN,\nspecially concurring:\nI concur specially to express my view, that the State\u2019s right to have the defendant examined by a psychiatrist of the State\u2019s choosing is grounded on common law precedent and is not dependent on any statute. There is substantial case law to support the proposition that a court has inherent power to order a party to submit to a mental or physical examination whenever a party puts his mental or physical condition in issue.\nIn People v. Scott (1927), 326 Ill. 327, 157 N.E. 247, a defendant was sentenced to death, and a subsequent hearing was conducted to determine whether he had become insane. If he had become insane, his execution would have been barred. The supreme court held that it was error to permit the State\u2019s Attorney to comment on the defendant\u2019s refusal to submit to an examination.\nPeople v. Scott was expressly overruled in People ex rel. Noren v. Dempsey (1957), 10 Ill. 2d 288, 139 N.E.2d 780, in which the trial judge ordered a plaintiff in a personal injury action to submit to a physical examination. The plaintiff filed an original petition in mandamus in the supreme court for an order directing the judge to expunge the order that he had entered. The supreme court denied the petition with these observations:\n\"Yet Wigmore\u2019s classic treatment of the problem (Wigmore, Evidence, 3rd ed., sec. 2220) makes it clear that the common law, from earliest times, permitted and required physical examinations where they were necessary. And other courts have recognized an inherent power to require them when the ends of justice require. [Citations.]\nijc ijc sf:\nThe other explanation is that the doctrine of 'lack of power\u2019 may have been a shorthand way of saying that the court felt that it was appropriate for the legislature, and not the courts, to determine that such examinations should be permitted. [Citation.] This view, however, ignores the common-law precedents that permitted physical examination where necessary, and it overlooks the power of our courts to regulate judicial procedure. [Citations.]\u201d (Emphasis added.) 10 Ill. 2d at 292-93.\nIn People v. Carpenter (1957), 11 Ill. 2d 60, 142 N.E.2d 11, the supreme court affirmed the defendant\u2019s conviction and death sentence. His sister then filed a petition alleging that he had become insane since the sentence of death and, therefore, could not be executed. The trial judge allowed her motion that a physician of her choice be permitted to examine the defendant for a psychiatric evaluation. Over the objection of the petitioner, the judge also allowed the State\u2019s motions to permit three psychiatrists to examine the defendant. After the defendant\u2019s psychiatrists testified, the State\u2019s psychiatrists testified before a jury which found that the defendant was sane. The supreme court rejected the petitioner\u2019s claim that permitting the State psychiatrists to examine the defendant and to testify violated due process. (People v. Carpenter (1958), 13 Ill. 2d 470, 150 N.E.2d 100.) The court relied upon People ex rel. Noren v. Dempsey. In doing so, the court recognized that in People ex rel. Noren v. Dempsey, the examination was for discovery purposes and in Carpenter, the examination was for evidentiary purposes. The court said that distinction was not controlling. (Carpenter, 13 Ill. 2d at 478.) The court concluded:\n\"In the present case Irene Carpenter by her petition placed in issue the mental condition of Richard Carpenter. His mental condition, therefore, became a fact to be proved in the case and an examination by the State was therefore proper. We find that the order directing the warden to permit Carpenter to be examined by a State psychiatrist did not violate Carpenter\u2019s privilege of privacy and did not deprive him or petitioner of due process of law.\u201d 13 Ill. 2d at 477.\nIn sum, I believe that the statute which is argued here is irrelevant. Fundamental fairness should permit the State to have a fair chance at rebutting expert testimony that the defendant will offer. I agree with the State\u2019s argument that to permit the defendant to present testimony regarding his ability to comprehend his rights with no possible response from the State would defy \"any standard of equity that is embedded in our adversarial system of law.\u201d\nIn keeping with the spirit of section 104 \u2014 14(a) and People v. Kashney (1986), 111 Ill. 2d 454, 490 N.E.2d 688, I would not permit the State\u2019s examining physician to testify unless the defendant had first presented evidence on the issue of his fitness to understand Miranda warnings. In this case the defense did present evidence on the question and, consequently, opened the door for the State\u2019s evidence.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE EGAN," } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael J. Pelletier and Patricia Unsinn, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, and Winston & Strawn, both of Chicago (Julie A. Bauer, of counsel), for appellant.", "Jack O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Veronica X. Calderon, and Laura E. Forester, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CRAIG BROCK, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (6th Division)\nNo. 1\u201490\u20140147\nOpinion filed December 30, 1992.\nEGAN, P.J., specially concurring.\nMichael J. Pelletier and Patricia Unsinn, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, and Winston & Strawn, both of Chicago (Julie A. Bauer, of counsel), for appellant.\nJack O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Veronica X. Calderon, and Laura E. Forester, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0485-01", "first_page_order": 503, "last_page_order": 521 }