{ "id": 258747, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RICHARD BAILEY, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Bailey", "decision_date": "1995-06-13", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201494\u20142903", "first_page": "431", "last_page": "438", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "273 Ill. App. 3d 431" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "483 N.E.2d 1241", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 Ill. 2d 349", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3130148 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "353" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/108/0349-01" ] }, { "cite": "391 U.S. 543", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1767611 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/391/0543-01" ] }, { "cite": "368 N.E.2d 1079", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 Ill. App. 3d 794", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3391560 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/53/0794-01" ] }, { "cite": "368 N.E.2d 738", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 Ill. App. 3d 294", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3390878 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/53/0294-01" ] }, { "cite": "450 N.E.2d 355", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 Ill. App. 3d 141", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3556671 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/115/0141-01" ] }, { "cite": "531 N.E.2d 1008", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "176 Ill. App. 3d 960", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3588765 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/176/0960-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 N.E.2d 33", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "37 Ill. 2d 197", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2863488 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/37/0197-01" ] }, { "cite": "537 N.E.2d 13", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "181 Ill. App. 3d 374", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8498597 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/181/0374-01" ] }, { "cite": "604 N.E.2d 953", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "237 Ill. App. 3d 584", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5161719 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "585-89" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/237/0584-01" ] }, { "cite": "547 N.E.2d 476", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "190 Ill. App. 3d 814", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2519028 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "816-17" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/190/0814-01" ] }, { "cite": "576 N.E.2d 116", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "215 Ill. App. 3d 894", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5293755 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "899-900" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/215/0894-01" ] }, { "cite": "579 N.E.2d 1128", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "219 Ill. App. 3d 590", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d 574", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5247047 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "578" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/225/0574-01" ] }, { "cite": "552 N.E.2d 1200", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "195 Ill. App. 3d 701", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2493533 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "708" }, { "page": "709" }, { "page": "704, 708-09" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/195/0701-01" ] }, { "cite": "445 N.E.2d 766", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "94 Ill. 2d 160", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3106132 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "165" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/94/0160-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 N.E.2d 1323", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "147 Ill. App. 3d 237", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3604259 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "240" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/147/0237-01" ] }, { "cite": "412 U.S. 218", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6172008 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "227" }, { "page": "862-63" }, { "page": "2047-48" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/412/0218-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 970, "char_count": 19042, "ocr_confidence": 0.753, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.8681748868218196e-08, "percentile": 0.36810234882419784 }, "sha256": "b8cee53e764a2bcbf067b3324c10875eab07fb96eb4ea6521f775d18806cac09", "simhash": "1:a3149de73f5322c5", "word_count": 3139 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:25:46.120982+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RICHARD BAILEY, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE SCARIANO\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nAfter a stipulated bench trial before Judge Stuart Palmer, defendant Richard Bailey was found guilty of armed violence, cannabis trafficking, and possession of cannabis with the intent to deliver, and was sentenced to six years\u2019 imprisonment and fined $36,050. He now appeals, claiming that his consent to the search of his luggage was not voluntary; rather, that it was solely the result of a coercive, misleading, and legally insupportable threat by a law enforcement official to detain and subject defendant\u2019s luggage to a narcotics detector canine sniff. We agree, and we therefore reverse.\nDuring the hearing before Judge Deborah M. Dooling on defendant\u2019s motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence, DEA Agent Gary Boirtlein (Boirtlein) testified that he received a \"tip\u201d from a fellow drug task force agent in Texas, indicating that on November 3, 1993, a male passenger traveling under the name of \"Keith Ericson\u201d had boarded an Amtrak train in Austin, Texas, with a final destination of Milwaukee, and a transfer of trains the following day at Union Station, Chicago. The day prior to his departure the passenger had purchased his ticket for $378 in cash and had been assigned to a handicap compartment, although not handicapped himself. The tip also included a description of the passenger, later identified as defendant, and the two bags he was carrying.\nOn November 4, 1993, Agent Boirtlein met two other officers at Union Station and observed defendant alight from his train with two bags, \"scant ]\u201d the area, and proceed into the terminal where he paced around while \"twitch[ing]\u201d his head and \"open[ing] up [his eyes] in an exaggerated fashion\u201d before proceeding to the Amtrak ticket counter and eventually settling in a seating area. There, the agent, accompanied by one of the other officers, approached defendant, identified himself as a Federal drug task force agent, and asked if defendant would answer a few questions. Defendant did not object, but throughout the questioning appeared very nervous; his hands were shaking, and his \"whole body was trembling.\u201d\nWhen asked to do so, defendant showed the agent his ticket and his driver\u2019s license and explained that the names on the two did not correspond since he was traveling under an alias in order to \"hid[e] out from [his] wife.\u201d Thereafter, the agent told defendant that he was not under arrest and was free to leave at any time. Defendant agreed to answer more questions, but indicated that he was having difficulty hearing out of his left ear, so the agent spoke louder and more toward his right ear. Upon answering a few more questions about his bags, i.e., that he owned them and knew what they contained, the agent repeated that defendant was free to leave, and then asked for consent to search his bags. Defendant refused to consent.\nAt this point, although telling him that he was still free to leave, Agent Boirtlein further advised defendant that if he refused to consent to the search of his bags, they would be detained and subject to a scent check by a narcotics detector dog on the premises; if the scent check was positive, a search warrant would be obtained for defendant\u2019s bags, but if it was negative, the bags would be returned to him as soon as possible. According to the agent, defendant responded to this advisement by \"tak[ing] a deep breath and [saying] well go ahead and look[,] [y]ou are going to find it anyway.\u201d Thereafter, the agent searched defendant\u2019s bags and discovered a pistol and a bundle of gray duct tape that was later determined to contain cannabis.\nDefendant\u2019s testimony tracked that of the agent; however, he stated that after being advised that his bags were going to be detained, he \"didn\u2019t know what to do[, so he] kicked [his] bag out\u201d; that he had purchased a two week round trip ticket; and that the agent had ripped the ticket when defendant gave it to him.\nOne exception to the procedural protections of the fourth amendment is the consent search, which occurs when a person voluntarily consents to a search. \"[T]he question whether a consent to a search was in fact 'voluntary\u2019 or was the product of duress or coercion, express or implied, is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of all the circumstances.\u201d (Schneckloth v. Bustamonte (1973), 412 U.S. 218, 227, 36 L. Ed. 2d 854, 862-63, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 2047-48.) The State bears the burden to prove that such consent was freely given and not the result of duress or coercion. (People v. Kessler (1986), 147 Ill. App. 3d 237, 240, 497 N.E.2d 1323.) A trial court\u2019s ruling that the State has met its burden will not be reversed unless manifestly erroneous. People v. Reynolds (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 160, 165, 445 N.E.2d 766.\nIn the case at bar, whether defendant\u2019s consent was freely given depends in large part on whether Agent Boirtlein had actual grounds upon which to carry out his threat to subject defendant\u2019s bags to a canine sniff. (People v. Price (1990), 195 Ill. App. 3d 701, 708, 552 N.E.2d 1200; see also People v. Guenther (1992), 225 Ill. App. 3d 574, 578, 588 N.E.2d 346 (before concluding that defendant\u2019s consent was voluntary under the totality of the circumstances, the court first determined that the officer could have legally carried out his threat to subject the defendant\u2019s bags to a canine sniff).) In United States v. Place (1983), 462 U.S. 696, 77 L. Ed. 2d 110, 103 S. Ct. 2637, it was held that a brief detention of luggage for the purposes of investigation, including a canine sniff, does not constitute a search for fourth amendment purposes and need only be supported by a reasonable suspicion based on specific facts that the luggage contained contraband. However, facts justifying such an investigatory detention may not merely describe \"a very large category of presumably innocent travelers, who would be subject to virtually random seizures.\u201d (Reid v. Georgia (1980), 448 U.S. 438, 441, 65 L. Ed. 2d 890, 894, 100 S. Ct. 2752, 2754.) As with the determination of whether consent was freely given, the court employs the totality of the circumstances test to determine whether a reasonable, articulable suspicion existed to justify an investigatory detention of luggage. United States v. Sokolow (1989), 490 U.S. 1, 104 L. Ed. 2d 1, 109 S. Ct. 1581.\nDefendant cites a number of cases for his contention that Agent Boirtlein did not have the grounds upon which to carry out his threat to detain defendant\u2019s bags, the most persuasive of which is People v. Breeding (1991), 219 Ill. App. 3d 590, 579 N.E.2d 1128. There, the defendant\u2019s tote bag was detained based on the following information: The defendant\u2019s train had originated from a city which was a \"source\u201d for narcotics, she was among the last persons to exit the train, and she walked slowly as she scanned the crowd. Then, she made eye contact with an individual who nodded his headed sharply to the right and subsequently joined her. The defendant handed her tote bag to the individual and exclaimed: \" 'These have been the longest two days of my life.\u2019 \u201d (Breeding, 219 Ill. App. 3d at 592.) The individual noticed the officers following them, nudged the defendant, and placed his index finger against his lips. Thereafter, the defendant turned pale, had difficulty removing a cigarette from the pack, and attempted to light it four times before succeeding. When confronted, she told the officers that she had lost her train ticket and that her name was \"Brown\u201d; however, the defendant\u2019s luggage and driver\u2019s license identified her as \"Breeding.\u201d Breeding, 219 Ill. App. 3d at 595-96.\nIn holding that the detention of the defendant\u2019s tote bag was improper, the court concluded that (1) the absence of a train ticket was of no particular significance as the defendant was at the end of her trip; (2) scanning the crowd when she alighted from the train was not unusual; (3) the individual\u2019s \"gesture of common courtesy\u201d of taking the defendant\u2019s tote bag was \"hardly suspicious\u201d; (4) nervousness is not uncommon when being followed by two men; (5) the defendant\u2019s statement regarding her long trip was not suspicious in light of her two-day cross-country train ride; and (6) the context in which the individual pressed his index finger to his lips was \"susceptible of an innocent interpretation.\u201d (Breeding, 219 Ill. App. 3d at 600.) The court also placed great import on there being no claim that the defendant ever made any untruthful statements to the police; and since the State did not make a claim to the contrary, the court presumed that the defendant answered truthfully when she explained to the officers that her maiden name was \"Brown.\u201d Breeding, 219 Ill. App. 3d at 600-01.\nHere, defendant\u2019s actions were no more \"suspicious\u201d than the defendant\u2019s in Breeding-, in fact, they were less suspicious. Defendant did not meet with anyone at Union Station who silenced him upon noticing that they were being followed, and he traveled conspicuously in a handicap compartment. Further, as in Breeding, the State makes no claim that defendant lied when stating that he was traveling under an alias to prevent his ex-wife from becoming aware of his travels \u2014 an explanation for traveling \"anonymously\u201d that most people would agree happens to be not uncommon. The two cases cited below further demonstrate that defendant\u2019s actions do not support a reasonable, articulable suspicion that his bags contained contraband.\nIn People v. Boyd (1991), 215 Ill. App. 3d 894, 576 N.E.2d 116, the defendant\u2019s luggage was detained after he purchased a one-way ticket in cash, boarded the train in a \"source\u201d city, occupied a sleeping compartment, appeared nervous, could not produce his ticket, and responded, when interrogated, that his point of origin was Los Angeles even though he had boarded the train in Flagstaff. The court reasoned, as we reason here, that all of the defendant\u2019s actions could have been easily characterized as the actions of an innocent traveller in an unfamiliar environment. Boyd, 215 Ill. App. 3d at 899-900.\nIn People v. Sherman (1989), 190 Ill. App. 3d 814, 547 N.E.2d 476, the State contended that it had a reasonable, articulable suspicion that the defendant\u2019s luggage contained narcotics since (1) the defendant and his companion occupied a compartment on the train paid for in cash under a fictitious name; (2) the call-back number they had left when purchasing their tickets was that of a hotel at which no one matching the alias was registered; (3) the two traveled from a \"source\u201d city; and (4) upon alighting from their train they walked separately. All but the last factor was supplied by a \"tip\u201d from an Amtrak police officer. The court rejected the State\u2019s argument, stating that the testimony regarding the actions of the defendant and his companion in the terminal was insufficient to establish a reasonable, articulable suspicion that the defendant was carrying narcotics since the facts merely showed that the defendant wished to travel anonymously. Sherman, 190 Ill. App. 3d at 816-17.\nThe State here contends that the \"tip\u201d from the agent in Texas regarding defendant distinguishes this case from the authority defendant cites. \"In executing a search or seizure a police officer may properly rely on information obtained from other police officers, even if he is personally unaware of the underlying facts.\u201d (Price, 195 Ill. App. 3d at 709; see also 2 W. LaFave, Search & Seizure \u00a7 3.5(b) (2d ed. 1987) (condoning reliance on communication between law enforcement officials from differing States, but later suggesting that a challenge to underlying facts of communication may require proving them).) In Price, though, the detaining officer was informed by a fellow officer that defendant \"would be returning to Chicago with an indeterminate amount of cocaine.\u201d (Price, 195 Ill. App. 3d at 704, 708-09.) The tip, here, was not incriminating; rather, it was comprised of wholly innocent facts, i.e., that a person matching defendant\u2019s description paid cash for his round trip ticket using the name of \"Keith Ericson,\u201d stayed in a handicap compartment, had two carry-on bags, boarded the train in Texas, and would be catching a connecting train in Chicago. The presence of contraband on the person described or in his baggage was not part of the information conveyed by the tipster.\nFurthermore, the State fails to analogize convincingly the facts of the instant case to those of a case holding that reasonable, articu-lable facts existed to justify an investigatory detention of a person\u2019s bags. Breeding may contain the reason for this failure, for there, after analyzing numerous cases dealing with the propriety of investigatory detentions of luggage, the court stated:\n\"We have found no case which upholds a seizure of luggage solely on the basis of the mannerisms of the defendant which are accompanied by truthful answers or other innocent behavior. We note that in the seminal case of United States v. Place the Supreme Court held that the agents had properly seized the luggage but detained it for an unreasonable period of time. Among the factors considered in support of the seizure were tags on the luggage which contained non-existent addresses and false information the defendant gave the agents.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) Breeding, 219 Ill. App. 3d at 601.\nAccordingly, we hold that a reasonable, articulable suspicion that defendant\u2019s bags contained contraband did not exist upon which Agent Boirtlein could have legally carried out his threat to subject defendant\u2019s bags to an investigatory detention, and while such a determination does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that defendant\u2019s consent in the face of that threat was not voluntary under the totality of the circumstances, no countervailing circumstances exist to compel any other conclusion.\nIn People v. Cardenas (1992), 237 Ill. App. 3d 584, 604 N.E.2d 953, the police asked the defendant whether they could search her car for drugs, and she responded: \" '[N]o, is that legal?\u2019 \u201d The officer replied that it was legal, that they did it all the time, and handed the defendant a consent form, which she signed. The court held that under the totality of the circumstances the defendant\u2019s initial refusal to consent to a search of her vehicle, combined with the officer\u2019s misleading, false, and coercive response to the defendant\u2019s question as to whether such an on-the-spot search was legal, invalidated the consent. (Cardenas, 237 Ill. App. 3d at 585-89; see also People v. Manke (1989), 181 Ill. App. 3d 374, 537 N.E.2d 13 (court upheld a suppression order where the defendant, initially arrested for trespass, consented to the search of his car only after an officer threatened to impound the defendant\u2019s car and obtain a search warrant; a search incident to an arrest for trespass did not support the officer\u2019s threat).) Similarly, here, defendant\u2019s initial refusal to consent to the search of his bags, combined with the agent\u2019s legally insupportable threat to detain those bags, invalidated defendant\u2019s consent.\nThose cases that appear to place little import on the effect of police threats or \"advisements\u201d on the voluntariness of a defendant\u2019s consent are distinguishable. See People v. Magby (1967), 37 Ill. 2d 197, 226 N.E.2d 33 (police threatened to obtain a search warrant if defendant refused to consent to search and, without analyzing whether police could have legally carried out that threat, the court determined that there was sufficient evidence of consent); People v. Pauli (1988), 176 Ill. App. 3d 960, 531 N.E.2d 1008 (the court concluded that consent given by defendant\u2019s girlfriend was voluntary without analyzing whether probable cause existed to support statements by police that, if she refused, they would get a search warrant and it would look bad for her boyfriend); People v. Holliday (1983), 115 Ill. App. 3d 141, 450 N.E.2d 355 (court held consent was valid without analyzing whether officer could have legally carried out threat to procure a search warrant); People v. Griffin (1977), 53 Ill. App. 3d 294, 368 N.E.2d 738 (same); People v. Zynda (1977), 53 Ill. App. 3d 794, 368 N.E.2d 1079 (the defendant\u2019s consent held valid where police told him that things would go easier on him if he permitted the search).\nIn Bumper v. North Carolina (1968), 391 U.S. 543, 20 L. Ed. 2d 797, 88 S. Ct. 1788, the Court found the situation \"instinct with coercion\u201d where the police elicited the defendant\u2019s elderly grandmother\u2019s consent by telling her that they had a warrant in hand, when they did not. According to the Court, the grandmother had responded only out of a belief of the inevitability rather than out of a free decision to allow the search. This same belief of inevitability is present when the police, seeking consent to search, threaten to detain one\u2019s bags.\nHere, Agent Boirtlein\u2019s threat that he intended to detain defendant\u2019s bags falsely implied that he could do so legally; thus, from that point on, defendant was constrained to labor under \"an erroneous belief\u2019 that he could not protect his privacy by refusing to give consent. (See 3 W. LaFave, Search & Seizure \u00a7 8.2(c), at 187-88 (2d ed. 1987) (a legally insupportable \"threat to obtain a warrant conveys to the individual the erroneous belief that he cannot protect his privacy by refusing to give consent\u201d).) No matter how defendant responded to the threat, the agent was going to take his bags from him. Consequently, we conclude that the agent\u2019s threat was \"instinct with coercion\u201d; therefore, defendant\u2019s consent can in no way be characterized as voluntary.\nDefendant also urges this court to adopt a bright line test where a person\u2019s initial refusal to consent should be deemed to bar any further requests by law enforcement officials for that consent. He analogizes the refusal to consent to the refusal to submit to interrogation: Just as law enforcement officials must cease to interrogate a \"Mirandized\u201d person once that person asserts his right not to be questioned further (People v. R.C. (1985), 108 Ill. 2d 349, 353, 483 N.E.2d 1241), law enforcement officials, defendant urges, should be prohibited from making further requests for consent once a person exercises his constitutional right to refuse it.\nHowever, while an initial refusal to consent is an important factor in assessing whether a subsequent consent is voluntary, a prior refusal does not necessarily cause a subsequent consent to be involuntary. See Cardenas, 237 Ill. App. 3d at 587-88 (citing various authorities).\nFor the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the trial court.\nReversed.\nDiVITO and McCORMICK, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE SCARIANO" } ], "attorneys": [ "Ettinger & Pechter, Ltd., of Palos Hills, for appellant.", "Jack O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Michael Cho, and Adam Monreal, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RICHARD BAILEY, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1\u201494\u20142903\nOpinion filed June 13, 1995.\nEttinger & Pechter, Ltd., of Palos Hills, for appellant.\nJack O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Michael Cho, and Adam Monreal, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0431-01", "first_page_order": 451, "last_page_order": 458 }