{ "id": 1544399, "name": "OSCAR DeLUNA, Adm'r of the Estate of Alicia DeLuna, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MICHAEL TREISTER et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "DeLuna v. Treister", "decision_date": "1996-11-27", "docket_number": "Nos. 1\u201494\u20141397, 1\u201494\u20142719 cons.", "first_page": "25", "last_page": "43", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "286 Ill. App. 3d 25" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "174 Ill. 2d 120", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 223620 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "126" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/174/0120-01" ] }, { "cite": "424 N.E.2d 679", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "98 Ill. App. 3d 485", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8499538 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "487" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/98/0485-01" ] }, { "cite": "409 N.E.2d 481", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 Ill. App. 3d 988", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3180693 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/87/0988-01" ] }, { "cite": "665 N.E.2d 1199", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "172 Ill. 2d 325", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 55986 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/172/0325-01" ] }, { "cite": "438 N.E.2d 620", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "107 Ill. App. 3d 841", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3019719 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/107/0841-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 Wall 232", "category": "reporters:scotus_early", "reporter": "Wall", "case_ids": [ 6138531 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "237" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/71/0232-01" ] }, { "cite": "382 N.E. 2d 1217", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "377 N.E.2d 1304", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "61 Ill. App. 3d 360", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3348378 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "363" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/61/0360-01" ] }, { "cite": "365 U.S. 265", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6165142 ], "weight": 15, "year": 1961, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Costello" }, { "parenthetical": "Costello" }, { "parenthetical": "Costello" }, { "page": "285" }, { "page": "564" }, { "page": "544" }, { "page": "285-86" }, { "page": "564-65" }, { "page": "545" }, { "page": "285" }, { "page": "564" }, { "page": "544-45" }, { "page": "286" }, { "page": "565" }, { "page": "545" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/365/0265-01" ] }, { "cite": "653 N.E.2d 785", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "273 Ill. App. 3d 729", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 258706 ], "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/273/0729-01" ] }, { "cite": "642 N.E.2d 456", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "holding that summary judgment on statute of limitations grounds is not an adjudication on the merits because \"the merits of the action are never examined. To label such an order as an adjudication on the merits would be the quintessential act of exalting form over substance\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "162 Ill. 2d 70", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477544 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "73-74" }, { "page": "77" }, { "page": "77" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/162/0070-01" ] }, { "cite": "635 N.E.2d 485", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "259 Ill. App. 3d 836", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2869937 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "849-50" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/259/0836-01" ] }, { "cite": "407 N.E.2d 993", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "86 Ill. App. 3d 200", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3186161 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/86/0200-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 N.E.2d 282", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "45 Ill. 2d 405", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2895781 ], "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "413" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/45/0405-01" ] }, { "cite": "406 N.E.2d 565", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 Ill. App. 3d 981", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3208348 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/84/0981-01" ] }, { "cite": "345 N.E.2d 814", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "37 Ill. App. 3d 112", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2718666 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/37/0112-01" ] }, { "cite": "170 N.E.2d 564", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "20 Ill. 2d 548", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2737854 ], "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/20/0548-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 N.E.2d 763", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "113 Ill. 2d 219", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3173826 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "229" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/113/0219-01" ] }, { "cite": "382 N.E.2d 1217", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "73 Ill. 2d 113", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5440905 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "125" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/73/0113-01" ] }, { "cite": "93 L 13826", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Lans. Ch.", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "520 N.E.2d 293", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "121 Ill. 2d 188", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3201319 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "193" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/121/0188-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 L 8412", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Lans. Ch.", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "504 N.E.2d 847", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "588 N.E.2d 1199", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "DeLuna I" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "147 Ill. 2d 57", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3277960 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "DeLuna I" }, { "page": "76" }, { "page": "65" }, { "page": "76" }, { "page": "72" }, { "page": "72" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/147/0057-01" ] }, { "cite": "540 N.E.2d 847", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "184 Ill. App. 3d 802", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2640665 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "805-06" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/184/0802-01" ] }, { "cite": "657 N.E.2d 641", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "163 Ill. 2d 591", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "418 N.E.2d 729", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "discussing section 610 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 40, par. 610), which required that to modify a custody decree within two years of its entry, affidavits had to be filed that a child was endangered by his present environment" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "84 Ill. 2d 312", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3045185 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "319", "parenthetical": "discussing section 610 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 40, par. 610" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/84/0312-01" ] }, { "cite": "610 N.E.2d 177", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "242 Ill. App. 3d 96", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5119013 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "102" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/242/0096-01" ] }, { "cite": "624 N.E.2d 807", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "153 Ill. 2d 559", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "618 N.E.2d 1042", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "248 Ill. App. 3d 1010", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2944759 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1015" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/248/1010-01" ] }, { "cite": "624 N.E.2d 804", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "153 Ill. 2d 557", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "619 N.E.2d 816", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "248 Ill. App. 3d 647", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2942552 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "649" }, { "page": "649" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/248/0647-01" ] }, { "cite": "493 N.E.2d 121", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "143 Ill. App. 3d 741", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5666439 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "748" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/143/0741-01" ] }, { "cite": "3 F.3d 1067", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 10515971 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1071" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/3/1067-01" ] }, { "cite": "535 N.E.2d 818", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "126 Ill. 2d 542", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5557625 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "553" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/126/0542-01" ] }, { "cite": "284 Ill. App. 3d 995", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1260446 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1000" }, { "page": "1000" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/284/0995-01" ] }, { "cite": "660 N.E.2d 123", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "277 Ill. App. 3d 175", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1172408 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "177" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/277/0175-01" ] }, { "cite": "588 N.E.2d 1139", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "DeLuna I" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "122 N.E.2d 250", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1954, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "if a court lacks jurisdiction, it lacks the authority to decide a cause of action" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "4 Ill. 2d 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2700881 ], "year": 1954, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "151", "parenthetical": "if a court lacks jurisdiction, it lacks the authority to decide a cause of action" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/4/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "596 N.E.2d 664", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "\"[s]ection 2-622 is a technical pleading requirement\"" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "231 Ill. App. 3d 578", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5202507 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "582", "parenthetical": "\"[s]ection 2-622 is a technical pleading requirement\"" }, { "page": "582" }, { "page": "581" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/231/0578-01" ] }, { "cite": "522 N.E.2d 830", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "referring to \"the pleading requirements\" of section 2-622" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "168 Ill. App. 3d 568", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3512066 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "574", "parenthetical": "referring to \"the pleading requirements\" of section 2-622" }, { "page": "572", "parenthetical": "holding that, despite that fact, failure to comply with section 2-622 does not satisfy the favorable termination requirement of an action for malicious prosecution" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/168/0568-01" ] }, { "cite": "174 Ill. 2d 120", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 223620 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "126", "parenthetical": "\"the legislature has made the filing of a section 2-622 certificate of merit a condition of proceeding with a meritorious medical malpractice action\"" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/174/0120-01" ] }, { "cite": "365 U.S. 265", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6165142 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1961, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "268" }, { "page": "554-55" }, { "page": "536" }, { "page": "286" }, { "page": "565" }, { "page": "545" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/365/0265-01" ] }, { "cite": "653 N.E.2d 785", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "273 Ill. App. 3d 729", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 258706 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "738" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/273/0729-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 Ill. 2d 188", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3201319 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "193" }, { "page": "193" }, { "page": "193" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/121/0188-01" ] }, { "cite": "147 Ill. 2d 57", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3277960 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "DeLuna I" }, { "page": "73" }, { "page": "73" }, { "page": "76" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/147/0057-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1576, "char_count": 45138, "ocr_confidence": 0.782, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.463340367657708e-08, "percentile": 0.485209948533679 }, "sha256": "73761af3b2be0ef5c3ec8e990a6c97460c643173ac5571a5856b6901531de207", "simhash": "1:f3faacb4a645d946", "word_count": 7484 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:24:46.991294+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "OSCAR DeLUNA, Adm\u2019r of the Estate of Alicia DeLuna, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MICHAEL TREISTER et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE SCARIANO\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis is the second appeal of this matter, again via the dismissal of plaintiffs medical malpractice claim, albeit on a different basis this time. In 1987, the first action was dismissed by the circuit court on the ground that plaintiff had not complied with the requirements of section 2\u2014622 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2\u2014622 (West 1992)) (hereinafter the Code). In that case, plaintiff maintained that section 2\u2014622 was an unconstitutional delegation of judicial power to lay persons, specifically, to health professionals from whom plaintiffs were required to obtain certification of the merits of their medical malpractice claims as a precondition to proceeding with their action. On appeal, we agreed with plaintiff, and the order of the circuit court was reversed (DeLuna v. St. Elizabeth\u2019s Hospital, 184 Ill. App. 3d 802, 540 N.E.2d 847 (1989)). We, in turn, were reversed by our supreme court (DeLuna v. St. Elizabeth\u2019s Hospital, 147 Ill. 2d 57, 588 N.E.2d 1199 (1992) (DeLuna I)).\nPlaintiff thereupon filed a new complaint, substantially identical to the first one, but now supported by the certification of a health professional as mandated by section 2\u2014622 of the Code. Notably, this version of the complaint was filed as a new case, with a new case number. This time, the circuit court dismissed the action on the ground that it was barred by the doctrine of res judicata, the judge having concluded that the dismissal of the first case was an adjudication on the merits, citing Supreme Court Rule 273 (134 Ill. 2d R. 273). This appeal concerns the propriety of that decision.\nI. Factual And Procedural Background\nThe facts of this case were fully described in the appeal of the first action (DeLuna v. St. Elizabeth\u2019s Hospital, 184 Ill. App. 3d 802, 504 N.E.2d 847 (1989), rev\u2019d, 147 Ill. 2d 57, 588 N.E.2d 1199). We confine our recitation to those facts necessary to an understanding of our disposition of this matter.\nThe decedent, Alicia DeLuna, was admitted to defendant St. Elizabeth\u2019s Hospital in 1986, where defendant Dr. Michael Treister, her treating physician at the time, performed a laminectomy on her. It was alleged that he lacerated an artery during that procedure, that he negligently failed to recognize the injury, and that the resultant bleeding caused Mrs. DeLuna\u2019s death. We deem it necessary to emphasize that because of the prior dismissal orders, neither the truth nor the merits of these allegations have ever been submitted to a fact finder for resolution.\nAs already noted, plaintiff filed suit against both defendants in 1986 (circuit court case number 86 L 8412), but failed to append to his complaint the requisite health professional\u2019s certificate attesting to the merits of the malpractice claims presented. When that initial action was filed in the circuit court, the constitutional challenge to section 2\u2014622 posed by plaintiff was pending before our supreme court in another case, McCastle v. Sheinkop, 121 Ill. 2d 188, 520 N.E.2d 293 (1987). Plaintiff made the conscious decision to assert the same challenge to the constitutionality of section 2\u2014622 and chose not to attach the declarations to his complaint as required by the Code. As required by statute, the circuit court applied section 2\u2014622 and dismissed the action as to both the hospital and Dr. Treister, though only the latter dismissal was entered \"with prejudice.\u201d Plaintiff appealed both dismissals, which were consolidated in this court, and further action thereon was stayed pending decision in McCastle.\nThe supreme court decided McCastle without having to reach the constitutional issue; consequently, the initial DeLuna appeal went forward. In this forum, plaintiff attacked both the constitutionality of section 2\u2014622 and the propriety of the \"with prejudice\u201d language in the order dismissing his action against Dr. Treister. We ruled section 2\u2014622 to be unconstitutional, thus finding it unnecessary to reach the second issue. DeLuna v. St. Elizabeth\u2019s Hospital (1989), 184 Ill. App. 3d 802, 540 N.E.2d 847 (1989). Defendants appealed our decision, and the supreme court upheld the constitutionality of section 2\u2014622. DeLuna I, 147 Ill. 2d 57, 588 N.E.2d 1199. The supreme court further rejected plaintiff\u2019s repeated entreaties either to remand the case to permit plaintiff to attach the mandated certification to his complaint or to address the propriety of the \"with prejudice\u201d language in the dismissal of the action against Dr. Treister. DeLuna I, 147 Ill. 2d at 76.\nAccordingly, plaintiff opted to refile the suit as a new case, circuit court case number 93 L 13826. Dr. Treister moved to dismiss, this time asserting that the previous dismissal \"with prejudice\u201d was an adjudication on the merits by operation of Supreme Court Rule 273 (134 Ill. 2d R. 273) and, thus, a res judicata bar to the new action.\nPlaintiff unsuccessfully renewed his attack on the propriety of the \"with prejudice\u201d clause of the order dismissing the action as to Dr. Treister in DeLuna I, and when the circuit court dismissed the new action as to the doctor, plaintiff appealed. The hospital moved that it be dismissed as well, urging that inasmuch as its liability was derivative of that of the doctor, dismissal of the new action against him required that the hospital also be dismissed. See Towns v. Yellow Cab Co., 73 Ill. 2d 113, 382 N.E.2d 1217 (1978). The circuit court granted that request, plaintiff again appealed, and we again consolidated the cases in this forum.\nII. Opinion\nReacting to the perceived crisis in medical malpractice claims, the legislature in 1985 adopted a comprehensive \"reform\u201d package which included the enactment of section 2\u2014622. Bernier v. Burris, 113 Ill. 2d 219, 229, 497 N.E.2d 763 (1986). That law was designed to weed out frivolous suits at the filing stage by requiring plaintiffs to \"precertify\u201d their claims, showing the existence of expert support by affidavit. DeLuna I, 147 Ill. 2d at 65. The circuit court was vested with discretion to allow amendments to complaints and affidavits in order to insure that a mechanical application of this prophylactic rule would not cause any unjust result. McCastle, 121 Ill. 2d 188. In adjudicating this case, we must be mindful of the legislature\u2019s intent in promulgating section 2\u2014622 and give it effect, rather than thwart it.\nOn appeal, plaintiff raises three issues: (a) whether the dismissal of Dr. Treister in the first case was properly entered with prejudice; (b) whether that order, even if properly entered with prejudice, was an adjudication on the merits, thus establishing a res judicata bar; and (c) whether it was proper to dismiss the action as to the hospital, regardless of the propriety of the second dismissal of Dr. Treister. All three present questions of law rather than issues of fact; accordingly, our review is de novo.\nAt its heart, plaintiffs appeal concerns the inequity inherent in the dismissal of his complaint. Dr. Treister concedes in this appeal that plaintiffs constitutional challenge in DeLuna I was \"not baseless or frivolous.\u201d Indeed, in the first appeal, our ruling that section 2\u2014622 was unconstitutional was unanimous, and the vote to reverse by the supreme court was 4 to 3. Nonetheless, it is clear that in 1987, plaintiff was faced with a difficult choice: either comply with the dictates of section 2\u2014622 (thereby mooting irretrievably any issue regarding constitutionality) or accept a dismissal with prejudice (in order to gain access to our reviewing courts to obtain a definitive ruling as to the constitutionality of the law). Plaintiff elected to seek a final and conclusive ruling on that crucial threshold issue.\nBecause the parties most interested in the outcome of this appeal are Mrs. DeLuna\u2019s minor children, plaintiff implores us to act solicitously with regard to their interests. See Muscarello v. Peterson, 20 Ill. 2d 548, 170 N.E.2d 564 (1960); Blakely v. Johnson, 37 Ill. App. 3d 112, 345 N.E.2d 814 (1976). We agree that a wooden application of the res judicata doctrine, if allowed to stand, would effectively preclude plaintiff from ever testing defendants\u2019 negligence in an evidentiary hearing. We need not, however, respond to plaintiff\u2019s imprecations for judicial solicitude, for we believe this case turns on an appreciation of the role the legislature contemplated for section 2\u2014622.\n(A) The Dismissal Of The First Action Against Dr. Treister\nAs in the circuit court, plaintiff begins with an attack on the \"with prejudice\u201d language in the order dismissing the first action against Dr. Treister. Though plaintiff offers a myriad of reasons for undoing (or, in plaintiffs analysis, \"correcting\u201d) that order, we simply cannot agree. This result is mandated by three distinct, but independently adequate, reasons: (a) the issue has already been definitively resolved; (b) we have no jurisdiction to alter the order; and (c) plaintiff is judicially estopped from even advancing such a claim.\nThe Effect of the Prior Appeal: We must reject out of hand the astounding claim implicit in plaintiffs argument: that this court is somehow empowered to overturn a supreme court decision. See Shortridge v. Sherman, 84 Ill. App. 3d 981, 406 N.E.2d 565 (1980). At any rate, since plaintiff challenged the \"with prejudice\u201d language of Dr. Treister\u2019s dismissal at all levels of the judicial system in DeLuna I, resulting in a final and conclusive determination of that issue in the supreme court, he cannot now renew that attack. Kazubowski v. Kazubowski, 45 Ill. 2d 405, 413, 259 N.E.2d 282 (1970).\nThe Scope of Appellate Jurisdiction: The notice of appeal filed in this cause gives us jurisdiction over case number 93 L 13826; we have no jurisdiction over case number 86 L 8412 for any purpose. That case is simply not before us. See Dobsons, Inc. v. Oak Park National Bank, 86 Ill. App. 3d 200, 407 N.E.2d 993 (1980).\nJudicial Estoppel: Plaintiff was entitled to challenge section 2\u2014622 in this court on the basis of the circuit court\u2019s dismissal with prejudice of the first action against Dr. Treister. It goes without saying that had Dr. Treister been dismissed without prejudice, as happened in the case of the hospital, there would not have been the required final and appealable order to invoke the jurisdiction of any reviewing court in this state. DeLuna I, 147 Ill. 2d at 76. Having obtained the benefit of an appealable order, it would be anomalous at best to permit plaintiff even to suggest that we rescind the jurisdiction of both the appellate court and the supreme court in DeLuna I. The doctrine of judicial estoppel was intended for just this type of a situation. Ceres Terminals, Inc. v. Chicago City Bank & Trust Co., 259 Ill. App. 3d 836, 849-50, 635 N.E.2d 485 (1994).\nFor all these reasons, we decline plaintiff\u2019s invitation to tamper with the \"with prejudice\u201d language from the order dismissing Dr. Treister in the first action.\n(B) Was the Dismissal \"On the Merits\u201d?\nThe doctrine of res judicata creates a bar to subsequent actions if three elements are present: (a) a final judgment on the merits; (b) identity of the causes of action; and (c) an identity of the parties or their privies. Downing v. Chicago Transit Authority, 162 Ill. 2d 70, 73-74, 642 N.E.2d 456 (1994). The parties agree that the latter two ingredients of the doctrine are present; only the presence of the former is at issue.\nDr. Treister posits that a dismissal with prejudice is, per se, an adjudication on the merits by application of Supreme Court Rule 273 (134 Ill. 2d R. 273); thus, he argues, the doctrine of res judicata bars the second complaint. We cannot agree.\nNot every dismissal with prejudice rises to the level of an adjudication on the merits. Dr. Treister\u2019s analysis suffers from dual infirmities: it misapprehends the meaning of the term \"on the merits\u201d; and it misconstrues the nature of a dismissal under section 2\u2014622.\nSupreme Court Rule 273 is central to Dr. Treister\u2019s argument and the circuit court\u2019s decision. That rule states:\n\"Unless the order of dismissal or a statute of this State otherwise specifies, an involuntary dismissal of an action, other than a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction, for improper venue, or for failure to join an indispensable party, operates as an adjudication upon the merits.\u201d 134 Ill. 2d R. 273.\nThe first dismissal of plaintiff\u2019s action against Dr. Treister was simply and solely for noncompliance with section 2\u2014622. The issue thus becomes: can such a dismissal be equated with a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction, for improper venue, or for failure to join an indispensable party? If it does not fit within these exceptions, the rule renders it an adjudication on the merits for purposes of res judicata.\nThe Meaning of \u201dOn the Merits\": At the outset, we note that while the terms of art \"dismissal with prejudice\u201d and \"adjudication on the merits\u201d are roughly equivalent, and sometimes used interchangeably, they are neither identical nor coterminus. The distinction is implicit in Rule 273 itself. If such dismissals were always adjudications on the merits, the rule would be internally inconsistent: it would be possible for such dismissals to be adjudications on the merits (by stating they are entered \"with prejudice\u201d) while at the same time negating that effect (by allowing the circuit court to \"otherwise specify\u201d). In fact, those were the precise circumstances presented in Walters v. Yellow Cab Co., 273 Ill. App. 3d 729, 653 N.E.2d 785 (1995). There, the circuit court dismissed a claim with prejudice, but stated that the dismissal was not to be deemed an adjudication on the merits. The Walters court affirmed that decision as being wholly consonant with Rule 273. See also Downing v. Chicago Transit Authority, 162 Ill. 2d 70, 77, 642 N.E.2d 456 (1994) (holding that summary judgment on statute of limitations grounds is not an adjudication on the merits because \"the merits of the action are never examined. To label such an order as an adjudication on the merits would be the quintessential act of exalting form over substance\u201d).\nThe unifying factor in these cases is that Rule 273 must always be applied in a manner that harmonizes its effect with its purpose, rather than to entice the fly into the spider\u2019s parlor. The rule prevents claimants who have had their day in court from making careers of their cases; it does not deny such claimants their day in court. Here, plaintiff has never had his day in court on the merits of his claim; the complaint was dismissed both times for perceived procedural infirmities. It bears repeating that, to date, there have been no hearings on the merits of the action against Dr. Treister. Indeed, the only thing approaching an evidentiary evaluation of the merits of the claim is the section 2\u2014622 certification attached to the second complaint, which affirms the basis for the claim, and even then it only permits the claimant entry through the courthouse door. To say that a plaintiff\u2019s action has been adjudicated on the merits would thus exalt form over substance. Downing, 162 Ill. 2d at 77.\nThe Effect of a Dismissal Under Section 2\u2014622: Our analysis thus far, however, has been merely adumbrative. Although we have not encountered any discussion of this precise issue in any Illinois case, it was anticipated by our supreme court in McCastle v. Sheinkop, 121 Ill. 2d 188, 520 N.E.2d 293 (1987); resolved under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 5 L. Ed. 2d 551, 81 S. Ct. 534 (1961) (Costello); and adopted in the Restatement (Second) of Judgments.\nIn McCastle, the plaintiff\u2019s medical malpractice action had been dismissed with prejudice by the circuit court for the same reason that plaintiff\u2019s action against Dr. Treister was dismissed, the McCastle court believing that this result was mandated by section 2\u2014622 of the Code. In reversing, the supreme court stated:\n\"[W]e have held that an act of the legislature will not be construed so as to lead to absurd, inconvenient or unjust consequences [citation] and such would be the consequence if here the court were without authority to permit amendments to add the necessary affidavits. Requiring that section 2\u2014622 dismissals be with prejudice would be a triumph of form over substance. It would elevate a pleading requirement designed to reduce frivolous lawsuits into a substantive defense forever barring plaintiffs who initially fail to comply with its terms. We decline to ascribe such intentions to the legislature.\u201d (Emphasis added.) McCastle, 121 Ill. 2d at 193.\nThe emphasized language is of paramount importance, the supreme court stating unequivocally that such dismissals are not substantive defenses that act as permanent bars to such actions. McCastle thus suggests the controlling question: if section 2\u2014622 is not a substantive defense, then what breed of animal is it?\nThe claim that the dismissal was based upon defendants having invoked a \"defense on the merits\u201d is also unavailing to them. A \"defense on the merits\u201d is defined as:\n\"one which depends upon the inherent justice of the defendant\u2019s contention, as shown by the substantial facts of the case, as distinguished from one which rests upon technical objections or some collateral matter. Thus there may be a good defense growing out of an error in the plaintiff\u2019s pleadings, but there is not a defense on the merits unless the real nature of the transaction in controversy shows the defendant to be right.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 1181-82 (3d ed. 1933) (and cases cited therein).\nAccord, Passanante v. Callier, 61 Ill. App. 3d 360, 363, 377 N.E.2d 1304 (1978). The dismissal of the first action against Dr. Treister cannot be equated in any way with a defense on the merits. The dismissal was not based on the \"inherent justice\u201d of his contentions; instead, it was based entirely upon plaintiff\u2019s insistence upon his right to test the seriously disputed constitutionality of section 2\u2014622.\nHaving eliminated both \"substantive defenses\u201d and \"defenses on the merits\u201d from the analysis still does not answer the critical question. The Restatement (Second) of Judgments offers immense assistance in answering it. There, it is indicated:\n\"A valid and final personal judgment for the defendant, which rests on the prematurity of the action or on the plaintiff\u2019s failure to satisfy a precondition to suit, does not bar another action by the plaintiff instituted after the claim has matured, or the precondition has been satisfied, unless a second action is precluded by operation of the substantive law.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Restatement (Second) of Judgments \u00a7 20(2) (1982).\nHere, section 2\u2014622 creates a precondition. As stated in McCastle, section 2\u2014622 was not intended to create a permanent bar. The DeLuna I court expanded upon that concept, stating:\n\"The statute merely requires a litigant to submit, in a timely manner, certification declaring the meritorious basis for the alleged cause of action.\u201d DeLuna I, 147 Ill. 2d at 72.\nThus, section 2\u2014622 does not bar entry into the courtroom. This immediately distinguishes dismissals based on statutory defenses such as the statute of frauds and the statute of limitations. Dismissals predicated on those defenses become res judicata bars precisely because by their very nature they survive attacks on the dismissal or judgment reached.\nThe failure to comply with section 2\u2014622, by contrast, lacks these attributes. It is akin to (if not identified with, as we discuss below) the exceptions listed under Rule 273: lack of jurisdiction, improper venue, or failure to join indispensable parties. McCastle directs us to treat the failure to file the requisite certification in the same fashion.\nThis reading of McCastle is confirmed by tracing the origins of Supreme Court Rule 273. That rule was borrowed from and tracks Rule 41(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which recites:\n\"For failure of the plaintiff to prosecute or comply with these rules or any order of court, a defendant may move for dismissal of an action or of any claim against the defendant. Unless the court in its order for dismissal otherwise specifies, a dismissal under this subdivision and any dismissal not provided for in this rule, other than a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction, for improper venue, or for failure to join a party under Rule 19, operates as an adjudication upon the merits.\u201d Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b).\nSee Towns v. Yellow Cab Co., 73 Ill. 2d 113, 125, 382 N.E. 2d 1217 (1978); 134 Ill. 2d R. 273, Committee Comments. Accordingly, like the Towns court, we look to federal case law construing Rule 41(b) for guidance. In this connection, we find Costello to be particularly on point and dispositive of the issue.\nThe parallels between Costello and this case are striking. In Costello, the government brought two successive denaturalization cases against defendant; here, plaintiff filed two successive malpractice actions against defendants. In Costello, the law required that a denaturalization complaint be supported by an affidavit of good cause as a prerequisite to initiating the proceeding; here, section 2\u2014622 mandates that the complaint be accompanied by the certification of a health professional that there is a reasonable and meritorious cause for filing the malpractice action. In Costello, the trial court\u2019s dismissal of the first complaint was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court because of the failure of the government to file the required affidavit; here, our supreme court affirmed the dismissal of plaintiff\u2019s first action for failure to file the section 2\u2014622 certification. In Costello, the Supreme Court, in considering the petitioner\u2019s argument that the proceeding was barred because the earlier dismissal did not indicate that it was entered with prejudice, noted that the trial court specifically declined to state whether it was with or without prejudice and proceeded to determine the merits of the case; here, the dismissal expressly stated that it was with prejudice. In Costello, the government initiated an entirely new proceeding, this time with the requisite affidavit; here, plaintiff filed a new action comporting with section 2\u2014622. In Costello, the defendant argued that dismissal of the first complaint barred the new suit under the doctrine of res judicata pursuant to Rule 41(b); here, Dr. Treister (and derivatively, the hospital) make the same argument, invoking Supreme Court Rule 273.\nIn Costello, the Supreme Court rejected the defendant\u2019s procedural analysis, holding that the term \"lack of jurisdiction\u201d was flexible enough to encompass dismissals for failure to file the required affidavit. \"We hold that a dismissal for failure to file the affidavit of good cause is a dismissal 'for lack of jurisdiction,\u2019 within the meaning of the exception under Rule 41(b).\u201d Costello, 365 U.S. at 285, 5 L. Ed. 2d at 564, 81 S. Ct. at 544.\nIn reaching that decision, the Costello court was guided by the same precepts as we have noted above: the origins and purpose of the rule, tracing them to common law precedents.\n\"At common law dismissal on a ground not going to the merits was not ordinarily a bar to a subsequent action on the same claim. *** In Hughes v. United States, 4 Wall 232, 237, it was said: 'In order that a judgment may constitute a bar to another suit, it must be *** determined on its merits. If the first suit was dismissed for defect of pleadings, or parties, or a misconception of the form of proceeding, or for want of jurisdiction, or was disposed of on any ground which did not go to the merits of the action, the judgment rendered will prove no bar to another suit.\u2019 \u201d Costello, 365 U.S. at 285-86, 5 L. Ed. 2d at 564-65, 81 S. Ct. at 545.\nThese precedents led the court to conclude:\n\"It is too narrow a reading of the exception to relate the concept of jurisdiction embodied there to the fundamental jurisdictional defects which render a judgment void and subject to collateral attack, such as lack of jurisdiction over the person or subject matter. We regard the exception as encompassing those dismissals which are based on a plaintiff\u2019s failure to comply with a precondition requisite to the Court\u2019s going forward to determine the merits of his substantive claim.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Costello, 365 U.S. at 285, 5 L. Ed. 2d at 564, 81 S. Ct. at 544-45.\nThe court catalogued cases addressing the concept of a judgment bar to subsequent litigation and concluded that only those in which a defendant has been forced to meet plaintiff\u2019s claim on the merits are within the ambit of Rule 41(b).\nThe Costello court\u2019s test was simple: where a party is required to actively defend on the merits because there is no initial bar to the case, Rule 41(b) operates to ensure that the party\u2019s expenditure of effort is rewarded. On the other hand, where a statute prevents a trial court from even approaching the merits because a \"precondition\u201d to the court\u2019s jurisdiction is unmet, no such onus is presented, and Rule 41(b) ought not reward the party:\n\"We do not discern in Rule 41(b) a purpose to change this common-law principle with respect to dismissals in which the merits could not be reached for failure of the plaintiff to satisfy a precondition. All the dismissals enumerated in Rule 41(b) which operate as adjudications on the merits\u2014failure of the plaintiff to prosecute, or to comply with the Rules of Civil Procedure, or to comply with an order of the Court, or to present evidence showing a right to the relief on the facts and the law\u2014primarily involve situations in which the defendant must incur the inconvenience of preparing to meet the merits because there is no initial bar to the Court\u2019s reaching them.\u201d 365 U.S. at 286, 5 L. Ed. 2d at 565, 81 S. Ct. at 545.\nThat factor was absent in Costello: the government\u2019s failure to file the affidavit affirmatively prevented the district court from reaching the merits. The same is true here: the only burden placed on Dr. Treister and the hospital in the initial proceeding was that of noting the absence of the mandated declaration. In substance, if not in form, Dr. Treister\u2019s motion to dismiss merely informed the circuit court that it lacked jurisdiction to go forward.\nMcCastle and Costello effectively distinguish the Illinois cases defendants rely upon, for those cases by their terms clearly hold that dismissals based on substantive defenses are adjudications on the merits. In Muscare v. Voltz, 107 Ill. App. 3d 841, 438 N.E.2d 620 (1982), Rein v. David A. Noyes & Co., 172 Ill. 2d 325, 665 N.E.2d 1199 (1996), and Bonanno v. La Salle & Bureau County R.R. Co., 87 Ill. App. 3d 988, 409 N.E.2d 481 (1980), the dismissals were predicated on the statute of limitations (Voltz and Rein), or were based upon plaintiffs failure to file a timely pleading after an initial complaint was dismissed on the merits (Bonanno). Such dismissals are based upon substantive defenses (McCastle), as are dismissals for failure to prosecute (Costello). As such, they come within the ambit of Rule 273 (and Rule 41(b)), creating a res judicata bar. That is patently not the case with the failure to file a section 2\u2014622 affidavit.\nWhere, as here, the dismissal is not attended by a hearing on the merits, but is predicated entirely on a plaintiffs mere failure to attach the report of a health professional to his complaint, it would, as the supreme court held in Downing, exalt form over substance to equate such a dismissal with an adjudication on the merits. The circumstances here are identical to Costello, and we follow that court\u2019s unassailable logic. Plaintiff did not append the required certification to his first complaint, mandating its dismissal. Dr. Treister\u2019s efforts in the circuit court in that case were limited to noting that deficiency; the result was fore-ordained. The second complaint remedied the deficiency and attested to the core fact that there was merit to plaintiffs complaint. We decline to deny plaintiff the opportunity to make his case in court simply because he exercised his right to test the statewide, avidly contested constitutionality of section 2\u2014622 on appeal in the first iteration of this case.\n(C) The Dismissal of the Hospital\nThe hospital sought dismissal on two grounds: first, as did the doctor, it claimed a res judicata bar to the refiling; and it urged that since its liability was solely derivative of the doctor\u2019s liability, dismissal as to the doctor mandated its dismissal as well. Towns v. Yellow Cab Co., 73 Ill. 2d 113, 382 N.E.2d 1217 (1978). Because the initial complaint against the hospital was not dismissed with prejudice to refiling, the circuit court refused to apply res judicata. The hospital\u2019s argument based on its derivative liability, however, was sustained. In light of our holding on the propriety of Dr. Treister\u2019s dismissal, we must reverse the circuit court on the order pertaining to the hospital as well.\nIII. Conclusion\nAccordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, the dismissal of the actions in this cause are hereby reversed, and we remand both matters to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with the views expressed in this opinion.\nBURKE, J., concurs.\nThe first action was filed by Guadalupe DeLuna, individually and as special administrator of his late wife\u2019s estate. Mrs. DeLuna was survived by four minor children. Mr. DeLuna died during the pendency of the first appeal and was succeeded as special administrator by the eldest child, Oscar, who had reached his majority; Oscar still serves in a representative capacity for his three siblings. For ease of understanding, we refer to both Guadalupe and Oscar DeLuna collectively as \"plaintiff.\u201d\nDefendants\u2019 averment (like plaintiff\u2019s argument discussed in section A above) is a curious repudiation of their position in the initial appeal. We summarized their review of section 2\u2014622 then as follows:\n\"The health professional *** is asked only to render an advisory opinion as to whether there exists a factual basis for the filing of a suit. Defendants argue that these opinions have no evidentiary weight, are not binding as to either party, and do not in any way impinge on the judiciary\u2019s role of applying the law and rendering a final judgment on the merits of the case.\u201d DeLuna v. St. Elizabeth\u2019s Hospital, 184 Ill. App. 3d 802, 805-06 (1989).\nDefendants\u2019 assertion was ultimately incorporated in the DeLuna I court\u2019s decision (147 Ill. 2d at 72).\nNow that plaintiff has complied with section 2\u2014622, and the certification attesting to the merits of the suit has been filed, however, defendants argue that the prior failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 does affect the merits of the action. This repudiation would contradict the spirit of section 2\u2014622 and permit defendants to ride with the hounds and the fox simultaneously.\nFor example, in Van Slambrouck v. Marshall Field & Co., 98 Ill. App. 3d 485, 487, 424 N.E.2d 679 (1981), the court stated that a dismissal with prejudice is \"tantamount\u201d to an adjudication on the merits. \"Tantamount\u201d is defined as \"equivalent in effect or value\u201d (American Heritage Dictionary 1243 (2d Coll. ed. 1985)). Equivalence is not identity.\nThe dissent summarily dismisses our supreme court\u2019s characterization of section 2\u2014622 as imposing \"a condition [on] proceeding with a meritorious medical malpractice action\u201d (Miller v. Gupta, 174 Ill. 2d 120, 126 (1996)) as mere dicta. To the contrary, Gupta confirms the basis for our decision: section 2\u2014622 is designed to impose a jurisdictional precondition to proceeding on meritorious actions. As such, Rule 273 does not operate to create a judgment bar to the instant suit.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE SCARIANO" }, { "text": "JUSTICE DiVITO,\ndissenting:\nI share the forcefully emphasized concern of the majority that there have been no hearings on the merits in this case. That a legitimate cause of action may have been lost is not a cause for celebration, especially where such tragic events as those alleged here exist.\nNevertheless, I respectfully dissent from the majority\u2019s conclusion that res judicata does not bar the new complaint filed in this case.\nThe majority states that McCastle \"suggests the controlling question: if section 2\u2014622 is not a substantive defense, then what breed of animal is it?\u201d 286 Ill. App. 3d at 34. McCastle, however, does more than suggest the controlling question. It answers it, as well: \"Requiring that section 2\u2014622 dismissals be with prejudice would be a triumph of form over substance. It would elevate a pleading requirement designed to reduce frivolous lawsuits into a substantive defense forever barring plaintiffs who initially fail to comply with its terms.\u201d (Emphasis added.) McCastle, 121 Ill. 2d at 193.\nMcCastle thus teaches that, in both form and substance, section 2\u2014622 is simply a pleading requirement. McCastle, 121 Ill. 2d at 193; see also Rumer v. Zeigler Coal Co., 168 Ill. App. 3d 568, 574, 522 N.E.2d 830 (1988) (referring to \"the pleading requirements\u201d of section 2\u2014622); Thompson v. Heydemann, 231 Ill. App. 3d 578, 582, 596 N.E.2d 664 (1992) (\"[s]ection 2\u2014622 is a technical pleading requirement\u201d). Thus, a motion to dismiss for failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 informs the circuit court merely that the pleadings are legally insufficient. It does not inform the circuit court that it lacks the sine qua non of jurisdiction\u2014the authority to decide a case. See City of Mattoon v. Stump, 4 Ill. 2d 149, 151, 122 N.E.2d 250 (1954) (if a court lacks jurisdiction, it lacks the authority to decide a cause of action).\nOur supreme court in DeLuna v. St. Elizabeth\u2019s Hospital, 147 Ill. 2d 57, 588 N.E.2d 1139 (1992) (DeLuna I), also indicated that the requirements of section 2\u2014622 are simply pleading requirements related to the facts that a plaintiff will ultimately have to prove at trial and, as such, are not jurisdictional in nature. In that case, the court stated, \"[a]s we have already demonstrated, [section 2\u2014622] is essentially no different from the parallel requirement generally applicable in malpractice cases that the plaintiff in such an action present expert testimony to demonstrate the applicable standard of care and its breach.\u201d DeLuna I, 147 Ill. 2d at 73. Thus, although the supreme court in dicta recently referred to section 2\u2014622 as a \"condition\u201d (Miller v. Gupta, 174 Ill. 2d 120, 126 (1996) (\"the legislature has made the filing of a section 2\u2014622 certificate of merit a condition of proceeding with a meritorious medical malpractice action\u201d)), to reconcile that statement with what it said in McCastle and DeLuna I, the court must have been referring to a pleading condition or requirement, not to a precondition that is jurisdictional in nature.\nA motion to dismiss for failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 is therefore appropriately analogized to a motion to dismiss for defects in pleading. Both motions to dismiss challenge the legal sufficiency of pleadings; they do not test the veracity or accuracy of the plaintiff\u2019s allegations. Clay v. Little Company of Mary Hospital, 277 Ill. App. 3d 175, 177, 660 N.E.2d 123 (1995). For example, although a section 2\u2014622 affidavit may be challenged as insufficient for failing to set forth with particularity how a hospital deviated from the standard of care (Jacobs v. Rush North Shore Medical Center, 284 Ill. App. 3d 995, 1000 (1996)), there is no language in section 2\u2014622 authorizing dismissal where the facts of an affidavit are inaccurate (Thompson, 231 Ill. App. 3d at 582).\nSignificantly, in this case, plaintiff\u2019s first action was dismissed with prejudice by choice\u2014in order to obtain both the finality and appealability of the order. \"A judgment is final for appeal purposes if it determines the litigation on the merits or some definite part thereof so that, if affirmed, the only thing remaining is to proceed with the execution of the judgment.\u201d In re Marriage of Verdung, 126 Ill. 2d 542, 553, 535 N.E.2d 818 (1989). That the dismissal here was with prejudice, and thus final, was conclusively determined by the supreme court in DeLuna I.\nThe majority asserts (286 Ill. App. 3d at 32) that \"dismissal with prejudice\u201d and \"adjudication on the merits\u201d are not identical. Although no authority is cited for this proposition, the majority contends that it must be so because \" [equivalence is not identity\u201d (286 Ill. App. 3d at 32 n.3) and to say otherwise would create an internal inconsistency in Rule 273\u2019s language.\nAs for equivalence not being identity, precedent unfailingly shows that \"dismissal with prejudice\u201d and \"adjudication on the merits\u201d are used interchangeably. For example, although the majority relies on the American Heritage Dictionary in defining \"tantamount\u201d (286 Ill. App. 3d at 32 n.3), it ignores the definition of \"dismissal with prejudice\u201d provided in Black\u2019s Law Dictionary: \"Term meaning an adjudication on the merits, and final disposition, barring the right to bring or maintain an action on the same claim or cause.\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 469 (6th ed. 1990). Similarly, the seventh circuit recently stated that \"dismissal for failure to state a claim *** is an adjudication on the merits\u2014in other words, a dismissal with prejudice.\u201d Paganis v. Bronstein, 3 F.3d 1067, 1071 (7th Cir. 1993), citing 9 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure \u00a7 2373 (1973) (\" 'with prejudice\u2019 is an acceptable form of shorthand for 'adjudication on the merits\u2019 \u201d). In the absence of precedent to the contrary, there is no basis for distinguishing the terms here.\nAs for the so-called inconsistency in Rule 273, what is inconsistent about an exception? And does not a need to articulate an exception prove the existence of the rule?\nI note that, in Costello, the order of dismissal did not specify whether it was with or without prejudice. Costello, 365 U.S. at 268, 5 L. Ed. 2d at 554-55, 81 S. Ct. at 536. In Illinois, a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction that is silent on the question of prejudice is deemed to be a dismissal without prejudice. Norris v. Estate of Norris, 143 Ill. App. 3d 741, 748, 493 N.E.2d 121 (1986). Thus, there is no basis for applying Costello in Illinois, where, as here, a dismissal is entered with prejudice at the request of a plaintiff who is fully capable of complying with a known statutory requirement.\nIn any event, in Illinois, dismissal with prejudice for failure to state a claim \"acts as an adjudication on the merits and the doctrine of res judicata bars a subsequent action between the same parties on the same claim or action.\u201d Bentley v. Glenn Shipley Enterprises, Inc., 248 Ill. App. 3d 647, 649, 619 N.E.2d 816 (1993), appeal denied, 153 Ill. 2d 557, 624 N.E.2d 804 (1993); Henstein v. Buschbach, 248 Ill. App. 3d 1010, 1015, 618 N.E.2d 1042 (1993), appeal denied, 153 Ill. 2d 559, 624 N.E.2d 807 (1993). This is so even when, to use the words of Costello, the defendant has not incurred the \"inconvenience of preparing to meet the merits.\u201d Costello, 365 U.S. at 286, 5 L. Ed. 2d at 565, 81 S. Ct. at 545.\nAlthough a dismissal for failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 is necessarily brought under section 2\u2014619 because the affidavit is other affirmative matter that does not appear on the face of the complaint (as opposed to one for failure to state a claim, which is properly brought under section 2\u2014615 of the Civil Practice Law (735 ILCS 5/2\u2014615 (West 1994)), a dismissal for failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 is, in form and substance, one for deficiencies in a pleading. McCastle, 121 Ill. 2d at 193; see DeLuna I, 147 Ill. 2d at 73. As such, a dismissal with prejudice for failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 pleading requirements operates technically as an adjudication on the merits under Rule 273. Rumer, 168 Ill. App. 3d at 572 (holding that, despite that fact, failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 does not satisfy the favorable termination requirement of an action for malicious prosecution); Bentley, 248 Ill. App. 3d at 649.\nThe majority\u2019s decision has serious implications for all dismissals related to pleading deficiencies. Is a plaintiff now free to correct any defects in pleading after a dismissal with prejudice and an unsuccessful appeal simply by refiling the action within the statute of limitations? The majority\u2019s analysis demands an affirmative response. It thus strikes a fatal blow to the overarching purpose of both res judicata and dismissal of an action with prejudice: the promotion of finality in litigation.\nThe likely consequence of the majority\u2019s decision is suggested by considering the recent case of Jacobs v. Rush North Shore Medical Center, 284 Ill. App. 3d 995 (1996). There, the court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing with prejudice the plaintiff\u2019s complaint for failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 and in denying him the opportunity to replead. Jacobs, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1000. The correctness of the holding in Jacobs aside, the majority\u2019s holding here permits the plaintiff in that case to refile his cause of action, notwithstanding the judgment of both the circuit and the appellate courts that his cause of action was no longer viable. Does \"final, appealable order\u201d have any future validity? Are reviewing courts destined to become advisory bodies?\nConsider also that the majority\u2019s holding implicitly overrules the supreme court\u2019s rejection of plaintiff\u2019s request to order further proceedings in DeLuna I. There, because plaintiff chose to challenge the constitutionality of section 2\u2014622, the supreme court declined to remand the case for further proceedings. DeLuna I, 147 Ill. 2d at 76. Notwithstanding that the supreme court has already found plaintiff\u2019s conscious choice dispositive and declined to remand for further proceedings, the majority\u2019s expansive interpretation of jurisdiction grants what the supreme court previously refused.\nRelying heavily upon Costello, the majority answers the question it poses by concluding that \"[i]n substance, if not in form,\u201d a motion to dismiss for failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 merely informs the circuit court that it lacks jurisdiction. 286 Ill. App. 3d at 37. Where a defendant fails to raise a plaintiff\u2019s failure to comply with section 2\u2014622 in the circuit court, however, the issue is deemed waived on appeal. Nikolic v. Seidenberg, 242 Ill. App. 3d 96, 102, 610 N.E.2d 177 (1993); Thompson v. Heydemann, 231 Ill. App. 3d 578, 581, 596 N.E.2d 664 (1992). Because questions of subject-matter jurisdiction are never waived, Nikolic supports the conclusion that the failure to file a section 2\u2014622 affidavit is not jurisdictional. Moreover, the supreme court has held that a mandatory affidavit requirement that may be waived, such as the one at issue here, is not jurisdictional in nature. In re Custody of Sexton, 84 Ill. 2d 312, 319, 418 N.E.2d 729 (1981) (discussing section 610 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 40, par. 610), which required that to modify a custody decree within two years of its entry, affidavits had to be filed that a child was endangered by his present environment).\nFor all the foregoing reasons, the majority\u2019s construction of section 2\u2014622 should be rejected and the judgment of the circuit court should be affirmed.\nIt is noteworthy that Rule 273 provides a method to challenge the validity of a statute while avoiding res judicata. That rule provides that an involuntary dismissal constitutes an adjudication on the merits, \"[u]nless the order of dismissal or a statute of this State otherwise specifies\u201d (134 Ill. 2d R. 273). In this case (and in future constitutional challenges) a ruling that the order of dismissal with prejudice did not operate as an adjudication on the merits would have allowed a constitutional challenge while preserving the right to a trial on the merits. See Walters v. Yellow Cab, 273 Ill. App. 3d 729, 738, 653 N.E.2d 785 (1995), appeal denied, 163 Ill. 2d 591, 657 N.E.2d 641 (1995).\nIt should be noted that Costello has been criticized as involving \"so slippery a method of manipulating the concept of jurisdiction.\u201d 18 C. Wright & A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure \u00a7 4435, at 335 (1981). \"The distorted use of 'jurisdiction\u2019 in the Costello opinion invites distorted response.\u201d 18 C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure \u00a7 4435, at 337 (1981). The application of the Costello holding in this case creates a slippery slope, one with potentially undesirable consequences.", "type": "dissent", "author": "JUSTICE DiVITO," } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael W. Rathsack, of Chicago (Michael W. Rathsack and Eloy Burciaga, of counsel), for appellant.", "Law Offices of Ruth E. Vandemark, of Chicago (Ruth E. Vandemark and Ralph N. Glader, of counsel), for appellee Michael Treister.", "Pretzel & Stouffer, Chartered, of Chicago (Betty-Jane Schrum, Robert Marc Chemers, and Anne Scheitlin Johnson, of counsel), for appellee St. Elizabeth\u2019s Hospital." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "OSCAR DeLUNA, Adm\u2019r of the Estate of Alicia DeLuna, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MICHAEL TREISTER et al., Defendants-Appellees.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNos. 1\u201494\u20141397, 1\u201494\u20142719 cons.\nOpinion filed November 27, 1996.\nRehearing denied February 7, 1997.\nDiVITO, J., dissenting.\nMichael W. Rathsack, of Chicago (Michael W. Rathsack and Eloy Burciaga, of counsel), for appellant.\nLaw Offices of Ruth E. Vandemark, of Chicago (Ruth E. Vandemark and Ralph N. Glader, of counsel), for appellee Michael Treister.\nPretzel & Stouffer, Chartered, of Chicago (Betty-Jane Schrum, Robert Marc Chemers, and Anne Scheitlin Johnson, of counsel), for appellee St. Elizabeth\u2019s Hospital." }, "file_name": "0025-01", "first_page_order": 43, "last_page_order": 61 }