{ "id": 520920, "name": "UNIVERSAL UNDERWRITERS INSURANCE GROUP, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. IRENE GRIFFIN et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Universal Underwriters Insurance Group v. Griffin", "decision_date": "1997-03-04", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201496\u20141085", "first_page": "61", "last_page": "77", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "287 Ill. App. 3d 61" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "648 N.E.2d 1099", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "271 Ill. App. 3d 716", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 249233 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "725-26" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/271/0716-01" ] }, { "cite": "553 N.E.2d 301", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "in construing an insurance policy, the function of the court is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the parties as expressed in the insurance agreement" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "135 Ill. 2d 353", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3256828 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "358", "parenthetical": "in construing an insurance policy, the function of the court is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the parties as expressed in the insurance agreement" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/135/0353-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 N.E.2d 406", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "28 Ill. App. 2d 489", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5217522 ], "year": 1960, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "497-98" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/28/0489-01" ] }, { "cite": "228 N.E.2d 141", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 Ill. App. 2d 200", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2554043 ], "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "207" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/84/0200-01" ] }, { "cite": "542 N.E.2d 954", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "186 Ill. App. 3d 891", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2657680 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "898" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/186/0891-01" ] }, { "cite": "641 N.E.2d 572", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "266 Ill. App. 3d 829", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 887304 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "836-37" }, { "page": "837-88" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/266/0829-01" ] }, { "cite": "478 N.E.2d 571", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "133 Ill. App. 3d 89", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3528388 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "93" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/133/0089-01" ] }, { "cite": "269 N.E.2d 97", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "48 Ill. 2d 71", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2906633 ], "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "76" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/48/0071-01" ] }, { "cite": "641 N.E.2d 855", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "266 Ill. App. 3d 1049", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 887258 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1052" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/266/1049-01" ] }, { "cite": "572 N.E.2d 962", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "213 Ill. App. 3d 319", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2605994 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "322" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/213/0319-01" ] }, { "cite": "216 N.E.2d 665", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "34 Ill. 2d 424", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2877607 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "428-29" }, { "page": "430-31" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/34/0424-01" ] }, { "cite": "674 A.2d 1075", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "544 Pa. 613", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "657 A.2d 1252", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 718001, 11944911 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1257" }, { "page": "1257" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa-super/441/0446-01", "/a2d/657/1252-01" ] }, { "cite": "441 Pa. Super. 446", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa. Super.", "case_ids": [ 718001 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "456" }, { "page": "457" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa-super/441/0446-01" ] }, { "cite": "655 N.E.2d 842", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "166 Ill. 2d 520", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 198897 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "529" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/166/0520-01" ] }, { "cite": "620 N.E.2d 1073", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "156 Ill. 2d 384", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 777543 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "391" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/156/0384-01" ] }, { "cite": "424 N.E.2d 1166", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "99 Ill. App. 3d 54", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3098012 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "60" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/99/0054-01" ] }, { "cite": "522 N.E.2d 758", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "168 Ill. App. 3d 361", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3511702 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "371" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/168/0361-01" ] }, { "cite": "285 Ill. App. 3d 115", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1295605 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "State Farm" }, { "page": "117-18" }, { "page": "120, 121" }, { "page": "122" }, { "page": "120-22" }, { "page": "123" }, { "page": "123" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/285/0115-01" ] }, { "cite": "631 N.E.2d 710", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Madison Mutual" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "154 Ill. 2d 561", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Madison Mutual" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "621 N.E.2d 270", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "251 Ill. App. 3d 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2961095 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "14-15" }, { "page": "15-16" }, { "page": "16" }, { "page": "16" }, { "page": "17" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/251/0013-01" ] }, { "cite": "657 N.E.2d 639", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Steinberg" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "163 Ill. 2d 589", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Steinberg" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "650 N.E.2d 14", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 3d 79", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 253275 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "80-81" }, { "page": "82" }, { "page": "83" }, { "page": "85", "parenthetical": "Cook, J., dissenting" }, { "page": "83-84" }, { "page": "84-86", "parenthetical": "Cook, J., dissenting" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/272/0079-01" ] }, { "cite": "213 Mont. 99", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mont.", "case_ids": [ 2484568 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mont/213/0099-01" ] }, { "cite": "864 S.W.2d 934", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10019955 ], "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/864/0934-01" ] }, { "cite": "613 S.W.2d 426", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 9968129 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/613/0426-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1035, "char_count": 39546, "ocr_confidence": 0.765, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.1711482153053573e-07, "percentile": 0.771233766910735 }, "sha256": "cfe7fa013232726c424a28e59085ad2ddd1b093332a618d3541aa35e5b31d246", "simhash": "1:7af5ccdbdfc746bc", "word_count": 6371 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:23:12.186621+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "UNIVERSAL UNDERWRITERS INSURANCE GROUP, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. IRENE GRIFFIN et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE DiVITO\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIn July 1991, Howard Pontiac, Inc. (Howard), allowed its customer Irene Griffin to use a \"loaner\u201d car while it serviced her car. While she was driving the loaner, Griffin was involved in an accident. At the time, plaintiff Universal Underwriters Insurance Group (Universal) insured Howard under a garage policy, and Allstate Insurance Company (Allstate) insured Griffin under a personal auto policy.\nOne of the other drivers involved in the accident, Dorothy Lubow, sued Griffin for negligence. Allstate initially defended Griffin in that suit but later tendered the defense to Universal, which then filed a complaint for declaratory judgment against defendants Allstate, Griffin, Lubow, and Howard. Allstate filed a counterclaim for declaratory judgment against Universal. Universal and Allstate filed cross-motions for summary judgment.\nAfter a hearing, the circuit court held that Griffin was an insured under the Universal policy and that the limits of Universal\u2019s coverage for Griffin were $100,000 per person and $300,000 per accident, and it ordered Allstate and Universal to share liability on a pro rata basis. Universal appeals that decision.\nTo resolve the issues presented by this appeal, we must decide whether Griffin was an insured under Universal\u2019s policy. If we find that she was an insured, we must decide which insurer, Allstate or Universal, is responsible for coverage, and we must determine the amount of that coverage.\nIn its amended complaint for declaratory judgment, Universal asked for a declaration that it owed Griffin neither coverage nor a defense because (1) she was not an insured under its policy, (2) if she were an insured, Universal\u2019s coverage was excess over Allstate\u2019s, and (3) if there were coverage, the limits of that coverage were $20,000 per person and $40,000 per accident.\nThere is no amended counterclaim in the record, but Allstate\u2019s original counterclaim contained three counts. In count I, Allstate asserted that Griffin was an insured under the Universal policy and asked for a declaration that Universal reimburse Allstate for the fees and costs it incurred in defending her. In count II, Allstate asked the circuit court to declare that the limits of Universal\u2019s coverage with respect to Griffin were $100,000 per person and $300,000 per accident. In count III, Allstate asked for a declaration that its policy and Universal\u2019s policy were co-excess policies and, therefore, that Universal must pay Allstate its proportionate share of Griffin\u2019s defense.\nAllstate filed a motion for summary judgment on its counterclaim and on Universal\u2019s complaint. It asked the circuit court to enter judgment that Griffin was an insured under Universal\u2019s policy, that the limits of Universal\u2019s coverage were $100,000/$300,000, and that Universal reimburse Allstate on a pro rata basis for its expenses in defending Griffin.\nUniversal responded with its own motion for summary judgment. It asked the circuit court to find that Griffin was not an insured under its policy and that it owed Griffin no coverage or defense. Alternatively, it asked the court to declare that its coverage was excess or that the limits of its coverage were $20,000/$40,000.\nAfter a hearing, the circuit court entered a written order in which it essentially granted Allstate\u2019s motion and denied Universal\u2019s. It stated that both Universal and Allstate were excess insurers of Griffin. The \"other insurance\u201d clauses in the Universal and Allstate policies were incompatible, and, therefore, Universal and Allstate were to contribute to Griffin\u2019s defense on a pro rata basis. The court further found that Universal\u2019s liability was equal to its policy limit of $100,000/$300,000, and Allstate\u2019s liability was equivalent to its policy limits.\nThe court concluded:\n\"From a public policy standpoint, Allstate and Universal are responsible for coverage. Illinois automobile insurance law is mandated to protect the general public in instances where members of the general public may be injured in an automobile accident. The general public should be compensated for any injuries suffered. The insurance companies collect premiums from their customers and enjoy the monetary benefits of these premiums. The companies should adhere to their responsibility to protect the general public by living up to their full obligations under those policies.\u201d\nOn appeal, Universal first disputes the circuit court\u2019s conclusion that Griffin was an insured under its policy. The policy provided that Universal would pay \"all sums the INSURED legally must pay as damages *** because of INJURY to which this insurance applies caused by an OCCURRENCE arising out of GARAGE OPERATIONS or AUTO HAZARD.\u201d The policy defined \"auto hazard\u201d as \"the ownership, maintenance, or use of any AUTO YOU own *** and: *** (3) furnished for the use of any person or organization.\u201d\nThe parties\u2019 dispute concerning Griffin\u2019s status as an insured focuses on the policy\u2019s definition of an insured:\n\"WHO IS AN INSURED \u2014 ***\nWith respect to the AUTO HAZARD:\n1. YOU;\n2. Any of YOUR partners, paid employees, directors, stockholders, executive officers, a member of their household or a member of YOUR household, while using an AUTO covered by this Coverage Part, or when legally responsible for its use. The actual use of the AUTO must be by YOU or within the scope of YOUR permission;\n3. Any other person or organization required by law to be an INSURED while using an AUTO covered by this Coverage Part within the scope of YOUR permission.\u201d\nThe parties agree that Griffin does not fall within the first two parts of this definition, and Universal does not dispute that she was acting within the scope of Howard\u2019s permission when she had the accident. Their disagreement centers on whether Griffin was \"required by law to be an INSURED.\u201d\nAccording to Universal, Griffin was not \"required by law to be an INSURED\u201d because Illinois law does not require auto owners to provide insurance coverage to permissive users of their cars. Universal acknowledges that the Illinois Vehicle Code contains the following mandatory insurance provision:\n\"Required liability insurance policy, (a) From January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1993, no person shall operate, register or maintain registration of, and no owner shall permit another person to operate, register or maintain registration of, a motor vehicle designed to be used on a public highway unless the motor vehicle is covered by a liability insurance policy.\nThe insurance policy shall be issued in amounts no less than the minimum amounts set for bodily injury or death and for destruction of property under Section 7\u2014203 of this Code ***.\u201d 625 ILCS 5/7\u2014601(a) (West 1992).\nUniversal contends that, although this provision requires car owners and operators to maintain insurance coverage, it does not require owners to provide insurance coverage for operators of their cars.\nUniversal argues that Griffin also was not \"required by law to be an INSURED\u201d under section 5\u2014101(b)(6) of the Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/5\u2014101(b)(6) (West 1992)), which governs the type of insurance car dealers must maintain, because this section does not require new car dealers to provide coverage for permissive users. Section 5\u2014101(b)(6) states:\n\"A Certificate of Insurance in a solvent company authorized to do business in the State of Illinois shall be included with each application covering each location at which he proposes to act as a new vehicle dealer. The policy must provide liability coverage in the minimum amounts of $100,000 for bodily injury to, or death of, any person, $300,000 for bodily injury to, or death of, two or more persons in any one accident, and $50,000 for damage to property.\u201d 625 ILCS 5/5\u2014101(b)(6) (West 1992).\nAccording to Universal, if the legislature had intended to require owners or car dealers to provide insurance for permissive users of their cars, it could have done so. In support of its argument, Universal notes that, in section 9\u2014105 of the Vehicle Code, the legislature expressly requires owners of rented motor vehicles to provide insurance for the operator of a rented vehicle against liability. See 625 ILCS 5/9\u2014105 (West 1992). Similarly, in section 8\u2014108 of the Vehicle Code, the legislature expressly requires the owners of motor vehicles engaged in the transportation of passengers to provide insurance for operators of those vehicles against liability. See 625 ILCS 5/8\u2014108 (West 1992). Universal contends that, by omitting similar express requirements from the mandatory insurance provisions contained in section 7\u2014601 and section 5\u2014101(b)(6) of the Vehicle Code, the legislature clearly did not intend to require owners or new car dealers to insure their permissive users.\nUniversal urges us to compare the Illinois insurance requirements to those in Kentucky, Missouri, and Montana. According to Universal, permissive users in those states are insureds under its garage policy because state statutes expressly require auto owners or car dealers to provide insurance coverage for permissive users. See Universal Underwriters Insurance Co. v. Veljkovic, 613 S.W.2d 426 (Ky. App. 1980); George Walsh Chevrolet, Inc. v. Dieteres, 864 S.W.2d 934 (Mo. App. 1993); Bill Atkin Volkswagen, Inc. v. McClafferty, 213 Mont. 99, 689 P.2d 1237 (1984). Universal argues that, because Illinois does not have a similar statute requiring that car owners or dealers provide insurance coverage for permissive users, permissive users in Illinois are not insureds under its policy.\nAllstate responds that Griffin was \"required by law to be an INSURED\u201d because section 7\u2014601 requires all vehicle operators to have insurance and prohibits all vehicle owners, such as Howard, from lending vehicles unless the operator has insurance. In the alternative, it argues that Universal\u2019s definition of an insured is ambiguous and must be construed against Universal, as the insurer.\nAt the heart of the parties\u2019 arguments is their discussion of two conflicting appellate court decisions involving the same Universal policy definition at issue in this case. Universal relies on Steinberg v. Universal Underwriters Insurance Co., 272 Ill. App. 3d 79, 650 N.E.2d 14 (4th Dist. 1995), appeal denied, 163 Ill. 2d 589, 657 N.E.2d 639 (1995) (Steinberg), in which the court held that only underinsured or uninsured permissive users of a car owned by a car dealer are \"required by law\u201d to be insured and, therefore, only these users are insureds under Universal\u2019s garage policy. Allstate relies on Madison Mutual Insurance Co. v. Universal Underwriters Group, 251 Ill. App. 3d 13, 621 N.E.2d 270 (5th Dist. 1993), appeal denied, 154 Ill. 2d 561, 631 N.E.2d 710 (1994) (Madison Mutual), in which the court held that a permissive user of a car owned by a car dealer is \"required by law to be an INSURED\u201d because section 7\u2014601 of the Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/7\u2014601 (West 1992)) requires all vehicle operators to have liability insurance.\nIn November 1996, the second district issued an opinion in which it decided that a permissive user of a car dealer\u2019s car was an insured under a Universal garage policy that was like the one at issue in this case. See State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Universal Underwriters Group, 285 Ill. App. 3d 115 (1996) (State Farm). In this decision, the second district followed the fifth district decision in Madison Mutual. The second and fifth districts agree that, under section 7\u2014601 of the Vehicle Code, a permissive user of a car dealer\u2019s car is an insured under the Universal garage policy. As these two decisions present the majority and, in our view, the better-reasoned approach, we follow them rather than the conflicting decision in Stein-berg.\nIn Madison Mutual, the court held that the driver of a loaner car was an insured under a garage policy Universal had issued the dealer. The driver, Jason Dorris, was involved in a car accident while driving the loaner car. There was no dispute that Dorris was insured under his father\u2019s policy with Madison Mutual Insurance Company. The critical issue was whether he was an insured under the Universal policy definition. See Madison Mutual, 251 Ill. App. 3d at 14-15.\nThe Madison Mutual court stated that it was not clear from section 7\u2014601 of the Vehicle Code whether an owner or an operator is responsible for the mandatory insurance that provision requires. The court found it unnecessary to resolve this issue, however, because it decided that, in either case, section 7\u2014601 required Dorris to be covered by liability insurance when he was operating the loaner car. Consequently, the court decided that he was \"required by law to be an INSURED.\u201d Madison Mutual, 251 Ill. App. 3d at 15-16.\nThe court rejected Universal\u2019s argument that Dorris was not an insured under its policy because he had coverage through Madison Mutual Insurance Company. The court explained that Universal improperly equated the terms \"required by law\u201d with the words \"requiring or needing insurance\u201d (emphasis in original). Madison Mutual, 251 Ill. App. 3d at 16. The court stated that, under the Universal policy, the existence of coverage under a separate policy is of no consequence to the determination of whether that person is \"required by law to be an INSURED.\u201d Madison Mutual, 251 Ill. App. 3d at 16.\nIn Steinberg, by contrast, the court held that Timothy Massey, an individual who was involved in a car accident while test-driving a vehicle owned by a car dealer, was not an insured under the dealer\u2019s garage policy with Universal. Steinberg, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 80-81. At the time of the accident, Massey was covered by his mother\u2019s personal automobile policy with State Farm. As in this case, the question in Steinberg was whether Massey was an insured according to the Universal policy definition.\nThe Steinberg court found that Massey was not \"required by law to be an INSURED\u201d because Illinois has no statute that requires a car dealer to provide insurance coverage to customers or permissive users. The court noted that, in Illinois statutes that require insurance for rental car and taxicab owners, the legislature had expressly mandated that these owners provide insurance coverage for permissive users. Steinberg, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 82.\nThe Steinberg court disagreed with the Madison Mutual holding. It decided that the Universal policy was intended to cover only uninsured and underinsured customers because only these permissive users are \"required by law to be\u201d insureds. According to the court, because Massey had the statutorily required minimum insurance coverage with- State Farm, he was not \u201crequired by law to be an INSURED\u201d under the Universal policy. Steinberg, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 83.\nJustice Cook dissented from the majority decision in Steinberg. He agreed instead with the Madison Mutual decision:\n\"Because [the dealer] was required to have insurance under the mandatory insurance law, and because [the dealer] was prohibited from permitting Massey to use its vehicle unless the vehicle was covered by a liability insurance policy, I would hold that Massey was 'required by law to be an INSURED,\u2019 despite the fact that other coverage was available to Massey.\u201d Steinberg, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 85 (Cook, J., dissenting).\nLike the court in Madison Mutual, the second district held, in State Farm, that the test-driver of a car owned by a car dealer was an insured under the Universal garage policy issued to the dealer. While test-driving the car, Rodney Luckhart was involved in an accident. He was an insured under a personal auto policy with State Farm. Again, the issue was whether Luckhart was also an insured under the Universal garage policy. State Farm, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 117-18.\nThe State Farm court acknowledged the conflict between Madison Mutual and Steinberg and decided that Madison Mutual was the better decision. Like the Madison Mutual court, it concluded that Luckhart was \"required by law to be an INSURED\u201d because, when he was test-driving the dealer\u2019s vehicle, Illinois law required him to be covered by liability insurance. The State Farm court also agreed with the Madison Mutual court\u2019s conclusion that Universal\u2019s interpretation of its policy improperly equated the words \"required by law\u201d with the terms \"requiring or needing insurance.\u201d The court noted that, had Universal wished to limit its coverage to those permissive users without adequate insurance, it could have made this distinction. State Farm, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 120, 121.\nThe State Farm court rejected the Steinberg court\u2019s interpretation of the policy because it believed that the \"fine, artificial line\u201d this court drew could \"lead to unreasonable and possibly absurd results that would weaken the purpose of the insurance requirement under the [Vehicle] Code.\u201d State Farm, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 122.\nThe State Farm court also supported its decision with public policy reasons. It stated that the purpose of the mandatory insurance requirements was to protect the public and not to protect another insurance company. It concluded that it was not unreasonable to hold Universal primarily liable for insurance coverage during a test-drive because, although Universal receives no premiums from the test-driver, the car dealer benefits from the test-drive by increasing the chance of a purchase. Although Illinois law does not require car dealers to furnish insurance coverage to customers using their autos, to distinguish between customers with insurance and those without would lead to unreasonable and absurd results under Universal\u2019s garage policy. State Farm, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 120-22.\nBased on Madison Mutual and State Farm, we conclude that Griffin was an insured according to the definition in the Universal policy. Courts should not distort the meaning of words in a policy to reach a desired result, and they should not search for or create ambiguities where there are none but should interpret the policy as a whole and according to the plain, ordinary, and popular meaning of its language. International Minerals & Chemical Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 168 Ill. App. 3d 361, 371, 522 N.E.2d 758 (1988).\nIn Madison Mutual and State Farm, the courts adhered to this rule of construction by enforcing the language \"required by law to be an INSURED\u201d according to its plain and ordinary meaning. The flaw in Universal\u2019s argument is that it interprets this language as if it reads \"required by law to be an INSURED under the dealer\u2019s policy.\u201d The plain language of the policy definition, however, does not specify that the permissive user be required by law to be an insured under the dealer\u2019s policy. Consequently, a permissive user is an insured under the Universal policy if the user is required by law to be an insured under any policy. Because Illinois law requires permissive users to have insurance, permissive users are \"required by law to be an INSURED\u201d and are, therefore, insureds under the Universal policy.\nUniversal could have drafted its definition of an insured such that, to fall within this definition, permissive users must be required by law to be insured under the Universal policy. Universal, however, did not limit its policy definition in this manner. As a result, the fact that Illinois law does not require owners or dealers to provide insurance for permissive users is irrelevant. As the Madison Mutual and State Farm courts correctly concluded, the definition includes permissive users who are required by law to be an insured under any policy, and Illinois has such a requirement in section 7\u2014601 of the Vehicle Code.\nLike Universal\u2019s interpretation of the policy, the Steinberg court\u2019s interpretation is at variance with the plain language of the policy. The Steinberg court concluded that permissive users with their own insurance are not insureds under the Universal policy. The policy definition of an insured, however, does not distinguish between permissive users with their own insurance and those without their own insurance. Contrary to the Steinberg court\u2019s conclusion, the words \"required by law to be an INSURED\u201d do not contain such a distinction. Regardless of whether permissive users have their own insurance, under section 7\u2014601 they are \"required by law to be an INSURED.\u201d Whether they have their own insurance merely demonstrates whether they have met this requirement. For these reasons, we choose not to follow Steinberg. Instead, we follow the Madison Mutual and State Farm decisions because these decisions are consistent with the plain language of the policy. Based on the reasoning in these cases, we hold that Griffin was an insured under Universal\u2019s policy.\nAllstate argues that we may also find that Griffin was an insured under the Universal policy if we find that Universal\u2019s policy definition is ambiguous. Allstate relies on the rule that ambiguities in a policy will be construed against the insurer and in favor of the insured. See National Discount Shoes, Inc. v. Royal Globe Insurance Co., 99 Ill. App. 3d 54, 60, 424 N.E.2d 1166 (1981).\nA court will not search for an ambiguity, however, where none exists (Crum & Forster Managers Corp. v. Resolution Trust Corp., 156 Ill. 2d 384, 391, 620 N.E.2d 1073 (1993)), and a policy term is not ambiguous merely because the parties can suggest creative possibilities for its meaning (Lapham-Hickey Steel Corp. v. Protection Mutual Insurance Co., 166 Ill. 2d 520, 529, 655 N.E.2d 842 (1995)). Despite the parties\u2019 differing interpretations of the policy, we believe that the Universal policy definition of an insured is not ambiguous. As we have explained, the plain language of this definition provides coverage in states with statutes requiring permissive users to be \u201can INSURED,\u201d that is, to be insured.\nAllstate asserts that a Pennsylvania court in another jurisdiction has held that the Universal definition of an insured is ambiguous. See State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Universal Underwriters Insurance Co., 441 Pa. Super. 446, 456, 657 A.2d 1252, 1257 (1995), appeal granted, 544 Pa. 613, 674 A.2d 1075 (1996). The court in the Pennsylvania State Farm case construed the ambiguity it found against Universal and, therefore, held that the permissive user of the dealer\u2019s car was an insured under the dealer\u2019s policy with Universal. State Farm, 441 Pa. Super, at 457, 657 A.2d at 1257.\nThe Pennsylvania case does not support a conclusion in this case that the policy definition is ambiguous. First, we note that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has granted an appeal in that case. Also, although the policy language in that case is the same as the language in this case, the state mandatory insurance law is different. The Pennsylvania court\u2019s finding that the definition was ambiguous was based on the fact that the court could not determine by reference to Pennsylvania law who was \"required by law to be an INSURED.\u201d Unlike Pennsylvania law, Illinois law permits us to determine who was \"required by law to be an INSURED,\u201d and we do not believe that the policy definition was ambiguous in this case. Moreover, we find it significant that, in Madison Mutual, Steinberg, and State Farm, Illinois courts have found no ambiguity in the policy definition.\nIn addition to challenging the circuit court\u2019s conclusion that Griffin was an insured under its policy, Universal contends that the circuit court erred in finding that it must contribute to her coverage on a pro rata basis and that the limits of its policy were $100,000/ $300,000. Universal relies on the following \"other insurance\u201d provision in its policy:\n\"OTHER INSURANCE \u2014 The insurance afforded by this Coverage Part is primary, except it is excess:\n(2) for any person or organization who becomes an INSURED under this Coverage Part as required by law.\u201d\nUniversal also relies on another policy provision that limits its liability in the event there is other insurance:\n\"THE MOST WE WILL PAY \u2014 *** [T]he most WE will pay is:\n1. ***\nWith respect to persons or organizations required by law to be an INSURED, the most WE will pay is that portion of such limit needed to comply with the minimum limits provision of such law in the jurisdiction where the OCCURRENCE took place. When there is other insurance applicable, WE will pay only the amount needed to comply with such minimum limits after such other insurance has been exhausted.\u201d\nUniversal argues that, under these provisions, it owes Griffin no coverage. It claims that the limits of its coverage are $20,000/$40,000 because these are the minimum limits section 7\u2014601 requires. See 625 ILCS 5/7\u2014601, 7\u2014203 (West 1992). According to Universal, section 7\u2014601 rather than section 5\u2014501(b)(6) provides the limits of its coverage because the former is the section under which Griffin is a person \"required by law to be an INSURED.\u201d\nGiven the $20,000/$40,000 limits, Universal argues that it owes Griffin no coverage because its policy requires it to provide coverage only when other insurance is insufficient to provide the $20,000/ $40,000 minimum coverage, and the limits of the Allstate policy were greater than $20,000/$40,000. Universal acknowledges that Allstate also has an excess insurance clause, but it argues that its policy does not apply in this case because its policy limits do not exceed Allstate\u2019s policy limits.\nAllstate responds that Universal\u2019s \"other insurance\u201d clauses conflict with the following \"excess clause\u201d in the Allstate policy:\n\"If a person insured is using a substitute private passenger auto or a non-owned auto, our liability insurance will be excess over other collectible insurance. If more than one policy applies to an accident involving your insured auto, we will bear our proportionate share with other collectible liability insurance.\u201d (Bold in original.)\nAccording to Allstate, the \"other insurance\u201d clauses in the Universal policy constitute an \"escape clause,\u201d and courts have refused to enforce escape clauses in car owner\u2019s policies when the clauses conflict with an excess clause in the driver\u2019s policy. In these cases, the courts have held that the owner\u2019s insurer is primarily liable. See, e.g., New Amsterdam Casualty Co. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyds, London, 34 Ill. 2d 424, 428-29, 216 N.E.2d 665 (1966).\nAlternatively, Allstate asks us to affirm the circuit court\u2019s pro rata assignment of liability. Allstate argues that, when two applicable insurance policies have conflicting excess clauses, the clauses negate each other, and courts require the insurers to contribute to liability on a pro rata basis. These cases support the circuit court\u2019s ruling in this case. Allstate also supports the circuit court\u2019s holding that the limits of Universal\u2019s coverage for Griffin are $100,000/$300,000. According to Allstate, these should be the limits of Griffin\u2019s coverage because they are the minimum limits for the coverage Illinois requires new car dealers to maintain.\nIn determining which insurer in this case is responsible for coverage and in what amount, the decisions in Madison Mutual, Steinberg, and State Farm offer little guidance. In Madison Mutual, the court affirmed the circuit court\u2019s decision that the Universal policy provided primary coverage. It did not discuss this issue, however, and the opinion does not indicate that Universal argued that its coverage was not primary. Universal did argue that the limits of its coverage should be the amount required in the Illinois Vehicle Code, but the court refused to address this issue because the circuit court had not decided it. Madison Mutual, 251 Ill. App. 3d at 17.\nThe Steinberg court\u2019s discussion of Universal\u2019s responsibility for coverage and its policy limits is of limited value because it is dicta. After holding that Massey was not an insured under the Universal policy, the Steinberg court commented that, had it found coverage under the Universal policy, it would have found that the limits of this coverage were $20,000/$40,000 pursuant to section 7\u2014601, not $100,000/$300,000 as the circuit court had found. The court further stated that it disagreed with the Madison Mutual court\u2019s view that Universal should be the primary insurer of permissive users. The Steinberg court said that Illinois law and the Universal policy do not require this. Steinberg, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 83-84.\nIn his dissent, Justice Cook agreed that Universal\u2019s policy limits should be $20,000/$40,000. He disagreed, however, that Universal\u2019s policy should be excess. He noted that the State Farm policy stated that it was excess and that the general rule seemed to be to hold the garage policy primary. Steinberg, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 84-86 (Cook, J., dissenting).\nIn State Farm, the court acknowledged that both State Farm and Universal had argued that their policies provided only excess coverage. Based on the public policy considerations on which it based the first part of its decision, the court held that Universal would be primarily liable for the $9,092.15 for which coverage was sought. Although it disagreed with State Farm\u2019s assertion that Universal\u2019s coverage language was illusory, it concluded that \"to accept the expressed intention of the parties to [the Universal policy] would be inconsistent with the public policy of the State of Illinois and could ultimately lead to an unreasonable and absurd result.\u201d State Farm, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 123. The court stated that it was not necessary to address whether the Universal policy limits are $20,000/$40,000 or $100,000/$300,000 because the amount at issue was significantly below both amounts. State Farm, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 123.\nIn determining Allstate\u2019s and Universal\u2019s responsibility for Griffin\u2019s coverage, therefore, we do not rely on Steinberg or on the Madison Mutual and State Farm decisions holding Universal primarily liable. The Steinberg court\u2019s discussion of this issue was dicta. The court in Madison Mutual did not address this issue, and therefore its affirmance of the circuit court on this issue is unsupported by any citation to authority or reasoning. Although the court in State Farm supported its holding with public policy reasons, we choose not to base our decision on these concerns. Instead, several courts have held that the proper basis for a determination of whether a policy provides primary or excess coverage is an examination of the \"other insurance\u201d clauses in the applicable policies. See, e.g., Home Indemnity Co. v. General Accident Insurance Co., 213 Ill. App. 3d 319, 322, 572 N.E.2d 962 (1991).\nThe parties in this case correctly focus their arguments on the language of the \"other insurance\u201d clauses in their respective policies. Universal essentially asks us to enforce the \"other insurance\u201d provisions contained in its policy despite the conflict with similar provisions in the Allstate policy. This conflict, however, prevents us from excusing Universal from its responsibility for Griffin\u2019s coverage.\nAllstate correctly argues that, when an escape clause in an owner\u2019s policy conflicts with an excess clause in the driver\u2019s policy, courts will not enforce the owner\u2019s policy\u2019s escape clause and will hold the owner\u2019s insurer primarily liable. See New Amsterdam Casualty Co. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyds, London, 34 Ill. 2d 424, 430-31, 216 N.E.2d 665 (1966). However, Allstate is incorrect in its argument that the \"other insurance\u201d provisions in Universal\u2019s policy contained an escape clause.\nThis court recently explained the difference between an escape clause and an excess clause:\n\"An excess clause 'allows coverage only \"over and above\u201d other insurance\u2019; an escape clause 'holds the policy null and void with respect to any hazard as to which other insurance exists.\u2019 \u201d Home Insurance Co. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 266 Ill. App. 3d 1049, 1052, 641 N.E.2d 855 (1994), quoting Putnam v. New Amsterdam Casualty Co., 48 Ill. 2d 71, 76, 269 N.E.2d 97 (1970).\nThe \"other insurance\u201d provisions of Universal\u2019s policy do not contain an escape clause because they do not void coverage in the event another policy applies. Rather, they contain an \"excess-escape\u201d clause because they obligate Universal to provide coverage only to the extent that its own limits exceed the limits of other available insurance. See McDonald v. Country Mutual Insurance Co., 133 Ill. App. 3d 89, 93, 478 N.E.2d 571 (1985). The first paragraph of the \"other insurance\u201d provision in the Allstate policy does not contain a similar limitation, and, therefore, it is an excess clause.\nWhere an excess clause conflicts with an excess-escape clause, a court will not refuse to enforce the excess-escape clause and hold the insurer whose policy contains the clause primarily liable. Padilla v. Norwegian-American Hospital, Inc., 266 Ill. App. 3d 829, 836-37, 641 N.E.2d 572 (1994). In these cases, a court will instead prorate liability between the insurers. Padilla, 266 Ill. App. 3d at 837-88.\nThe excess clause in the Allstate policy is incompatible with the excess-escape clause in the Universal policy. The excess clause in the Allstate policy states that the policy\u2019s coverage is excess under the circumstances in this case. Likewise, the excess-escape clause in the Universal policy states that the policy is excess under the circumstances of this case. Consequently, as the circuit court found, a proration of liability is appropriate.\nA decision that liability should be prorated requires us to decide the basis of the proration. Universal and Allstate both assert that the circuit court decided that liability should be prorated according to the policy limits of the respective policies.\nThere is authority for dividing liability equally among insurers in circumstances similar to those presented in this case. See, e.g., Continental National America Insurance Co. v. Aetna Life & Casualty Co., 186 Ill. App. 3d 891, 898, 542 N.E.2d 954 (1989); Continental Casualty Co. v. Travelers Insurance Co., 84 Ill. App. 2d 200, 207, 228 N.E.2d 141 (1967). There is also authority, however, for prorating liability according to the respective policy limits of the insurers. See, e.g., Continental Casualty Co. v. New Amsterdam Casualty Co., 28 Ill. App. 2d 489, 497-98, 171 N.E.2d 406 (1960).\nIn this case, liability should be prorated according to the policy limits rather than equally divided between Allstate and Universal. First, the parties agree that this is the proper basis for apportioning liability. Second, the \"other insurance\u201d provision in the Allstate policy suggests that proration should be according to the policy limits:\n\"If more than one policy applies to an accident involving your insured auto, we will bear our proportionate share with other collectible liability insurance.\u201d (Bold in original.)\nFinally, by prorating liability according to the policy limits rather than on an equal basis, we impose liability in a manner consistent with the amounts of coverage for which the parties contracted in the respective policies. This approach seems preferable to one under which an insurer with policy limits significantly less than those of another insurer must share liability equally because of incompatibility in the \"other insurance\u201d provisions of the respective policies. See De los Reyes v. Travelers Insurance Cos., 135 Ill. 2d 353, 358, 553 N.E.2d 301 (1990) (in construing an insurance policy, the function of the court is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the parties as expressed in the insurance agreement).\nAlthough we hold that the circuit court correctly decided to prorate liability between Allstate and Universal according to their respective policy limits, we find that the circuit court erred in its determination that Universal\u2019s policy limits with respect to Griffin\u2019s coverage are $100,000/$300,000. Courts should examine an insurance policy as a whole and interpret words according to their plain, ordinary, and popular meanings. Oakley Transport, Inc. v. Zurich Insurance Co., 271 Ill. App. 3d 716, 725-26, 648 N.E.2d 1099 (1995). Applying these rules of construction to Universal\u2019s policy leads to the conclusion that the minimum limits provision that governs the policy limits with respect to Griffin\u2019s coverage is section 7\u2014601.\nAccording to the \"MOST WE WILL PAY\u201d provision of Universal\u2019s policy, \"[w]ith respect to persons or organizations required by law to be an INSURED, the most WE will pay is that portion of such limit needed to comply with the minimum limits provision of such law in the jurisdiction where the OCCURRENCE took place.\u201d The words \"such law\u201d plainly- refer to the law referenced earlier in the sentence, which is the law under which a person is required to be an insured, in this case, section 7\u2014601(a) of the Vehicle Code. The phrase \"minimum limits provision of such law,\u201d therefore, refers to the minimum limits provision of section 7\u2014601. The minimum limits provision of section 7\u2014601 is section 7\u2014203, which provides limits of $20,000 per person, $40,000 per accident, and $15,000 for destruction of property. These should be the limits of Universal\u2019s coverage with respect to Griffin.\nAllstate contends, however, that the limits of Universal\u2019s coverage are $100,000/$300,000 because section 5\u2014101(b)(6) of the Vehicle Code requires new car dealers to carry insurance with these greater limits. Section 5\u2014101, however, is not the law under which Griffin was required to be an insured. Its minimum limits provision does not, therefore, govern the limits of Universal\u2019s coverage with respect to her, although these greater limits would apply to Universal\u2019s coverage of Howard.\nWe affirm the circuit court\u2019s decision that Griffin was an insured under Universal\u2019s policy and that Universal and Allstate must share liability in proportion to their applicable policy limits. We reverse the circuit court\u2019s decision that the limits of Universal\u2019s coverage for Griffin are $100,000/$300,000 and hold that these limits are $20,000/ $40,000.\nWe recognize that the record contains no evidence of the amount of fees and costs Allstate incurred in defending Griffin or the amount, if any, of a judgment or settlement in the Lubow suit. Also, the only evidence in the record of the limits of the Allstate policy is the statement of Allstate\u2019s counsel that she believed these limits were $50,000/$100,000. The parties do not dispute these amounts, however, and, therefore, we believe our decision may be enforced without a determination of these amounts.\nAffirmed in part; reversed in part.\nRAKOWSKI and McNULTY, JJ., concur.\nThe amended version of this statute, which became effective on January 1, 1994, contains no time limitation. 625 ILCS 5/7\u2014601(a) (West 1994).\nUniversal argues that section 7\u2014601 does not apply in this case because car dealers are exempt from this statute under section 7\u2014601(b)(6). We reject this argument because the issue in this case is not whether section 7\u2014601 required Howard to be an insured; rather, the issue is whether this provision required Griffin to be an insured.\nIncluded in the Allstate policy definition of \"insured auto\u201d is an auto the insured temporarily uses while her auto is being serviced.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE DiVITO" } ], "attorneys": [ "Judge & James, Ltd., of Park Ridge (Jay S. Judge, Kristine A. Karlin, and Daniel M. Extrom, of counsel), for appellant.", "Hinshaw & Culbertson, of Chicago (Carol Proctor and Joshua G. Vincent, of counsel), for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "UNIVERSAL UNDERWRITERS INSURANCE GROUP, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. IRENE GRIFFIN et al., Defendants-Appellees.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1\u201496\u20141085\nOpinion filed March 4, 1997.\nRehearing denied April 3, 1997.\nJudge & James, Ltd., of Park Ridge (Jay S. Judge, Kristine A. Karlin, and Daniel M. Extrom, of counsel), for appellant.\nHinshaw & Culbertson, of Chicago (Carol Proctor and Joshua G. Vincent, of counsel), for appellees." }, "file_name": "0061-01", "first_page_order": 79, "last_page_order": 95 }