{ "id": 351159, "name": "KEVIN GRAEME SMITH et al., Plaintiffs and Counterdefendants-Appellees, v. CARL A. NEUMANN, Defendant and Counterplaintiff-Appellant (Arnstein and Lehr, Defendants)", "name_abbreviation": "Smith v. Neumann", "decision_date": "1997-07-18", "docket_number": "No. 2\u201496\u20141154", "first_page": "1056", "last_page": "1071", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "289 Ill. App. 3d 1056" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "715 F. Supp. 1405", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 7394248 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1413" }, { "page": "1414" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/715/1405-01" ] }, { "cite": "194 Ill. App. 3d 18", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8497974 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "27" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/194/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "212 Ill. App. 3d 287", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2600283 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "294" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/212/0287-01" ] }, { "cite": "228 Ill. App. 3d 174", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5220885 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "179" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/228/0174-01" ] }, { "cite": "278 Ill. App. 3d 606", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1156771 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "614" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/278/0606-01" ] }, { "cite": "257 Ill. App. 3d 417", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2891805 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "420" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/257/0417-01" ] }, { "cite": "144 Wis. 2d 318", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wis. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8668443 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wis-2d/144/0318-01" ] }, { "cite": "206 Ill. App. 3d 272", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2561546 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/206/0272-01" ] }, { "cite": "262 Ill. App. 3d 343", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2852129 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "344" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/262/0343-01" ] }, { "cite": "14 A.L.R.5th 695", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 5th", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "discussing cases and providing examples in which courts have held liability insurance was not established for attorneys" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "140 Cal. Rptr. 493", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "72 Cal. App. 3d 835", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1987632 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-app-3d/72/0835-01" ] }, { "cite": "12 Harv. L. Rev. 417", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Harv. L. Rev.", "year": 1899, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "417" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "161 Ill. 2d 433", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 783179 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "441" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/161/0433-01" ] }, { "cite": "156 Ill. 2d 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 777559 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "193" }, { "page": "193" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/156/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "166 Ill. 2d 520", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 198897 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "529" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/166/0520-01" ] }, { "cite": "282 Ill. App. 3d 1065", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 159480 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1071" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/282/1065-01" ] }, { "cite": "283 Ill. App. 3d 630", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 182793 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "649" }, { "page": "646-47", "parenthetical": "discussing a \"prior policy\" provision" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/283/0630-01" ] }, { "cite": "154 Ill. 2d 90", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4820940 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "108" }, { "page": "119-21" }, { "page": "108-09" }, { "page": "108-09" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/154/0090-01" ] }, { "cite": "267 Ill. App. 3d 1043", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1295605 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "120" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/285/0115-01" ] }, { "cite": "273 Ill. App. 3d 27", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 258678 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "30" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/273/0027-01" ] }, { "cite": "172 Ill. 2d 243", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 55980 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "256" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/172/0243-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 3d 640", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 253153 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "649" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/272/0640-01" ] }, { "cite": "263 Ill. App. 3d 305", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5368305 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "312" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/263/0305-01" ] }, { "cite": "556 F. Supp. 135", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3534181 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "138" }, { "page": "136" }, { "page": "138-39" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/556/0135-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1182, "char_count": 35497, "ocr_confidence": 0.77, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.324700074429739e-07, "percentile": 0.6275595604222486 }, "sha256": "5121ecf46a4a40f1c49d1e99002beaa608841e866d76da07d44250a341eaa4e2", "simhash": "1:9bfb2362420ea5b7", "word_count": 5644 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:29:08.370768+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "KEVIN GRAEME SMITH et al., Plaintiffs and Counterdefendants-Appellees, v. CARL A. NEUMANN, Defendant and Counterplaintiff-Appellant (Arnstein and Lehr, Defendants)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HUTCHINSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Carl A. Neumann, appeals from the order of the circuit court of Du Page County granting summary judgment to plaintiffs, Kevin Graeme Smith and other underwriters at Lloyd\u2019s London. On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in finding that the provisions within clause (bb) of plaintiffs\u2019 insurance policy precluded defendant from receiving insurance coverage. We affirm.\nThe record on appeal reveals the following facts. In 1985, defendant was a partner at the law firm of Arnstein & Lehr. One of defendant\u2019s clients was Indeck Energy Services, Inc. (Indeck). Defendant provided legal services for Indeck beginning in 1985. While at Arnstein & Lehr, defendant drafted an employment agreement and a shareholders\u2019 agreement for Indeck. Shortly thereafter, Indeck hired Michael Polsky to be its chief executive officer. Indeck and Polsky entered into the employment agreement and shareholders\u2019 agreement that had been drafted by defendant. The agreement allowed Polsky to acquire stock shares in Indeck.\nOn November 30,1987, defendant resigned from Arnstein & Lehr, and on December 1, 1987, defendant became a partner at Keck, Ma-hin & Cate (Keck). At Keck, defendant continued to perform legal services for Indeck.\nIn August 1990 Indeck gave Polsky notice of its intent to terminate Polsky\u2019s employment, effective in September 1990. In 1991 this employment dispute was submitted to the commercial arbitration tribunal. The arbitration also addressed Polsky\u2019s rights under the related shareholders\u2019 agreement. Indeck was represented at the arbitration by defendant and another Keck attorney, Steven Adel-man.\nOn November 27, 1991, the arbitrator found that Indeck\u2019s termination of Polsky violated the terms of the employment agreement. The arbitrator awarded Polsky approximately $21.6 million in compensatory damages and for redemption of Polsky\u2019s Indeck stock pursuant to the shareholders\u2019 agreement.\nFollowing the results of the arbitration, in or about April 1992, Indeck terminated the services of Keck, defendant, and Adelman. In-deck also refused to pay outstanding invoices for work performed by defendant and Keck in the Polsky arbitration.\nOn April 8, 1992, defendant and representatives of Indeck and Keck met at Indeck\u2019s offices to discuss Keck\u2019s unpaid billing invoices. At that meeting, Indeck claimed that Keck and defendant had committed professional malpractice. Indeck presented Keck and defendant with a written list identifying alleged instances of malpractice. With regard to purported malpractice in professional services performed by defendant while he was employed by Arnstein & Lehr, Indeck alleged with respect to the Polsky matter:\n\"6. Substance of Shareholders Agreement. Failure to have minority shareholder discount provision or even to discuss it with the client.\u201d\nOn April 28, 1992, written notice of a potential claim by Indeck for professional malpractice was given to Keck and defendant\u2019s professional liability insurer, Attorney\u2019s Liability Assurance Society, Inc. (ALAS). Attached to the notice was the list of alleged errors that defendant received at the April 8,1992, meeting. ALAS acknowledged the Indeck claim in May 1992 and has provided insurance coverage to Keck and defendant for the entire claim, without any reservation of rights.\nIn November 1993 Indeck tendered to Keck, defendant, and Adel-man a proposed agreement to toll the statute of limitations. The proposed tolling agreement was also forwarded to ALAS on or before November 12, 1993. Defendant signed the tolling agreement on November 18, 1993. Defendant was specifically named a party to this agreement, \"individually and as present or former partner of the law firm [Keck].\u201d The agreement purports to toll \"any and all statute of limitations and statute of repose which would otherwise expire *** between Indeck and Keck.\u201d\nOn October 14, 1994, Indeck filed suit in the Lake County circuit court against Keck, Adelman, and defendant. In its second amended complaint, Indeck alleged acts of professional malpractice committed by Keck, Adelman, and defendant from 1985 to 1992.\nOn October 28, 1994, Lawrence Wojcik, a partner at Keck, transmitted a photocopy of the original Indeck complaint to Arnstein & Lehr. On October 31, 1994, Arnstein & Lehr forwarded a copy of the complaint to its insurance broker, Rollins Hudig Hall of Illinois, Inc. On August 28, 1995, defendant sent a letter to Arnstein & Lehr\u2019s insurance broker, requesting that plaintiffs coordinate their defense and indemnity obligations with defendant\u2019s and Keck\u2019s defense counsel.\nDefendant is insured for the Indeck claim under an ALAS policy issued to Keck effective from April 1, 1992, to April 1, 1993. In addition to insuring defendant for claims arising out of professional services he performed while at Keck, the ALAS policy contains a \"prior acts endorsement,\u201d providing coverage for defendant while he is a partner at Keck, for claims made against him \"by reason of any ACT\u201d committed \"in his *** professional capacity as an Attorney, Counselor of Law or Notary prior to such assured becoming a partner or employee of the FIRM.\u201d Thus, the ALAS policy covers defendant for claims made while defendant is a partner at Keck, by reason of his acts at Arnstein & Lehr or any other firm where he may have been employed before he became a partner at Keck.\nDefendant admitted in both the present case and the underlying Indeck action that ALAS covered him for all acts, errors, or omis- . sions in the underlying Indeck suit without a reservation of rights.\nOn January 25, 1996, plaintiffs denied coverage to defendant for the claims made against him in the Indeck action. On February 1, 1996, plaintiffs filed a complaint against defendant and Arnstein & Lehr, seeking the trial court\u2019s declaration that they have no obligation to defend or indemnify defendant in the Indeck action.\nOn June 4, 1996, plaintiffs moved for summary judgment; defendant moved for summary judgment the following day. Defendant submitted his own affidavit in response to plaintiff\u2019s motion for summary judgment.\nIn the present case, in his counterclaim, defendant seeks coverage under plaintiffs\u2019 policies for his acts, errors, or omissions at Arn-stein & Lehr under one primary and two excess policies of insurance effective from May 4, 1994, to May 4, 1995. The two excess policies are \"subject to the same warranties, terms and conditions\u201d that are contained in the primary policy. The \"Declarations Page\u201d of plaintiffs\u2019 primary policy identifies the \"Named Insured\u201d and \"the Insured\u201d as follows:\n\"1. The Insured: The unqualified word, 'Insured,\u2019 whenever used in this policy means:\na. the Named Insured firm or predecessor firm set forth in the Declarations;\nc. any former partner, officer, director or stockholder employee of the firm or predecessor firms named in the Declarations while acting solely in a professional capacity on behalf of such firms.\u201d\nThe insuring agreement of plaintiffs\u2019 primary policy reads as follows:\n\"1. The Coverage\nProfessional Liability and Claims Made Clause: To pay on behalf of the Insured all sums in excess of the Deductible amount stated in the Declarations which the Insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages as a result of CLAIMS FIRST MADE AGAINST THE INSURED DURING THE POLICY PERIOD:\na. by reason of any act, error or omission in professional services rendered or that should have been rendered by the Insured\nPROVIDED ALWAYS THAT such act, error or omission or such Personal Injury happens:\naa. during the policy period, or\nbb. prior to the policy period provided that, prior to the effective date of this policy:\n1. the Insured did not give notice to any prior insurer of any such act, error, omission or Personal Injury, and\n2. the Insured did not have a basis to believe that the act, error or omission or Personal Injury was a breach of professional duty or may result in a claim, and\n3. there is no prior policy or policies which provide insurance for such liability or claim, whether or not the available Limits of Liability of such prior policy or policies are sufficient to pay any liability or claim or whether or not the deductible provisions and amount of such prior policy or policies are different from this policy.\u201d\nOn August 30, 1996, after briefing and oral argument, the trial court ruled on the two motions. The trial court first determined that all three clause (bb) conditions to prior acts coverage had to be satisfied. The trial court then found that the terms \"prior policy\u201d and \"prior insurer\u201d of clause (bb) were plain and unambiguous. The trial court stated:\n\"[T]he most obvious construction of prior insurer or prior policy is just that. Any policy of insurance that was issued prior to the insurance carrying this clause is the most reasonable, straightforward and logical conclusion.\u201d\nThe trial court disagreed with defendant\u2019s argument that these terms had to apply to prior insurer or prior policies only of the named insured, Arnstein & Lehr, stating defendant\u2019s interpretation would \"torture, if not commit a homicide on that phrase.\u201d\nThe trial court next addressed defendant\u2019s argument that clause (bb)(3) was an \"unenforceable escape other insurance\u201d clause. The trial court found that clause (bb)(3) was not an escape other insurance clause but, rather, an initial qualified extension of coverage. The trial court relied on the following passage from Evanston Insurance Co. v. Affiliated FM Insurance Co., 556 F. Supp. 135 (D. Conn. 1983):\n\"It is logical and reasonable, from the point of view of both the insurer and the insured, that such coverage would not be extended to acts already covered by prior policies. 'Claims-made\u2019 premiums are undoubtedly structured to reflect this explicit exclusion of coverage.\u201d Evanston Insurance Co., 556 F. Supp. at 138.\nThe trial court also addressed defendant\u2019s argument that the list of alleged professional errors that he received from Indeck did not constitute notice of each act, error, or omission in services performed at Arnstein & Lehr on which Indeck later sued. The trial court found that defendant\u2019s argument that clause (bb)(l) should not apply because the list did not specifically list all drafting errors subsequently alleged in the claim \"would turn this into Metaphysics 101.\u201d\nWith respect to clause (bb)(2), the trial court found that because defendant\n\"was apprised on April 8, 1992, *** that there were drafting errors, albeit in failing to provide protection against the diminished value that a minority shareholder\u2019s shares always carry, that he should have either objectively or *** subjectively known that *** [a]n error or omission was a breach of a professional duty or may result in a claim.\u201d\nThe trial court granted summary judgment to plaintiffs on all three (bb) clauses, noting that \"there\u2019s a failure to comply with all three in the conjunctive, although the failure as to any one would be disposi-tive on the issue of coverage.\u201d Defendant timely appeals.\nIn the present case, both parties filed motions for summary judgment; thus, they invite this court to decide the issues presented as a question of law. Giannetti v. Angiuli, 263 Ill. App. 3d 305, 312 (1994). Summary judgment is properly granted if \"the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\u201d 735 ILCS 5/2\u20141005(c) (West 1994). The use of the summary judgment procedure encourages the expeditious disposition of a lawsuit. Bryant v. Glen Oaks Medical Center, 272 Ill. App. 3d 640, 649 (1995). The purpose of summary judgment is not to try questions of fact, but to determine whether such questions exist. Allegro Services, Ltd. v. Met ropolitan Pier & Exposition Authority, 172 Ill. 2d 243, 256 (1996). Summary judgment should be granted only when the right of the moving party is clear and free from doubt. Guerino v. Depot Place Partnership, 273 Ill. App. 3d 27, 30 (1995). We review summary judgment orders de nova. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Universal Underwriters Group, 285 Ill. App. 3d 115, 120 (1997). An appellate court may affirm a summary judgment on any basis found in the record. Monticello Insurance Co. v. Wil-Freds Construction, Inc., 277 Ill. App. 3d 697, 701 (1996). The issue before us in the present case involves the interpretation of an insurance policy and is, therefore, a question of law subject to de nova review. See Oakley Transport, Inc. v. Zurich Insurance Co., 271 Ill. App. 3d 716, 720 (1995).\nOn appeal, defendant first contends that the trial court erred in finding that clauses (bb)(l) and (bb)(3) precluded coverage for defendant for the Indeck complaint. Defendant takes issue with the trial court\u2019s interpretations of the phrases \"prior policy\u201d and \"prior insurer.\u201d He contends that plaintiffs\u2019 failure to define the phrases created an ambiguity in the policy. Defendant urges this court to find the phrases \"prior policy\u201d and \"prior insurer\u201d to mean prior policies and prior insurers of Arnstein & Lehr, and not insurers of other law firms. Defendant argues that his interpretation is consistent with the purpose of claims-made policies, i.e., to prevent \"stacking\u201d more than one claims-made policy in the same \"stream of coverage,\u201d and that plaintiffs\u2019 interpretation would lead to an unlawful result, describing clause (bb)(3) as an \"unenforceable escape other insurance\u201d clause. In the alternative, defendant argues that, even if Keck\u2019s insurer, ALAS, was a \"prior insurer,\u201d defendant did not give notice to ALAS in 1992 or 1993 of the alleged acts, errors, or omissions in drafting the employment agreement or the shareholders\u2019 agreement, rendering clause (bb)(l) inapplicable. Defendant contends that the April 1992 letter to ALAS was merely to advise ALAS of criticisms leveled against Keck and not defendant.\nPlaintiffs counter that \"prior policy\u201d and \"prior insurer\u201d are not ambiguous terms. Plaintiffs argue that \"prior policy\u201d should be interpreted to mean prior policies and prior insurers of defendant. They contend that ALAS is defendant\u2019s prior insurer and the ALAS policy is defendant\u2019s prior policy. They further argue that clause (bb)(3) is a valid qualified extension of prior acts coverage and not an \"unenforceable escape other insurance\u201d clause and that the \"stream of coverage\u201d was the sequence of policies insuring defendant. Plaintiffs also contend that the present case does not present an \"other insurance\u201d situation because it does not involve competing, concurrent policies. Moreover, plaintiffs argue that clause (bb)(l) bars coverage because defendant gave notice to ALAS prior to the effective date of plaintiffs\u2019 policies.\nAn agreement reduced to writing must be presumed to reflect the intention of the parties who signed it. Western Illinois Oil Co. v. Thompson, 26 Ill. 2d 287, 291 (1962); Central Illinois Public Service Co. v. American Empire Surplus Lines Insurance Co., 267 Ill. App. 3d 1043, 1048 (1994). To ascertain the meaning of the policy\u2019s words and the intent of the parties, the court must construe the policy as a whole with due regard to the risk undertaken, the subject matter that is insured, and the purposes of the contract in its entirety. Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. (Outboard Marine Corp.), 154 Ill. 2d 90, 108 (1992); Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. (Outboard Marine Corp. (II)), 283 Ill. App. 3d 630, 649 (1996). Illinois law governing the construction of insurance contracts dictates that, if a policy term is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation, any ambiguity must be construed in favor of the policyholder. See Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 119-21. Where the terms of an agreement are plain and unambiguous, a court must afford them their plain, ordinary, and popular meaning. Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 108-09; see also Caterpillar, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 282 Ill. App. 3d 1065, 1071 (1996). In addition, the absence of a definition does not render a policy term ambiguous, nor is it ambiguous simply because the parties can suggest creative possibilities for its meaning. Lapham-Hickey Steel Corp. v. Protection Mutual Insurance Co., 166 Ill. 2d 520, 529 (1995); Bruder v. Country Mutual Insurance Co., 156 Ill. 2d 179, 193 (1993). The alternate interpretation must also be reasonable. Bruder, 156 Ill. 2d at 193. Although ambiguities in an insurance policy will be construed against the insurer, courts will not distort the language of a policy to create an ambiguity where none exists. Dixon Distributing Co. v. Hanover Insurance Co., 161 Ill. 2d 433, 441 (1994), citing Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 108-09. Whether an ambiguity exists is a question of law for the trial court to determine. Central Illinois Public Service Co., 267 Ill. App. 3d at 1048.\n\"A word generally has several meanings, even in the dictionary. You have to consider the sentence in which it stands to decide which of those meanings it bears in the particular case, and very likely will see that it there has a shade of significance more refined than any given in the wordbook.\u201d O. Holmes, The Theory of Legal Interpretation, 12 Harv. L. Rev. 417, 417 (1899).\nOur analysis must begin with an examination of the policy, as written. Subject to other terms and conditions, coverage is provided for all professional services rendered \"during the policy period\u201d or \"prior to the policy period\u201d provided that the three conditions precedent of clause (bb) set forth in subsections (1), (2), and (3) are satisfied. We agree with the trial court\u2019s finding that, because the word \"and\u201d follows subsections (1) and (2), all three conditions must be met to receive coverage. As a result, plaintiffs need not defend or otherwise indemnify defendant for the defense costs in the Indeck action should defendant fail to satisfy any one of the three clause (bb) conditions.\nThe trial court relied on Evanston Insurance Co. in its determination that ALAS was a prior insurer of defendant and that the ALAS policy was a prior policy providing coverage for the Indeck claim. To that effect, the trial court found that defendant failed to satisfy subsections (1) and (3) of clause (bb). We agree with the trial court that Evanston Insurance Co. is persuasive. In Evanston Insurance Co., a real estate agent was sued for alleged negligent misrepresentation. Evanston Insurance Company (Evanston) provided a defense for the agent, and subsequently Evanston sought a declaratory judgment to have Affiliated FM Insurance Company (Affiliated) defend or indemnify the agent and to reimburse Evanston for its defense costs. Affiliated\u2019s policy contained an \"other insurance\u201d clause. However, Evanston\u2019s policy, a claims-made policy, contained a provision such that the agent would be covered for acts that occurred\n\"[p]rior to the policy period provided that *** there is no prior policy or policies which provide insurance *** resulting from such act, *** whether or not the available limits of liability of such prior policy or policies are sufficient *** or whether or not the deductible provisions and amount of such prior policy or policies are different from this policy.\u201d Evanston Insurance Co., 556 F. Supp. at 136.\nIn granting Evanston\u2019s motion for summary judgment, the court determined that Affiliated was a \"prior insurer\u201d of the agent; Evanston\u2019s proviso was not an \"escape\u201d clause but, rather, a valid exclusion of coverage; and that Affiliated was obligated to defend the agent. Evanston Insurance Co., 556 F. Supp. at 138-39.\nIn the present case, we find no ambiguity in plaintiffs\u2019 coverage section with respect to \"prior insured\u201d and \"prior-policy.\u201d In plaintiffs\u2019 policy, the section entitled \"THE COVERAGE\u201d sets forth two different principles for determining when the coverage is available to defendant. No limitation on coverage is listed when a negligent act occurs during this period. However, when the negligent act occurs prior to the effective date of the policy period, coverage extends only when no other policy can provide coverage. In the present case, there was a prior insurer that provided coverage in a prior policy \u2014 ALAS and its policy. Because we also agree with the trial court and courts of other jurisdictions that insurance companies have an unquestionable right to limit the coverage of their insurance policies, we determine that plaintiffs\u2019 clause (bb)(3) is a valid exclusion from coverage and not an \"unenforceable escape other insurance\u201d clause. See Chamberlin v. Smith, 72 Cal. App. 3d 835, 140 Cal. Rptr. 493 (1977); see generally Annotation, Event Triggering Liability Insurance Coverage as Occurring Within Period of Time Covered by Liability Insurance Policy Where Injury or Damage is Delayed \u2014 Modern Cases, 14 A.L.R.5th 695 (1993) (discussing cases and providing examples in which courts have held liability insurance was not established for attorneys).\nWe also note the case of Associated Physicians Insurance Co. v. Obasi, 262 Ill. App. 3d 343 (1994), a case we refer to solely for an excerpt of a policy provision. According to Associated\u2019s policy, a \"Claim First Made\u201d means, inter alia, that \"a CLAIM has been received, for the first time, by the INSURED during the POLICY PERIOD or immediately prior to the POLICY PERIOD at a time when said INSURED was covered under a prior professional liability policy issued by the Company which has been renewed by this policy.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Associated Physicians Insurance Co., 262 Ill. App. 3d at 344. What this excerpt suggests to us is that an insurer may limit its scope of coverage by including appropriate language in the policy. See also Outboard Marine Corp. (II), 283 Ill. App. 3d at 646-47 (discussing a \"prior policy\u201d provision). In the present case, we find that the policy\u2019s unambiguous and plain meaning should be given effect. Therefore, if plaintiffs intended to limit clause (bb) to prior policies of Arnstein & Lehr, they could have done so in a fashion similar to that of Associated Physicians Insurance Co. Because no limiting language as such exists in clause (bb)(3) of the present case, we decline to interpret clause (bb)(3) as limiting coverage to prior policies of Arnstein & Lehr.\nBecause defendant failed to satisfy clause (bb) in its entirety, defendant in the present case is precluded from receiving insurance coverage from plaintiffs. Typically, this would obviate the need to address defendant\u2019s other issues on appeal. However, the dynamics of the present case necessitate further discussion. Therefore, we will address each of defendant\u2019s issues in turn.\nDefendant argues alternatively that clause (bb)(l) is inapplicable because, even if Keck\u2019s insurer, ALAS, was a \"prior insurer,\u201d ALAS received no notice of defendant\u2019s alleged drafting errors in the employment agreement or the shareholders\u2019 agreement until they were raised in the Indeck complaint filed in October 1994. Defendant contends that the April 28, 1992, letter to ALAS was merely to advise ALAS of criticisms leveled against Keck, and not defendant. Plaintiffs argue that clause (bb)(l) bars coverage because defendant gave notice to ALAS prior to the effective date of plaintiffs\u2019 policies. The trial court found that Keck\u2019s April 28, 1992, notice to ALAS of potential claims raised by Indeck against Keck constituted notice to a prior insurer of defendant.\nWe find defendant\u2019s argument lacks merit. Defendant is attempting to distinguish and distance himself from \"the firm,\u201d but this is impossible. At the very heart of the arbitration between Indeck and Polsky, and the subsequent litigation between Indeck and defendant and Keck, lies the employment agreement and the shareholders\u2019 agreement that defendant drafted while at Arnstein & Lehr. We have already determined that ALAS is a \"prior insurer\u201d of defendant. Thus, the issue becomes: who is the \"insured,\u201d and at what point did the \"insured\u201d give notice to ALAS?\nWe find that defendant is an \"insured\u201d under plaintiff\u2019s policy definition of \"the Insured.\u201d Defendant is an \"Insured\u201d under subsection (c) as a \"former partner *** of the firm named in the Declarations,\u201d i.e., Arnstein & Lehr, but only \"while acting solely in a professional capacity on behalf of such firms.\u201d Arnstein & Lehr is separately defined as an \"Insured\u201d under subsection (a) as the \"Named Insured firm *** in the Declarations.\u201d We also agree with the trial court\u2019s finding that the April 28, 1992, letter to ALAS constituted defendant\u2019s notice to a prior insurer. We agree with defendant that the April 28, 1992, letter refers to \"the firm\u201d and not defendant specifically by name. However, in reading the letter, logic dictates that \"the firm\u201d means not only Keck but also \"[members of] the firm.\u201d To read the letter in any other fashion would be absurd. For example, one sentence of the letter reads, \"At a meeting between the principal officers of Indeck and the firm ***, the Indeck officers \u2022 presented a list of *** matters which they asserted had been improperly handled by the firm.\u201d \"Firm\u201d is defined as a \"[bjusiness entity or enterprise.\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 634 (6th ed. 1990). One example of an entity is a partnership, which includes professional corporations, such as Keck. A \"corporation\u201d is defined as \"[a]n artificial person or legal entity created by or under the authority of the laws of a state.\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 340 (6th ed. 1990); see generally 805 ILCS 5/1.01 et seq. (West 1994). A \"partnership\u201d is a \"business [that is] owned by two or more persons that is not organized as a corporation.\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 1120 (6th ed. 1990); see also 805 ILCS 205/6 (West 1996).\nClearly, a literal interpretation of the foregoing sentence from the April 28, 1992, letter would be inane. A \"firm\u201d does not walk into a building and attend a meeting with corporate officers \u2014 human beings, or members of a firm, partnership, or corporation, do. Defendant admitted in his May 17, 1996, affidavit that he attended the April 8, 1992, meeting with the principal officers of Indeck where the Indeck officers presented a list of matters which they asserted had been improperly handled by \"[him] and other Keck attorneys.\u201d Without further belaboring our exercise in semantics, we agree with the trial court and find that the April 28, 1992, letter to ALAS constituted notice to a prior insurer of defendant and that defendant, through that letter, gave notice to a prior insurer of defendant.\nDefendant\u2019s final issue on appeal is whether clause (bb)(2) bars coverage to defendant. Clause (bb)(2) requires that defendant \"did not have a basis to believe that [defendant\u2019s] act, error or omission *** was a breach of professional duty or may result in a claim.\u201d Defendant contends that a subjective standard should be applied to determine whether defendant had a basis to believe that his prior acts may result in a claim. He cites to Gibraltar Casualty Co. v. A. Epstein & Sons, International, Inc., 206 Ill. App. 3d 272 (1990), and Estate of Logan v. Northwestern National Casualty Co., 144 Wis. 2d 318, 424 N.W.2d 179 (1988), in support of his argument. Defendant states in his May 31, 1996, affidavit, inter alia:\n\"2. After the November 1991 arbitration award, Indeck fired [Keck] and me and obtained other counsel ***. ***\n3. On April 8,1992, *** Indeck presented us with a list of specific alleged negligent acts, errors and omissions that Indeck believed [Keck] attorneys had committed ***.\n4. The list contained a section entitled 'Polsky Arbitration!,\u2019] but it did not refer to any *** negligent acts, errors or omissions concerning my drafting work at Arnstein that were later asserted in an October 14, 1994 complaint filed by Indeck.\n5. In November 1993, [Keck], Adelman and I signed an agreement tolling the statute of limitations. Neither the tolling agreement nor the discussions relating to it disclosed to me that Indeck believed I had committed any of the alleged negligent acts, errors or omissions concerning my drafting work ***.\n6. The first time I was made aware that Indeck believed I had committed any of the alleged negligent acts, errors or omissions concerning my drafting work at Arnstein was when I read the October 14, 1994 Indeck Complaint shortly after it was filed.\n7. The only time prior to reading the *** complaint that I was apprised of any concerns regarding my drafting work at Arnstein was the listing in the April 8, 1992 memorandum of a concern regarding the lack of a minority discount provision in the shareholders agreement ***. *** I thought nothing of this item because I had discussed having a minority discount provision in the shareholders agreement with *** the majority shareholder of Indeck. *** [Tjhe parties agreed not to have a minority discount provision.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\n\"Where a party moving for summary judgment files supporting affidavits containing well-pleaded facts and the party opposing the motion files no counteraifidavits, the material facts set forth in the moving party\u2019s affidavits stand as admitted. Diversified Realty Group, Inc. v. Davis, 257 Ill. App. 3d 417, 420 (1993). In the present case, plaintiffs failed to file counteraffidavits in opposition. Therefore, defendant\u2019s affidavits of May 17 and May 31, 1996, are taken as true. See Soderlund Brothers, Inc. v. Carrier Corp., 278 Ill. App. 3d 606, 614 (1995). Defendant\u2019s affidavit dated May 17, 1996, states that at the April 8, 1992, meeting, the attorney for Indeck presented defendant \"with [an] *** outline setting forth a number of purported instances of malpractice supposedly committed by me and other Keck attorneys, and *** damages *** ranging from $13 million to $29 million.\u201d\nWe note that the mere existence of factual questions that are unrelated to the essential elements of the cause of action will not preclude a court from granting summary judgment. Staley Continental, Inc. v. Venterra Sales & Management Co., 228 Ill. App. 3d 174, 179 (1992), citing Village of Beckmeyer v. Wheelan, 212 Ill. App. 3d 287, 294 (1991). Accordingly, facts and circumstances surrounding why defendant failed to include a minority shareholder provision in the shareholders\u2019 agreement are of no consequence to the determination of any matter in dispute in this case.\nThe relevant inquiry is not whether defendant had a basis to believe that Indeck believed defendant had committed any act, error, or omission that may have resulted in a claim but, rather, whether defendant, himself, had a basis to believe that his alleged drafting errors may result in a claim. Therefore, we return to the issue on appeal: whether this court should apply a subjective or objective standard to determine whether defendant had a basis to believe that his alleged errors may result in a claim.\nWe believe that the logic and reasoning of Ratcliffe v. International Surplus Lines Insurance Co., 194 Ill. App. 3d 18 (1990), is persuasive. In Ratcliffe, the plaintiffs brought an action seeking a declaration of the scopes of coverage under two claims-made professional liability policies underwritten by International Surplus Lines Insurance Company. The trial court determined that plaintiffs had made a material misrepresentation because they had not disclosed a dispute with a construction company in their application. On appeal, the plaintiffs argued that the trial court erroneously applied an objective standard in determining whether a misrepresentation occurred. The plaintiffs contended that they honestly and subjectively believed that no circumstances existed at the time of application that might have given rise to a claim. The reviewing court in Ratcliffe relied upon Evanston Insurance Co. v. Security Assurance Co. (Evanston), 715 F. Supp. 1405 (N.D. Ill. 1989), and considered the facts known to the plaintiffs at the time of the policy application. By applying an objective standard, the Ratcliffe court determined that the facts known to the plaintiffs were circumstances that might have given rise to a claim against them and affirmed the trial court on the issue of material misrepresentation. Ratcliffe, 194 Ill. App. 3d at 27.\nIn the present case, both the trial court and plaintiffs rely on Ev-anston for the proposition that an objective standard should apply in determining whether defendant had a basis to believe that his alleged drafting errors might result in a claim. In Evanston, the court considered an errors and omissions policy application question asking whether the applicant knew of \"[any] fact, circumstance or situation indicating the probability of a claim against which indemnification is or would be afforded by the proposed insurance.\u201d Evanston, 715 F. Supp. at 1413. The Evanston court concluded that the question \"calls for no judgmental or subjective evaluation, but in traditional objective language requires the disclosure of any facts indicating the probability of a covered claim.\u201d Evanston, 715 F. Supp. at 1414. We agree with the reasoning and result in Evanston. Although Ratcliffe involves issues of misrepresentations contained in an application for insurance coverage, we believe that the rationale found in both Ev-anston and Ratcliffe leads us to determine that an objective standard should apply.\nApplying an objective standard in the present case, we note defendant\u2019s cognizance of the following facts: that Indeck was defendant\u2019s client; that defendant drafted the employment agreement and the shareholders\u2019 agreement; that at the heart of the Pol-sky arbitration were disputes between Polsky and Indeck concerning provisions of the employment agreement and shareholders\u2019 agreement; that in November 1991 the arbitrator construed the agreements and issued a multimillion dollar award against Indeck; that, subsequent to the arbitration, Indeck fired defendant and refused to pay Keck\u2019s outstanding invoices; that on April 8, 1992, Indeck presented defendant with a list of \"purported instances of malpractice supposedly committed by [him]\u201d; that on April 28, 1992, Keck sent ALAS a letter, notifying ALAS of circumstances that might give rise to a claim against the firm by Indeck; and that in November 1993 defendant signed an agreement tolling the statute of limitations with Indeck, \"individually and as present or former partner of the law firm [Keck].\u201d Under an objective standard, we hold that the above facts gave defendant a \"basis to believe\u201d that defendant\u2019s acts, errors, or omissions may result in a claim. Therefore, the trial court was correct in determining that clause (bb)(2) bars coverage for defendant.\nWe conclude that defendant failed to satisfy clause (bb) in the conjunctive, rendering him excluded from coverage under plaintiffs\u2019 insurance policy.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nBOWMAN and THOMAS, JJ\u201e concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HUTCHINSON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Cecilia M. Comito, Sidney I. Schenkier, and Jerold S. Solovy, all of Jenner & Block, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Larry A. Hoellwarth, Christopher J. Graham, and Michael P. Warnick, all of Peterson & Ross, of Chicago, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "KEVIN GRAEME SMITH et al., Plaintiffs and Counterdefendants-Appellees, v. CARL A. NEUMANN, Defendant and Counterplaintiff-Appellant (Arnstein and Lehr, Defendants).\nSecond District\nNo. 2\u201496\u20141154\nOpinion filed July 18, 1997.\nCecilia M. Comito, Sidney I. Schenkier, and Jerold S. Solovy, all of Jenner & Block, of Chicago, for appellant.\nLarry A. Hoellwarth, Christopher J. Graham, and Michael P. Warnick, all of Peterson & Ross, of Chicago, for appellees." }, "file_name": "1056-01", "first_page_order": 1074, "last_page_order": 1089 }