{ "id": 1725029, "name": "BOARD OF EDUCATION OF ROUND LAKE AREA SCHOOLS, Community Unit School District No. 116, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Board of Education v. State Board of Education", "decision_date": "1997-09-22", "docket_number": "No. 2-96-1230", "first_page": "101", "last_page": "116", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "292 Ill. App. 3d 101" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "160 Ill. App. 3d 916", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3649736 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/160/0916-01" ] }, { "cite": "172 Ill. App. 3d 278", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5083212 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/172/0278-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 Ill. App. 3d 965", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2581489 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/203/0965-01" ] }, { "cite": "167 Ill. 2d 108", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 222770 ], "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/167/0108-01" ] }, { "cite": "105 S. Ct. 1493", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "424 U.S. 319", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12026449 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/424/0319-01" ] }, { "cite": "401 U.S. 371", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11712525 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "379" }, { "page": "119" }, { "page": "786" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/401/0371-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 Ill. App. 3d 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5534772 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "501" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/92/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "128 Ill. App. 3d 623", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3524471 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "630" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/128/0623-01" ] }, { "cite": "266 Ill. App. 3d 693", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 887299 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "702" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/266/0693-01" ] }, { "cite": "285 Ill. App. 3d 1031", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1295646 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1037" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/285/1031-01" ] }, { "cite": "470 U.S. 532", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11299646 ], "weight": 24, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "546" }, { "page": "506" }, { "page": "1495" }, { "page": "538-39" }, { "page": "501" }, { "page": "1491" }, { "page": "542" }, { "page": "503-04" }, { "page": "1493" }, { "page": "542" }, { "page": "504" }, { "page": "1493" }, { "page": "543-44" }, { "page": "504-05" }, { "page": "1493-94" }, { "page": "543-44" }, { "page": "504-05" }, { "page": "1493-94" }, { "page": "545-46" }, { "page": "505-06" }, { "page": "545-46" }, { "page": "506" }, { "page": "545-46" }, { "page": "505-06" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/470/0532-01" ] }, { "cite": "240 Ill. App. 3d 828", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5137758 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "833" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/240/0828-01" ] }, { "cite": "285 Ill. App. 3d 507", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1295610 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "515" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/285/0507-01" ] }, { "cite": "677 F.2d 538", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 557374 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "542" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/677/0538-01" ] }, { "cite": "281 Ill. App. 3d 1010", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 150233 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1018" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/281/1010-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 Ill. 2d 111", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3163966 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/99/0111-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 Ill. 2d 143", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5811365 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "153" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/67/0143-01" ] }, { "cite": "263 Ill. App. 3d 207", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5368019 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/263/0207-01" ] }, { "cite": "281 Ill. App. 3d 1038", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 150231 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/281/1038-01" ] }, { "cite": "269 Ill. App. 3d 370", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 365834 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "375-76" }, { "page": "376" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/269/0370-01" ] }, { "cite": "286 Ill. App. 3d 614", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1544467 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "622-23" }, { "page": "621-22" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/286/0614-01" ] }, { "cite": "105 Ill. 2d 501", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3141089 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "512-13" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/105/0501-01" ] }, { "cite": "206 Ill. App. 3d 69", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2559722 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/206/0069-01" ] }, { "cite": "218 Ill. App. 3d 1017", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8499624 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/218/1017-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 Ill. App. 3d 111", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3579451 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "121" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/158/0111-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 Ill. App. 3d 741", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3076045 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "747" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/102/0741-01" ] }, { "cite": "284 Ill. App. 3d 649", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1260375 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "653" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/284/0649-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 Ill. 2d 353", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5549519 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/122/0353-01" ] }, { "cite": "274 Ill. App. 3d 485", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 291525 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "490" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/274/0485-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 Ill. 2d 443", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3156560 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "467" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/102/0443-01" ] }, { "cite": "273 Ill. App. 3d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 258767 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "9" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/273/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "284 Ill. App. 3d 167", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1260327 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "171" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/284/0167-01" ] }, { "cite": "269 Ill. App. 3d 621", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 365889 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "632" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/269/0621-01" ] }, { "cite": "281 Ill. App. 3d 108", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 150179 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "112" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/281/0108-01" ] }, { "cite": "243 Ill. App. 3d 186", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5109459 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "192" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/243/0186-01" ] }, { "cite": "277 Ill. App. 3d 770", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1172424 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "773" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/277/0770-01" ] }, { "cite": "285 Ill. App. 3d 170", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1295538 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "174-75" }, { "page": "175" }, { "page": "175" }, { "page": "175" }, { "page": "175-76" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/285/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "287 Ill. App. 3d 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 521035 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "353" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/287/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "153 Ill. 2d 76", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4738801 ], "weight": 13, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "88" }, { "page": "88" }, { "page": "88" }, { "page": "88" }, { "page": "88" }, { "page": "88" }, { "page": "97" }, { "page": "97-98" }, { "page": "98" }, { "page": "92" }, { "page": "92-93" }, { "page": "95" }, { "page": "92-93" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/153/0076-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1321, "char_count": 33773, "ocr_confidence": 0.788, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.0391971761778768e-07, "percentile": 0.7475489883773146 }, "sha256": "0716fe0430e02ef5f664daf4250b9f6e645afcdfbdef1e13ff851792b5b51974", "simhash": "1:3997611e6e5634dd", "word_count": 5473 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:39:42.526448+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "BOARD OF EDUCATION OF ROUND LAKE AREA SCHOOLS, Community Unit School District No. 116, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HUTCHINSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Barbara Cohn, was discharged from her position as a school teacher by plaintiff, the Board of Education of Round Lake Area Schools, Community Unit School District No. 116 (the Board), for insubordination and abandoning her duties. After an administrative hearing, John F. Rozner, the hearing officer appointed by the Illinois State Board of Education (the State Board), found Cohn\u2019s conduct remediable, reversed her discharge, and ordered her reinstatement as a school teacher. The Board sought administrative review in the circuit court of Lake County, naming the State Board and Rozner as additional defendants. The trial court affirmed Rozner\u2019s conclusions, and plaintiff timely appealed. On appeal, plaintiff contends that Rozner\u2019s conclusions were against the manifest weight of the evidence in that (1) defendant Cohn\u2019s actions were irremediable because she was insubordinate and abandoned her duties, and (2) defendant Cohn\u2019s due process rights were not violated. We affirm.\nThe administrative hearing record, including Rozner\u2019s findings, reveals the following salient facts. Prior to her dismissal, defendant Cohn was a tenured teacher for Round Lake Area Community School District No. 116. She taught in the district for the last six years and has approximately 35 years\u2019 teaching experience. In August 1994 she began teaching students who were labeled as having learning disabilities.\nCohn is not a \"regular\u201d classroom teacher. Students who meet certain criteria are assigned by their regular classroom teachers to meet with Cohn for short periods during the school day. These students remained in their regular classrooms and fulfilled their regular class schedules, except when their teachers excused them to report for Cohn\u2019s instruction. On occasions when Cohn was unavailable, the students remained with their regular classroom teachers in their regular classrooms.\nIn spring 1994 the Board issued its school calendar for the 1994-95 school year. School sessions were scheduled to commence in August 1994 and end early in June 1995. A two-week winter break was originally scheduled to begin on December 19, 1994; a spring break was also scheduled in March.\nOn October 17, 1994, the Education Association of Round Lake/ IEA-NEA (the Association) went on strike. On December 11, 1994, a strike settlement was reached, and the parties ratified the settlement on December 12. As part of the settlement agreement, the school calendar was modified, eliminating the winter and spring breaks. The amended calendar was distributed to personnel on December 12.\nJust prior to the ratification meeting, Jeanne Kearby, the Association\u2019s grievance chairperson, met with Mary Davis, the superintendent. Their discussion centered on how to resolve fhe issue of teachers who had scheduled vacations during the winter break based on the original calendar for the school year. Davis agreed to consider their requests for leave if they came to see her and gave her proper documentation. Later, Davis held a meeting with all of the principals in the district. She informed them that any requests for leaves of absence should be forwarded to her for specific approval; no principals were to approve leaves on their own.\nOn December 13, 1994, Cohn met with her principal, Ron Kruis, and discussed her trip scheduled for the week beginning December 19. Kruis suggested she draft a letter to Davis, which she did. Later that afternoon Kruis suggested to Cohn that she might need to provide Davis with documentation. On December 14, Cohn brought photocopies of her tickets to forward to Davis.\nOn December 15, Davis wrote to Cohn, stating that her leave would not be approved unless she showed \"verification that booking was made prior to the school year.\u201d On December 16, Cohn submitted to Davis additional documents in support of Cohn\u2019s contention that October 3 was the date of booking. The same day, Davis wrote to Cohn, informing her that her leave request was denied because her \"travel arrangements were finalized November 11, 1994,\u201d and that should Cohn continue with her plans, Davis would consider her actions insubordinate and \"proper administrative discipline would follow.\u201d\nCohn prepared lesson plans to be used in her absence and called the school clerk, Donna Dayment, to arrange for a substitute teacher. Daymen! advised her that she had no authority to arrange for a substitute unless her leave was approved by Davis. Subsequently, Daymen! apprised Davis of the conversation, and Davis instructed her not to arrange for a substitute.\nCohn left on Saturday, December 17, 1994, and reported back to work on December 26. On December 19, 20, and 21, neither Kruis nor Davis secured a substitute for Cohn; Davis arranged for a substitute for Cohn for the remainder of the week.\nCohn returned to work on Monday, December 26, 1994. At the request of Kruis, Cohn filled in as a substitute teacher instead of seeing her assigned students. On December 29, 1994, Cohn sent Davis further documentation showing that the booking date for her travel was October 3, 1994. On January 6, 1995, Cohn received a memorandum from Davis, stating that her leave remained unapproved and that further action would be taken.\nOn January 13,1995, Cohn received a certified letter, dated January 12, 1995, from James Hult, the president of the Board. The letter contained a \"Notice of Charges,\u201d charging her with insubordination and abandonment for allegedly disobeying orders from Davis and Kruis regarding her leave during the week of December 19, 1994. The letter stated that the charges would be considered before the Board on January 19, 1995, and that Cohn would be \"afforded the opportunity in Closed Session to respond to the specific charges.\u201d The letter also stated that she could appear with her attorney or other representative.\nCohn showed the letter to Kearby, who advised her not to attend the meeting and that she and the Association would represent her interests. On January 19, 1995, the Board met, and after a public session, they moved to the closed session. At this time, Kearby and two other Association officials attempted to participate in the closed session on behalf of Cohn. They were precluded from doing so, however, by Hult and Robert Trevarthen, the Board\u2019s attorney, who expected Cohn to be present. Hult and Trevarthen informed the Association officials that they would not be permitted to participate in the closed session without Cohn\u2019s presence or authorization of their representation. The Board voted to dismiss Cohn. Cohn made a timely request for a hearing officer proceeding pursuant to the School Code (105 ILCS 5/1 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 1996)).\nCohn\u2019s posttermination hearing commenced on May 18, 1995. On October 2, 1995, Rozner made the following conclusions:\n\"[The Association representatives] should have ascertained the scope of the vacation problem *** before they approached [Davis], This issue was of such significant financial impact to the individual teacher that it should have been dealt with in a formal process with a memorandum of agreement ***.\n[Davis] did not reduce her so-called understanding with Kearby to writing with copies to the Association. Had that been done we wouldn\u2019t have a conflict as to the content of the agreement, or its administration.\nCommunication with the [principals *** was *** less than adequate***; additionally, there was no evidence that the principals communicated the so-called vacation leave policy to the teachers.\nEven *** Hult[ ] was confused as to what the vacation leave policy was ***, and this was long after he *** voted to terminate Cohn.\nThe administration of the vacation leave policy was inconsistent. Some teachers were granted leaves, some were initially refused and then granted *** leaves ***. Others were allowed to mix personal leave days with unpaid days ***.\n[Davis] *** was not available to deal with these teacher requests and interviews each day during the short period of time preceding the holiday. ***\n* * *\nWith regard to the Board hearing on January 19, 1995 there was no requirement the [sic] Cohn be present at the hearing to consider her actions, and possible dismissal. *** Nor was there a requirement that either or both of these parties had to have evidence that they were authorized by Cohn to represent her.\nThe three representatives *** were present in the hearing room for the purpose of representing Cohn before the Board ***. They were asked to leave by [Davis] so the Board could conduct some other personnel issues first. The three got up and left the room. *** [T]hey were not allowed to return to the Board\u2019s Executive Session. As a result the Board only heard [Davis\u2019] version of the charges. The Board then adjourned the closed session and went back into the public session where they unanimously approved the resolution discharging Cohn.\nThe action of [Hult] and [Trevarthen] clearly smack[s] of union animus. They were told that the Association representatives were there to represent Cohn in this hearing. They certainly knew that these people had a right to be there but yet they were denied the opportunity to represent their member.\nIn the process of denying the Association the right to represent Cohn the Board also denied Cohn her due process rights.\nHad they conducted a proper hearing the Board would have had the opportunity to hear: that Cohn had prepared lesson plans for the substitute teacher to use during her absence, that [Davis] had instructed [Dayment] not to arrange for a substitute for Cohn, that [Kruis] did not call for a substitute ***, that the L.D. children remained in their regular classrooms during these days, that *** when [Davis] returned *** she was surprised that a substitute had not been secured blaming *** Kruis even though she had previously instructed [Dayment] not to respond to Cohn\u2019s request for the substitute. The Board would have found that [Kruis] and [Davis] shared the blame for not providing a substitute on those first three days of the week.\nThe Board would have found that Cohn was welcomed back by Kruis, and that she continued to work from the date of her return, December 26, to January 20, even filling in as a substitute fifth grade teacher, certainly evidence that she was not considered guilty of an irremedialble [szc] offense.\nThe Board may have concluded as I have that this was not a case of wilful defiance but rather the product of a confused set of rules, and values. ***\nThe Board would have found that *** at least thirty teachers were granted personal days preceding and following the Christmas and New Year holidays and were replaced by substitutes. They may have concluded that the issue of regular teachers being present in their class rooms [szc] every day during these few weeks following the resumption of the school term was not as critical as [Davis] stated.\nTo deprive this teacher of her job, to cause her the embarrassment of being discharged without giving her an opportunity to have a full and thorough hearing by the Board prior to discharge is an inexcusable denial of her constitutional due process rights.\u201d\nRozner ordered that Cohn be reinstated with full back pay and benefits from the date of her discharge, January 20, 1995. The Board appealed to the circuit court of Lake County, which affirmed Rozner\u2019s findings. The Board now timely appeals to this court.\nThis court has a highly circumscribed role when reviewing an administrative appeal of a circuit court order affirming the State Board. Our standard of review for a hearing officer\u2019s decision is governed by the Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 101 et seq. (West 1996)). The Administrative Review Law provides that our review extends to all questions of law and fact presented by the entire record. Abrahamson v. Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, 153 Ill. 2d 76, 88 (1992). The statute further mandates that an administrative agency\u2019s factual findings are \"held to be prima facie true and correct.\u201d 735 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 110 (West 1996); see also Antonelli v. Board of Trustees of the Hillside Police Pension Board, 287 Ill. App. 3d 348, 353 (1997); Oregon Community Unit School District No. 220 v. Property Tax Appeal Board, 285 Ill. App. 3d 170, 174-75 (1996).\nOur role as an appellate court is to review the administrative decision, not the circuit court decision. Denton v. Civil Service Comm\u2019n, 277 Ill. App. 3d 770, 773 (1996). We give no deference to the determination of the trial court when it sits in administrative review. Pontiac Lodge No. 294 v. Department of Revenue, 243 Ill. App. 3d 186, 192 (1993).\nOn review, we are prohibited from reweighing the evidence or making an independent determination of the facts. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 88; Oregon Community Unit School District No. 220, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 175. Rather, we are limited to ascertaining whether the factual findings of the hearing officer are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 88; Golab v. Department of Employment Security, 281 Ill. App. 3d 108, 112 (1996). Factual findings of the State Board are against the manifest weight of the evidence only where all reasonable and unbiased persons would agree it is clearly evident the State Board erred and should have reached the opposite conclusion. See La Salle Partners, Inc. v. Illinois Property Tax Appeal Board, 269 Ill. App. 3d 621, 632 (1995).\nWe are not justified in reversing findings made by an administrative agency even if an opposite conclusion is reasonable or given that we might have ruled differently. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 88; Teil v. City of Chicago, 284 Ill. App. 3d 167, 171 (1996). We may not substitute our judgment for that of the administrative agency. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 88. In making our determination, we may not reevaluate the credibility of the witnesses who testified before the State Board. See Trayling v. Board of Fire & Police Commissioners, 273 Ill. App. 3d 1, 9 (1995). Finally, if the record contains evidence supporting the agency\u2019s decision, it should be affirmed. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 88, citing Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Property Tax Appeal Board, 102 Ill. 2d 443, 467 (1984).\nConversely, an administrative agency\u2019s determinations of law are not accorded the same deference as its findings of fact. Oregon Community Unit School District No. 220, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 175, citing Perto v. Board of Review, 274 Ill. App. 3d 485, 490 (1995). An administrative agency\u2019s interpretation of a statute, or its finding on a question of law, is not binding on this court. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 97, citing City of Decatur v. American Federation of State, County, & Municipal Employees, Local 268, 122 Ill. 2d 353, 361 (1988). Thus, our review of legal issues is de novo. Du Page County Board of Review v. Property Tax Appeal Board, 284 Ill. App. 3d 649, 653 (1996). However, substantial weight and deference will be accorded to the administrative agency in its interpretation of a particular statute. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 97-98.\nTherefore, when presented with a mixed question of law and fact, we must first determine whether the findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 98; Oregon Community Unit School District No. 220, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 175. Once that determination has been made, we must engage in our own independent analysis in applying those facts to the questions of law. Oregon Community Unit School District No. 220, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 175-76. We have reviewed the record, including the transcript of the hearing, and determine that Rozner\u2019s findings of fact are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nIn the present case, the Board dismissed Cohn on a \"for cause\u201d basis. In Illinois, no school teacher in contractual continued service may be removed from employment except for cause. See 105 ILCS 5/10 \u2014 22.4 (West 1996). \"Cause\u201d connotes some substantial shortcoming rendering continuance in employment detrimental to discipline and effectiveness of service; cause is something that the law and sound public opinion recognize as a good reason for the teacher to no longer occupy her or his position. Chicago Board of Education v. Payne, 102 Ill. App. 3d 741, 747 (1981). Section 24 \u2014 12 of the School Code (105 ILCS 5/24 \u2014 12 (West 1996)) dictates the circumstances under which teachers in contractual continued service may be dismissed. An adjunct of the power to dismiss a tenured teacher is the school board\u2019s corresponding duty to make the initial determination of whether the cause is remediable or grounds for dismissal. deOliveira v. State Board of Education, 158 Ill. App. 3d 111, 121 (1987).\nInsubordination is grounds for dismissal of a teacher. See Board of Education v. Harris, 218 Ill. App. 3d 1017 (1991); Hazel Crest Federation of Teachers, Local 2077 v. Board of Education of School District 1521/2, 206 Ill. App. 3d 69 (1990). In an employment relationship, insubordination \"imports a wilful or intentional disregard of the lawful and reasonable instructions of the employer.\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 801 (6th ed. 1990). It therefore follows that the instructions, or rule, of the employer must first be reasonable. Once the rule is determined to be reasonable, then it must be determined whether the breach or violation of the rule was wilful or intentional or their equivalent (cf. Pesce v. Board of Review, 161. Ill. App. 3d 879, 882 (1987), citing Jackson v. Board of Review, 105 Ill. 2d 501, 512-13 (1985)), because not every violation of a rule will be tantamount to insubordination (cf. Caterpillar, Inc. v. Fehrenbacher, 286 Ill. App. 3d 614, 622-23 (1997)).\nIn assessing whether a rule is reasonable, reviewing courts consider many factors, including the rule\u2019s relationship to workplace efficiency, safety, or discipline; its clarity or precision; and the extent to which it infringes upon an employee\u2019s legally protected behavior. Cf Caterpillar, Inc., 286 Ill. App. 3d at 621-22. There must be some nexus between the rule and the employment. A rule is not reasonable unless it provides guidelines that are or should be known by the employee. Garner v. Department of Employment Security, 269 Ill. App. 3d 370, 375-76 (1995); cf. McElroy v. Cook County, 281 Ill. App. 3d 1038 (1996); McAllister v. Board of Review, 263 Ill. App. 3d 207 (1994). Further, warnings or disciplinary measures contemplated for violations of the rule must be both explicit and specific to the conduct for which an employee would be reprimanded. Cf. Garner, 269 Ill. App. 3d at 376. Logic and common sense dictate that one cannot be insubordinate for failing to follow an unreasonable rule.\nThe Board contends that the hearing officer erred in not upholding Cohn\u2019s discharge on the basis of insubordination. The Board argues that Cohn\u2019s one-week abandonment of her teaching duties amounted to insubordination. The hearing officer found, inter alia, that Davis\u2019 leave policy was never reduced to writing, was ineffectively, if at all, communicated to the teachers, and was inconsistently administered. The hearing officer also considered the events leading up to and after Cohn\u2019s leave of absence and concluded that \"this was not a case of wilful defiance but rather the product of a confused set of rules, and values.\u201d We cannot adduce from the record any evidence of Cohn\u2019s cognizance of Davis\u2019 leave policy as Davis stated it to be, nor can we glean any evidence of explicit or specific provisions regarding discipline for violations of the leave policy.\nHere, Cohn was not charged with failing to follow proper procedures. She was charged with insubordination for failing to obey a rule imposed by Davis. Since we hold, as a matter of law, that Davis\u2019 parameters of policy and procedure for taking leaves during the previously scheduled winter break do not constitute a reasonable rule, it necessarily follows that the decision of the Board finding that Cohn was insubordinate for violating the rule was erroneous. The hearing officer\u2019s finding that Cohn was not insubordinate is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nThe Board also argues that Cohn\u2019s conduct was irremediable. The test for determining whether conduct is irremediable was set forth by our supreme court in Gilliland v. Board of Education of Pleasant View Consolidated School District No. 622, 67 Ill. 2d 143 (1977), superseded by statute as stated in Board of Education v. Harris, 218 Ill. App. 3d 1017 (1991). In Gilliland, our supreme court affirmed the dismissal of a public school teacher who, for a four-year period, violated school board regulations. Gilliland set forth a two-pronged test for irremediability: whether the teacher\u2019s conduct (1) has caused significant damage to students, the faculty, or the school, and (2) could not have been corrected had superiors warned the individual charged. Gilliland, 67 Ill. 2d at 153; see also Board of Education of School District No. 131 v. State Board of Education, 99 Ill. 2d 111 (1983).\nIn the present case, the Board was required to show that Cohn\u2019s conduct caused significant damage to students, faculty, or the school. The hearing officer, Rozner, found that Cohn was not \"guilty of an [irremediable] offense.\u201d Rozner noted that Kruis welcomed back Cohn, that Cohn worked continuously until the date of her termination, and substituted for another teacher when she came back from her leave. Although not so expressly stated by Rozner, the Board apparently failed to show significant damage to the students, faculty, or the school as a result of Cohn\u2019s actions. Rozner, instead, looked at the underlying causes of confusion in determining that Cohn was not wilfully defiant. Rozner also cited to the record, which in fact discloses numerous examples of leaves taken by teachers during the winter break period and the resulting administrative action. The record further discloses that Davis\u2019 leave policy was never reduced to any type of writing or disseminated to the teachers. We do not believe that a tenured teacher who unknowingly fails to conform to a \"spur-of-the-moment\u201d oral policy reaches the level of conduct our legislature envisioned when it drafted section 10 \u2014 22.4 of the School Code. We agree that the Board failed in its burden to prove damage to the school, faculty, or students.\nPlaintiff must also demonstrate that defendant Cohn\u2019s conduct could not have been corrected had she been warned. Plaintiff contends that Cohn was warned a number of times by Davis, through their written exchanges, that Cohn\u2019s conduct of going on an unapproved leave would result in discipline. The hearing officer stated that the discussion between Kearby and Davis regarding leaves of absence during the winter break period occurred on December 12, 1994. The time frame at issue is roughly one week. Arguably, Cohn\u2019s actions could have been altered \u2014 theoretically, it is possible she could have canceled the trip that she had arranged more than two months earlier. However, the heart of the policy, its actual contents, was never effectively communicated to the principals and teachers. If Cohn was never informed of the actual contents of the leave policy, as Davis argued them to be, then it cannot be maintained that her conduct could have been altered to conform to those contents, given the one-week time frame involved. Therefore, the opposite conclusion is not clearly evident. We hold that the hearing officer\u2019s finding, that Cohn was not guilty of an irremediable offense, is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nPlaintiff\u2019s second contention on appeal states that defendant Cohn\u2019s due process rights were not violated. The hearing officer, Rozner, determined that Cohn\u2019s due process rights were violated when the Board would not allow the three Association representatives into the closed session hearing. Plaintiff argues that Cohn received her notice of the charges against her on January 13, 1995, and was afforded an opportunity to respond on January 19. Plaintiff argues that it had no duty to allow the Association representatives into the closed session meeting because they were not the subject of an employment termination. Although this issue was presented, the trial court relied on the first issue in affirming, without passing on the merits of the due process claim.\nA tenured teacher has a property interest in continued employment that is protected by the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment. Board of Education v. Weed, 281 Ill. App. 3d 1010, 1018 (1996), citing Dusanek v. Hannon, 677 F.2d 538, 542 (7th Cir. 1982). The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment provides that life, liberty, and property cannot be deprived without due process. U.S. Const., amend. XIV. Section 2 of article I of the Illinois Constitution similarly provides that \"[n]o person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law nor be denied the equal protection of the laws.\u201d Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a7 2. Administrative proceedings are governed by the fundamental principles and requirements of due process of law. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 92; General Service Employees Union, Local 73 v. Illinois Educational Labor Relations Board, 285 Ill. App. 3d 507, 515 (1996); Seul\u2019s Inc. v. Illinois Liquor Control Comm\u2019n, 240 Ill. App. 3d 828, 833 (1993).\nDue process for a tenured public employee requires oral or written notice of the charges, an explanation of the employer\u2019s evidence, and an opportunity to present her side of the story. Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 546, 84 L. Ed. 2d 494, 506, 105 S. Ct. 1487, 1495 (1985); see also Allen v. Board of Trustees of Community College District No. 508, 285 Ill. App. 3d 1031, 1037 (1996). Further, in administrative proceedings, \"due process is satisfied when the party concerned is provided an opportunity to be heard in an orderly proceeding which is adapted to the nature and circumstances of the dispute.\u201d Obasi v. Department of Professional Regulation, 266 Ill. App. 3d 693, 702 (1994).\nOn administrative review, our duty is \" 'to examine the procedural methods employed at the administrative hearing, to insure that a fair and impartial procedure was used.\u2019 \u201d Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 92-93, quoting Middleton v. Clayton, 128 Ill. App. 3d 623, 630 (1984). A fair hearing before an administrative agency includes the opportunity to be heard, the right to cross-examine adverse witnesses, and impartiality in ruling upon the evidence. Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 95, citing Goranson v. Department of Registration & Education, 92 Ill. App. 3d 496, 501 (1980).\nIn Loudermill, a consolidation of two cases, the Supreme Court considered the pretermination process that must be given to a public employee who can be discharged only for cause. One of the discharged employees, James Loudermill, was a security guard employed by the Cleveland Board of Education. By virtue of his position, he was classified as a civil servant who could be terminated only for cause; upon discharge, he could obtain administrative review. He was subsequently discharged for dishonesty in filling out the employment application. Loudermill had no opportunity to respond to the dishonesty charge or challenge his dismissal. The board officially approved Loudermill\u2019s discharge, and he appealed.\nThe other discharged employee, Richard Donnelly, worked as a bus mechanic for the Parma Board of Education. He was likewise considered a public employee who could be discharged only for cause. Donnelly was terminated for failing an eye examination. He declined the invitation to retake the examination. The Civil Service Commission, to which Donnelly appealed, ordered him reinstated without back pay. He appealed the order of the Civil Service Commission.\nAs a threshold matter, the Supreme Court reviewed the relevant Ohio statute and determined that the statute conferred property rights in continued employment to Loudermill and Donnelly. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 538-39, 84 L. Ed. 2d at 501, 105 S. Ct. at 1491. The Court then reiterated that the \" 'root requirement\u2019 \u201d of the due process clause is \" 'that an individual be given an opportunity for a hearing before [she or] he is deprived of any significant property interest.\u2019 \u201d (Emphasis in original.) Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 542, 84 L. Ed. 2d at 503-04, 105 S. Ct. at 1493, quoting Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 379, 28 L. Ed. 2d 113, 119, 91 S. Ct. 780, 786 (1971). Therefore, ''some kind of a hearing\u201d is required prior to the individual\u2019s discharge. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 542, 84 L. Ed. 2d at 504, 105 S. Ct. at 1493. The Loudermill court next balanced the competing interests of the individual and the government, using the test set forth in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18, 96 S. Ct. 893 (1976). The Court concluded that the employee\u2019s interests in presenting her or his side of the case and staying employed outweighed the government\u2019s interest in immediate termination. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 543-44, 84 L. Ed. 2d at 504-05, 105 S. Ct. at 1493-94. The Court further noted that providing an employee with a pretermination hearing might provide against an erroneous or impetuous termination decision. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 543-44, 84 L. Ed. 2d at 504-05, 105 S. Ct. at 1493-94.\nIn requiring at least an informal pretermination opportunity to be heard, the Loudermill court stated that the opportunity need only be extensive enough to guard against a mistaken decision. Louder-mill, 470 U.S. at 545-46, 84 L. Ed. 2d at 505-06, 105 S. Ct. 1493-94. The Court explained:\n\"[The pretermination hearing] should be an initial check against mistaken decisions \u2014 essentially, a determination of whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the charges against the employee are true and support the proposed action. [Citation.]\nThe essential requirements of due process *** are notice and an opportunity to respond. The opportunity to present reasons, either in person or in writing, why proposed action should not be taken is a fundamental due process requirement. [Citation.] The tenured public employee is entitled to oral or written notice of the charges against [her or] him, an explanation of the employer\u2019s evidence, and an opportunity to present [her or] his side of the story. [Citations.] ***\nOur holding rests in part on the provisions in Ohio law for a full post-termination hearing.\u201d Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545-46, 84 L. Ed. 2d at 506, 105 S. Ct. at 1495.\nIllinois reviewing courts have followed the Loudermill analysis. See Villegas v. Board of Fire & Police Commissioners, 167 Ill. 2d 108 (1995); Allen v. Board of Trustees of Community College District No. 508, 285 Ill. App. 3d 1031 (1996); Massie v. East St. Louis School District No. 189, 203 Ill. App. 3d 965 (1990); Phillips v. Civil Service Comm\u2019n, 172 Ill. App. 3d 278 (1988); Board of Trustees of Community College District 508 v. McKinley, 160 Ill. App. 3d 916 (1987).\nIn the present case, Rozner held that Cohn\u2019s due process rights had been violated because the Board would not allow her representatives to be present at the pretermination hearing and respond to the charges against Cohn. The Board notified Cohn of the impending action against her and offered her the opportunity to meet with the Board on January 19. Cohn spoke with her union representatives, who advised her that they would attend in her stead. However, Trevarthen and Hult would not allow them into the meeting. Rozner found that, as a result, Cohn\u2019s version of the events was not related to members of the Board.\nWe agree with plaintiff that a \"full and thorough\u201d hearing is not required. However, an informal pretermination opportunity to be heard is required, and it only needs to be extensive enough to guard against a mistaken decision. See Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545-46, 84 L. Ed. 2d at 505-06, 105 S. Ct. at 1493-94. Cohn was not required to be present. In examining the procedural methods employed, we cannot say that a fair and impartial procedure was used. See Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 92-93. In keeping with the informal nature of the hearing, as suggested in Loudermill, the Board should have allowed Cohn\u2019s representatives to participate at the closed session pretermination hearing. Doing so would have allowed the members to hear both sides of the story, enabling them to make an informed decision.\nBecause the Board\u2019s actions at the pretermination hearing were arbitrary and unreasonable, we agree with Rozner\u2019s determination that defendant Cohn\u2019s due process rights were violated at the pretermination hearing. A school board cannot simply notify a tenured teacher charged with insubordination that a pretermination hearing will be held, only then to deny her representatives entrance to that meeting without the tenured teacher\u2019s presence. This procedure is contrary to the spirit of Loudermill, and we decline to adopt it here.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nINGLIS and McLAREN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HUTCHINSON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Karl R. Ottosen and Kathleen Kennedy-Luczak, both of Ottosen, Sinson, Trevarthen & Britz, Ltd., of Wheaton, for appellants.", "James E. Ryan, Attorney General, of Chicago (Susan Frederick Rhodes, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel), for appellees Illinois State Board of Education and John F. Rozner.", "Irving M. Friedman and Laurie M. Burgess, both of Katz, Friedman, Schur & Eagle, of Chicago, for appellee Barbara Cohn." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "BOARD OF EDUCATION OF ROUND LAKE AREA SCHOOLS, Community Unit School District No. 116, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION et al., Defendants-Appellees.\nSecond District\nNo. 2 \u2014 96\u20141230\nOpinion filed September 22, 1997.\nKarl R. Ottosen and Kathleen Kennedy-Luczak, both of Ottosen, Sinson, Trevarthen & Britz, Ltd., of Wheaton, for appellants.\nJames E. Ryan, Attorney General, of Chicago (Susan Frederick Rhodes, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel), for appellees Illinois State Board of Education and John F. Rozner.\nIrving M. Friedman and Laurie M. Burgess, both of Katz, Friedman, Schur & Eagle, of Chicago, for appellee Barbara Cohn." }, "file_name": "0101-01", "first_page_order": 119, "last_page_order": 134 }