{ "id": 222628, "name": "In re A.M., a Minor (The Department of Children and Family Services, Petitioner, v. G.M., Respondent (Patrick T. Murphy, Guardian ad litem on Behalf of A.M., Appellant))", "name_abbreviation": "Department of Children & Family Services v. G.M.", "decision_date": "1998-05-19", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201497\u20141259", "first_page": "752", "last_page": "758", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "296 Ill. App. 3d 752" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "177 Ill. 2d 440", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 317105 ], "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/177/0440-01" ] }, { "cite": "506 U.S. 390", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11925317 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/506/0390-01" ] }, { "cite": "452 U.S. 18", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1313768 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "24" }, { "page": "648" }, { "page": "2158" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/452/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "147 Ill. 2d 270", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3277837 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "310", "parenthetical": "Bilandic, J., dissenting" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/147/0270-01" ] }, { "cite": "163 Ill. 2d 414", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477692 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "441" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/163/0414-01" ] }, { "cite": "424 U.S. 319", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12026449 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "333" }, { "page": "32" }, { "page": "902" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/424/0319-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 Ill. 2d 399", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 385568 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "419-20" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/178/0399-01" ] }, { "cite": "36 Ill. 2d 556", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5377200 ], "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "560" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/36/0556-01" ] }, { "cite": "132 Ill. 2d 347", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5588727 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "365" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/132/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "496 N.E.2d 1010", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1019", "parenthetical": "trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to make specific finding as to defendant's rehabilitative potential, where such a finding was not required" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "146 Ill. App. 3d 370", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3571757 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "383", "parenthetical": "trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to make specific finding as to defendant's rehabilitative potential, where such a finding was not required" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/146/0370-01" ] }, { "cite": "686 N.E.2d 670", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "674" }, { "page": "674" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "292 Ill. App. 3d 634", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1725042 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "639" }, { "page": "639" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/292/0634-01" ] }, { "cite": "677 N.E.2d 1312", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1318" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "287 Ill. App. 3d 160", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 521041 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "168" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/287/0160-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 Ill. 2d 128", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5426498 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "133" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/63/0128-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 691, "char_count": 14825, "ocr_confidence": 0.736, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.580177559389593e-08, "percentile": 0.4887651751125259 }, "sha256": "99c4f609a71baaaa03092c79c718d1efd289d8f30cc127647611539c716e0d47", "simhash": "1:86b2804657e2fb5e", "word_count": 2469 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:46:46.961592+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "In re A.M., a Minor (The Department of Children and Family Services, Petitioner, v. G.M., Respondent (Patrick T. Murphy, Guardian ad litem on Behalf of A.M., Appellant))." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE COUSINS\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nA.M., a minor female, was the subject of a child abuse and neglect proceeding under the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Act) (704 ILCS 405/1 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 1992)). At an adjudicatory hearing in the proceeding, the parties stipulated that A.M. had been sexually abused and neglected by being exposed to an injurious environment. The stipulation and admitted evidence identified, by name, the perpetrator of the sexual abuse as the paramour of A.M.\u2019s mother. The court denied the request of the State\u2019s Attorney and the guardian ad litem to make a judicial finding naming the perpetrator, reasoning that to do so would violate the perpetrator\u2019s due process rights. On appeal, A.M., through her guardian ad litem, argues that the trial court erred in refusing to name the perpetrator of sexual abuse, as he was a nonparty to the proceeding whose due process rights were, therefore, not implicated.\nBACKGROUND\nA.M. is an 11-year-old girl who was the subject of a child abuse and neglect proceeding. On October 7, 1996, the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) filed petitions for adjudication of wardship on behalf of A.M. and her two older siblings. That same day, the juvenile court judge granted temporary custody of the three children to the DCFS guardianship administrator without prejudice to their mother, G.M.\nOn October 8, 1996, the circuit court held a contested temporary custody hearing. The court heard evidence of the outcry statements that A.M. had made to her school officials and to others in a victim-sensitive interview. In this interview, A.M. described fondling, exposure, and digital and penile penetration by her mother\u2019s paramour, G.R. The court also heard evidence of the findings of the Pediatric Ecology Program of Grant Hospital, where A.M. had been evaluated. Finally, the court heard testimony regarding A.M.\u2019s relationships with her family members.\nAt the conclusion of the hearing, the court found probable cause to believe that the children had been abused or neglected, but it found no urgent and immediate necessity to support their removal from G.M.\u2019s custody. The court entered an order of protection against the mother, requiring, inter alia, that G.M. ensure that her children have no contact with her former paramour, G.R.\nIn January 1997, a stipulated trial as well as a dispositional hearing were held. The parties agreed to facts establishing that A.M. had been sexually abused by G.R. The court ultimately made the following findings with respect to A.M.:\n\u201c[A.M.] has been both neglected and abused having been exposed to an injurious environment, which under Illinois law is neglect [,] and having been the victim of sexual abuse, which under Illinois law is abuse. I\u2019m not naming a perpetrator of that abuse because the allegation is that it was a paramour of [the] mother; and, while that paramour is named, it is my feeling that it would be denial of his due process rights to make such a finding since he is not permitted to participate in these proceedings ***. He had been asked to leave. He is not a party to these proceedings and can present no response to the allegations; and, because of that, *** I believe it would be denial of due process under the United States [and] Illinois Constitution [s] to make that finding, to name him as a perpetrator.\u201d\nIn addition, the court found that A.M.\u2019s siblings were neglected based on living in an injurious environment. Consequently, the dispositional hearing concluded with the court\u2019s adjudication of the children as wards of the court and its order stating that the children remain in G.M.\u2019s custody under an order of protection with terms identical to the previous order of protection prohibiting G.M. from allowing any contact between G.R. and her children.\nAt the above adjudicatory hearing, the guardian ad litem asked the court to reconsider its decision not to make a finding that specifically named G.R. as the perpetrator of the sexual abuse. The trial court once again denied the request on reconsideration, reiterating its concern over a possible due process violation. The guardian ad litem made an additional request to reconsider this issue by written motion. The court heard and denied that motion on March 5, 1997. The guardian ad litem brings this appeal from the trial court\u2019s order refusing to name the perpetrator of sexual abuse in its findings and the denial of A.M.\u2019s posttrial motion to reconsider.\nWe affirm.\nANALYSIS\nInitially, we note that only an appellant\u2019s brief has been filed and that, due to the nonadversarial nature of the instant child abuse and neglect proceedings, there is no appellee before the court. The record before us, however, is simple, and the trial errors claimed by appellant are such that we can render a decision based upon appellant\u2019s brief alone. See First Capitol Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp., 63 Ill. 2d 128, 133 (1976); Mostafa v. City of Hickory Hills, 287 Ill. App. 3d 160, 168, 677 N.E.2d 1312, 1318 (1997).\nThe guardian ad litem contends that the trial court erred by failing to make a specific finding naming the perpetrator of sexual abuse. As a rule, a trial court\u2019s decision as to whether certain findings should be made is within the court\u2019s sound discretion and will be altered only upon a showing that the court abused its discretion. See In re Marriage of McHenry, 292 Ill. App. 3d 634, 639, 686 N.E.2d 670, 674 (1997); People v. Warner, 146 Ill. App. 3d 370, 383, 496 N.E.2d 1010, 1019 (1986) (trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to make specific finding as to defendant\u2019s rehabilitative potential, where such a finding was not required).\nMcHenry is instructive. In McHenry, a divorce proceeding, the trial court did not make a specific valuation of certain marital property before distribution. The petitioner contended on appeal that the absence of such a finding constituted reversible error. The appellate court, however, stated: \u201cwe do not find that the trial court abused its discretion, where it had ample evidence upon which it could have based its distribution, and no specific valuation of marital assets was mandated.\u201d McHenry, 292 Ill. App. 3d at 639, 686 N.E.2d at 674.\nSimilarly, in the case sub judice, we do not believe that the trial court abused its discretion by declining to specifically name the perpetrator of the sexual abuse in its judicial findings. Our review of the record establishes that the trial court made sufficient findings in accordance with section 2 \u2014 21(1) of the Act, which states in pertinent part:\n\u201cAfter hearing the evidence the court shall determine whether or not the minor is abused, neglected, or dependent. *** The court\u2019s determination of whether the minor is abused, neglected, or dependent shall be stated in writing with the factual basis supporting that determination.\u201d 705 ILCS 405/2- \u2014 21(1) (West 1994).\nIn our view, the trial court\u2019s findings that A.M.\u2019s neglect and abuse were due to her exposure to an injurious environment and sexual abuse constituted sufficient factual bases for its determinations. Additional specific findings are unnecessary to render valid a determination of neglect or abuse. Moreover, such specific findings are not mandated by section 2 \u2014 21 of the Act. Furthermore, while we recognize the myriad child abuse and neglect cases in which trial courts make findings naming the abusers, those cases involve perpetrators who are parents, guardians, legal custodians, or relatives and, therefore, named parties properly before the court. Significantly, appellant has cited no case wherein an abuser was not a party to a child abuse and neglect proceeding but was, nonetheless, named as the perpetrator in the adjudicatory order.\nThe appellant also argues that, notwithstanding the existing order of protection, it is in the best interest of the minor that the trial court make a specific finding in the adjudicatory order that G.R. is the perpetrator of sexual abuse. We disagree. In our view, a specific finding in the adjudicatory order is unnecessary to protect the minor, because G.R. has already been named frequently throughout the proceedings and was named in the original and final orders of protection. Indeed, the trial court specifically ordered in its supplemental protective order conditions that, \u201c[sjhould [named perpetrator] make contact with or attempt to make contact with the mother or minors, the mother shall contact the DCFS or private agency caseworker and the local police department.\u201d Therefore, the perpetrator is sufficiently known, and naming him as the sexual abuser in the adjudicatory findings is not needed to ensure proper and continued enforcement of the order of protection.\nThe guardian ad litem further contends that the trial court erred by refusing to name G.R. as A.M.\u2019s sexual abuser in its findings, because the Act neither confers party status on a paramour of a child\u2019s parent nor establishes any right of a paramour in the proceedings who is not the object of an order of protection. .The guardian ad litem partially bases its argument upon section 2 \u2014 25(7) of the Act, which provides in relevant part:\n\u201cA person against whom an order of protection is being sought who is neither a parent, guardian, legal custodian or responsible relative *** is not a party or respondent ***. Such person does not have a right to appointed counsel or to be present at any hearing other than the hearing in which the order of protection is being sought or a hearing directly pertaining to that order. Unless the court orders otherwise, such person does not have a right to inspect the court file.\u201d 705 ILCS 405/2 \u2014 25(7) (West 1992).\nThe guardian ad litem concludes that, because G.R. had no standing or right to appear before the trial court in A.M,\u2019s case, he had no due process rights at stake. Due process of law is a fundamental right. People v. Cooper, 132 Ill. 2d 347, 365 (1989), citing Illinois Crime Investigating Comm\u2019n v. Buccieri, 36 Ill. 2d 556, 560 (1967). If a determination of the personal liability of a defendant is involved, the defendant must be brought within the state\u2019s jurisdiction by proper service of process or the defendant\u2019s voluntary appearance. East St. Louis Federation of Teachers, Local 1220 v. East St. Louis School District No. 189 Financial Oversight Panel, 178 Ill. 2d 399, 419-20 (1997), citing Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18, 32, 96 S. Ct. 893, 902 (1976).\nSignificantly, however, no proceedings were undertaken by the State in the instant case to obtain an order of protection against G.R. Rather, the proceedings were undertaken to obtain an order of protection against A.M.\u2019s mother, G.M., requiring that G.M. ensure that her children have no contact with her former paramour, G.R. Since no proceedings were undertaken in this case to obtain an order of protection against G.R., it is our view that G.R.\u2019s procedural due process rights were not triggered simply by being identified as A.M.\u2019s aggressor in the evidence and in the order of protection issued against G.M. The child neglect and abuse proceedings at issue were nonadversarial and noncriminal in nature. A.M.\u2019s mother, and not G.R., was the object of the resulting order of protection, and G.R. was not charged with any criminal offense.\nWe are mindful, however, that the Act does empower the State to seek and obtain an order of protection against a paramour and that, where an order of protection is sought against a paramour, that individual has the right to be present and to be heard. 705 ILCS 405/2\u2014 25(7) (West 1992). We do not know why the State elected not to seek an order of protection against G.R., the paramour, in this case. We note that, although the State elected not to implicate the paramour\u2019s procedural due process rights by not seeking an order of protection against him, the State has adopted the appellant\u2019s brief in the instant appeal. Yet, one consequence of naming G.R. as the perpetrator of sexual abuse in the adjudicatory order is allowing the State to obtain a court adjudication that G.R. has committed an onerous act without affording him an opportunity to be heard.\nG.R. is not a party. He does not have a right to be heard. Although he has been named in an order of protection, no order of protection has been entered against him. The guardian ad litem posits on appeal that a finding in a juvenile court proceeding that G.R. sexually abused the minor would not be an adjudication against him, since \u201cfindings in juvenile proceedings are made with respect to the child, not for or against any party.\u201d The trial court was fully mindful of the purpose and parameters of juvenile court proceedings and, in denying the guardian ad litem\u2019s request on reconsideration to specifically name G.R. as the perpetrator of sexual abuse, the trial court stated in part:\n\u201c[W]hile in theory Juvenile Court proceedings are to be private, in fact, as I look out of this private courtroom, I see State\u2019s Attorneys; Public Guardians who are not necessarily associated with this case; *** and others who are sitting in this courtroom ***; and, for the Court to make so onerous a finding as to declare that somebody is the perpetrator of sexual abuse to a minor without that party ever having an opportunity and by law being precluded from having an opportunity in these proceedings to in any way respond to those allegations would, as I indicated, be a denial *** of the due process rights of that individual.\u201d\n\u201c \u2018The essence of due process is \u201cfundamental fairness.\u201d \u2019 \u201d People v. McCauley, 163 Ill. 2d 414, 441 (1994), quoting People ex rel. Burris v. Ryan, 147 Ill. 2d 270, 310 (1991) (Bilandic, J., dissenting), quoting Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18, 24, 68 L. Ed. 2d 640, 648, 101 S. Ct. 2153, 2158 (1981). In our view, a trial court\u2019s finding in the adjudicatory order naming G.R. as the perpetrator of an onerous offense would have, as the trial court indicated, violated the fundamental principles of due process. See also Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 122 L. Ed. 2d 203, 113 S. Ct. 853 (1993); City of Chicago v. Morales, 177 Ill. 2d 440 (1997).\nAccordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err by refusing to name G.R. in its judicial findings as the perpetrator of sexual assault. The decision of the trial court is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nRAKOWSKI and TULLY, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE COUSINS" } ], "attorneys": [ "Patrick T. Murphy, Lee Ann Lowder, and Daniel Halvorsen, all of Office of Public Guardian, of Chicago, for appellant.", "No brief filed for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "In re A.M., a Minor (The Department of Children and Family Services, Petitioner, v. G.M., Respondent (Patrick T. Murphy, Guardian ad litem on Behalf of A.M., Appellant)).\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1\u201497\u20141259\nOpinion filed May 19, 1998.\nPatrick T. Murphy, Lee Ann Lowder, and Daniel Halvorsen, all of Office of Public Guardian, of Chicago, for appellant.\nNo brief filed for appellee." }, "file_name": "0752-01", "first_page_order": 770, "last_page_order": 776 }