{ "id": 2625535, "name": "Dennis Morgan, a Minor, by His Father and Next Friend, Theodore Morgan, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Juanita Rogers, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Morgan v. Rogers", "decision_date": "1975-06-25", "docket_number": "No. 60619", "first_page": "346", "last_page": "352", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "30 Ill. App. 3d 346" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "211 N.E.2d 733", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "33 Ill.2d 514", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2886371 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/33/0514-01" ] }, { "cite": "264 N.E.2d 12", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 Ill.2d 465", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2900056 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/46/0465-01" ] }, { "cite": "278 N.E.2d 404", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "3 Ill.App.3d 437", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2835838 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/3/0437-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 N.E.2d 560", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 Ill. App.2d 316", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2591959 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/69/0316-01" ] }, { "cite": "57 N.E.2d 216", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "324 Ill.App. 21", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 4962897 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/324/0021-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 622, "char_count": 13123, "ocr_confidence": 0.747, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.1676765302291097e-07, "percentile": 0.5855150242350037 }, "sha256": "389de1af79c7bf6b6a415cc0921c5d7b18610a3e2761579e10885b4fa201554e", "simhash": "1:2954512bbc08e6a1", "word_count": 2230 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:56:28.126609+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Dennis Morgan, a Minor, by His Father and Next Friend, Theodore Morgan, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Juanita Rogers, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE BURMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis is an action commenced on behalf of a minor, 6 years of age, for damages resulting from his being struck by an automobile driven by the defendant. A stipulation was entered into by the parties on February 13, 1974, to submit the cause to a jury on the issue of liability only, and in the event the jury found the defendant to be liable, a stipulated sum of money was agreed to as and for damages. After trial, the jury returned a verdict for the defendant and against the plaintiff and judgment was entered on the verdict. A motion to vacate and set aside the verdict and judgment and to grant a new trial was denied and plaintiff appeals.\nThe sole issue is whether the minor plaintiff received a fair trial. The plaintiff contends that the cumulative effect of improper examination by defense counsel of a police officer who investigated the accident and improper argument to the jury by defense counsel constitutes reversible error. The defendant maintains that if there was any error committed, it was harmless and not prejudicial. The question for us then is whether the jury was improperly influenced by the complained of conduct. After a careful examination of the record we are in accord with the plaintiff that he was prejudiced by error committed during trial and that we must reverse the judgment and remand the cause for a new trial.\nOur disposition of the issue presented makes it necessary to detail only certain of the facts in the record. On the afternoon of June 2, 1968, the plaintiff, Dennis Morgan, then age 6, was crossing approximately midblock on South Vernon Street between 38th and 39th Streets in Chicago. Vernon is a narrow, one-way street northbound. The plaintiff and another boy, both of whom testified at trial, left plaintiff\u2019s aunt\u2019s house to go to a park located on the other side of Vernon Street. The boys were running. The defendant, Juanita Rogers, who also testified, was driving the car of a friend, who was also in the car, northbound on Vernon. She had been driving for about 6 months. Her friend had shown her how to drive when she left the house. She had asked her friend to come along because her friend had a driver\u2019s license and she did not. She had a driving permit, and therefore needed to have a licensed driver in the car with her. In a deposition she had been asked: \u201cWas she [her friend] teaching you how to drive just at the time this accident happened?\u201d She had responded: \u201cNo, she wasn\u2019t. Yes, she was teaching me how to drive; she was in there showing me how.\u201d She testified that she did not see the boy before the occurrence.\nDuring the trial it appeared that defense counsel was going to present as a witness a police officer who came to the scene after the boy had been struck. Counsel for the plaintiff thereupon made a motion outside the presence of the jury that defense counsel be restricted in questioning the police officer and allowed to inquire only into the latter\u2019s own observations, and not about any conversations he had with others present at the scene, which would be hearsay. The motion was granted.\nThomas Murray was the police officer presented as a defense witness. He investigated the accident. In answer to a question by defense counsel he said: \u201cI proceeded to make my investigation as to the cause and talked to the people who stated \u2014 ,\u201d and an objection was then made by counsel for plaintiff to any conversation and it was sustained. The following then ensued:\n\u201cQ. [by Defense Counsel] Officer, when you arrived at the scene of the accident, did you make your own independent investigation?\nA. Yes, sir.\nQ. When you arrived at the scene of the accident, was the vehicle involved still in the same place it was at the time of the accident?\nA. Yes, sir.\n[Plaintiff\u2019s Counsel]: I am going to object as to whether he had\u2014\nTHE COURT: Objection will be sustained. The answer will be stricken; the jury will be instructed to disregard it.\u201d\nThe officer then began to describe the location of the defendant\u2019s vehicle when he arrived. Then the following occurred:\n\"Q. [by DEFENSE COUNSEL] Now when you did see the car in tire street, did you make a notation as to its location when you arrived with relation to the parked cars?\nA. Yes, sir.\nQ. Did you put that on your report?\nA. It\u2019s on a report, sir.\nQ. Now Officer, when you arrived at the scene of the accident, did you from your independent investigation determine where this accident took place?\nA. Yes.\n[PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: I am going to object.\nTHE COURT: Objection sustained.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I\u2019d like a hearing on this, your Honor.\nTHE COURT: AH right.\u201d\nA discussion was thereupon had in chambers and defense counsel was directed by the court not to ask the officer\u2019s conclusions since he did not see the accident. The court felt that to have him tell the jury how the accident happened would be \u2018highly improper.\u201d\nWhen proceedings resumed before the jmy, the police officer further related the position of the defendant\u2019s vehicle when he arrived and described the area. He was asked if he noted in his report the address of the building in front of which he found the vehicle. The following colloquy then ensued:\n\u201cQ. [by DEFENSE COUNSEL] Officer, when you arrived at the scene of the accident, is it your duty to determine if someone was injured?\nA. Yes.\nQ. And in determining if someone was injured, you asked questions of possible witnesses?\nA. That\u2019s correct, sir.\nQ. And you also asked questions of the driver of the striking vehicle?\nA. That\u2019s correct, sir.\nQ. And did you ask questions of bystanders, possible witnesses, and the driver of this vehicle?\n[PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: I\u2019d like to object.\nTHE COURT: The objection will be overruled.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Now I am not going to ask you what they said, Officer, \u2014 did you ask them as to how they thought this accident\u2014\n[PLAINTIFFS COUNSEL]: I am going to object; I\u2019d like to be heard.\nTHE COURT: He has already testified, counsel, that he asked questions of different people around the area.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well \u2014\nTHE COURT: What\u2019s the purpose of this last question?\n[PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, before he even tells us the purpose \u2014 I wouldn\u2019t even want the jury [to] hear it.\nTHE COURT: I will sustain the objection. Put another question.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: How do you determine \u2014 how do you make out the report, Officer?\n[PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: I am going to object. It\u2019s immaterial.\nTHE COURT: As to how he makes the report. The objection is sustained.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, he said\u2014\n[PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: One more thing, your Honor. The report\u2019s right over there in front of those witnesses.\nTHE COURT: In front of the jurors, you mean.\n[PLAINTIFFS COUNSEL]: In front of the jurors, excuse me.\nI think that\u2019s improper and counsel knows better.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I have no intention\u2014\n[PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: We have been meeting like this since 1967:\nTHE COURT: All right. Counsel will keep the report in his hands.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Q. Officer, besides making your notations of physical evidence you find at the scene, what other things do you do in investigating the accident?\n[PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: I am going to object.\nTHE COURT: What did he do in this case?\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Q. What did you do in this case?\nA. Make out the accident report, sir, mainly from the position of the car and what the people had told me what happened.\n[PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: Objection; move that that answer be stricken.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I don\u2019t see any grounds.\nTHE COURT: Objection overruled. The next question.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Q. Officer, after you completed your investigation with regard to this accident, did you summarize your findings on this report?\nA. I did the report as I was going along, sir. [PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: I am going to object. Now this jury might be interested in some sort of summary. I think it\u2019s an improper question. We went through \u2014 I made a motion; your Honor ruled on it. Already counsel is attempting to get something that is not admissible in evidence.\u201d\nThe actual admission of a police accident report as substantive evidence would generally be error. It normally may contain hearsay statements and the police officer\u2019s conclusions based on them. (Paliokaitis v. Checker Taxi Co., 324 Ill.App. 21, 57 N.E.2d 216.) While defense counsel did not offer the police report here into evidence, and although he conceded it would be improper to do so, he nevertheless took unfair advantage of a minor plaintiff by repeatedly attempting to place the contents contained therein before the jury during his examination of the police officer. This appears even though the court had granted plaintiff\u2019s attorney\u2019s motion, made in limine, before the officer took the stand, and outside the presence of the jury, and had ordered the defense attorney to limit examination of the police officer to his own physical observations.\nThe continued efforts of defense counsel to improperly introduce contents of the police report required plaintiff\u2019s counsel to make numerous objections before the jury \u2014 the very thing the latter sought to obviate with his motion in limine. There exists a real danger that the jury was led to believe by defense counsel\u2019s persistent questions, that in the opinion of the officer, perhaps contained in the report, the defendant was not at fault. Defense counsel attempted to show by his questions that the officer questioned witnesses and bystanders as to how the accident occurred. These questions, coupled with plaintiff\u2019s counsel\u2019s objections, would necessarily create in the jurors\u2019 minds the impression that plaintiff\u2019s counsel was objecting to the introduction of evidence that they should be aware of and that he was thus attempting to conceal information from them. Such conduct by defense counsel is wholly indefensible, not in good faith, and in our judgment placed plaintiff and his counsel in an unfair position before the jury. (See Kelly v. Chicago Transit Authority, 69 Ill. App.2d 316, 217 N.E.2d 560.) Similar conduct has been held on many occasions to be error. (See Geisberger v. Quincy, 3 Ill.App.3d 437, 278 N.E.2d 404, and cases cited therein.) Furthermore, as stated in Geisberger, the officer should be allowed to express an opinion as to the place of impact only under special circumstances, which are not present in the instant case. The police officer\u2019s testimony was properly restricted by the judge\u2019s order and rulings to his own factual findings upon arrival at the scene. See also Plank v. Holman, 46 Ill.2d 465, 264 N.E.2d 12; Miller v. Pillsbury Co. 33 Ill.2d 514, 211 N.E.2d 733.\nWe need not determine whether the above would be sufficient standing alone to warrant a new trial, for we also find a portion of defense counsel\u2019s closing argument to the jury improper, and the cumulative prejudicial effect of both indiscretions compel us to reverse.\nIn his closing argument, defense counsel told the jury that the plaintiff had the burden of proof as to \u201cwhether the defendant, Mrs. Rogers, was negligent and whether the plaintiff, Dennis Morgan, was free from contributory negligence.\u201d The following colloquy then occurred:\n\u201c[PLAINTIFF\u2019S COUNSEL]: Objection. Pardon me; I am going to object. They don\u2019t have that burden to prove that he was free from contributory \u2014 I don\u2019t believe that is not\u2014\nTHE COURT: That is not the law, counsel. The jury\u2014 [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, if counsel would give me a chance to explain.\nTHE COURT: What you said is not the law; you may proceed.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I didn\u2019t state the law, your Honor.\nThe law protects an individual under seven years old; he cannot be contributorily negligent, that is the law. We admit that is; we didn\u2019t do anything about that. That is a fact that we have to live with as defendants.\nTHE COURT: Counsel, that remark is improper that you have to live with it. That is the law everyone is bound to follow. Your remark will be stricken. Proceed.\n[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: This is the law: the defendant has to be found guilty of some negligence, and of course, the plaintiff cannot be guilty of negligence. # * *\nThe remarks of defense counsel that the plaintiff, who was 6 years old when he was struck and injured, had the burden of proving he was free from contributory negligence was without dispute improper and could hardly have been unintentional. The further remark at one point that he admits that a child 6 years old cannot be contributorily negligent and \u201cthat is a fact that we have to live with\u201d was at best a grudging retraction and, as recognized by the trial comt, improper. In our view it compounded his error in misstating the law.\nFor the reasons stated the judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial.\nReversed and remanded.\nDIERINGER, P. J., and JOHNSON, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE BURMAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Rotman and Elovitz, of Chicago (Alan M. Katz, of counsel), for appellant.", "Qarbutt & Jacobson, of Chicago, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Dennis Morgan, a Minor, by His Father and Next Friend, Theodore Morgan, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Juanita Rogers, Defendant-Appellee.\n(No. 60619;\nFirst District (4th Division)\nJune 25, 1975.\nRotman and Elovitz, of Chicago (Alan M. Katz, of counsel), for appellant.\nQarbutt & Jacobson, of Chicago, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0346-01", "first_page_order": 372, "last_page_order": 378 }