{ "id": 2622249, "name": "General Refrigeration and Plumbing Company, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Goodwill Industries of St. Louis, Missouri, et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "General Refrigeration & Plumbing Co. v. Goodwill Industries", "decision_date": "1975-08-04", "docket_number": "No. 74-397", "first_page": "1081", "last_page": "1089", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "30 Ill. App. 3d 1081" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "247 N.E.2d 805", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 Ill.App.2d 433", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1595882 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/108/0433-01" ] }, { "cite": "304 N.E.2d 663", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "15 Ill.App.3d 550", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2462064 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/15/0550-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 N.E.2d 802", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "805" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "55 Ill.App.2d 211", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5283309 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "217" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/55/0211-01" ] }, { "cite": "222 N.E.2d 535", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "537-38" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "77 Ill.App.2d 413", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2571705 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "417" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/77/0413-01" ] }, { "cite": "152 Ill.App. 372", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 2624143 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/152/0372-01" ] }, { "cite": "248 N.E.2d 117", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "120" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "42 Ill.2d 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2846972 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "500" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/42/0496-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 724, "char_count": 18267, "ocr_confidence": 0.739, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.1093410659376978e-07, "percentile": 0.5703083461622666 }, "sha256": "71bb87fd9e2bdc7022df4926b0fdb9a7daae4dfe67b6d5b46446416c4547e0ae", "simhash": "1:7b4405ac90fdd994", "word_count": 3010 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:56:28.126609+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "General Refrigeration and Plumbing Company, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Goodwill Industries of St. Louis, Missouri, et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. PRESIDING JUSTICE JONES\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff, General Refrigeration and Plumbing Company, brought an action to recover the value of services rendered and materials supplied in the amount of $634.59. Judgment was rendered in favor of plaintiff with respect to defendant Seidel Company, Inc., and against plaintiff with respect to Goodwill Industries of St. Louis, Missouri, and Marjorie Wannacott. Plaintiff appeals from the judgment only with respect to Goodwill Industries.\nIn the spring of 1973 Seidel Company owned a building located in Alton, Illinois, which it had leased to Goodwill Industries. Goodwill Industries used the building for operation of a branch store which at that time was managed by Mrs. Wonnacott. As a result of flood conditions along the Mississippi River, flood waters entered the building and caused damage to the heating equipment. In order to have the equipment repaired Mrs. Wonnacott telephoned General Refrigeration, which had don\u00e9 maintenance or repair work previously in the Alton Goodwill store at the request of Mrs. Wonnacott.\nAfter examining the damage and determining that major repairs were required, a representative of General Refrigeration advised Mrs. Wonnacott that she should contact the St. Louis office of Goodwill Industries for permission to proceed with the repairs. Shortly thereafter Mrs. Wonnacott again contacted General Refrigeration and stated that they should undertake the repairs as she had the necessary authority. General Refrigeration then completed the repairs and submitted its invoices to the Alton Goodwill store in the amount of $634.59.\nA few days after General Refrigeration had completed the repairs flood waters again entered the building, apparently causing damage to the air conditioning equipment. Mrs. Wonnacott again called General Refrigeration and repairmen were sent to the Alton store to undertake the repairs. Shortly after the repairmen began their work it came to the attention of General Refrigeration that there was some dispute as to whether or not Mrs. Wonnacott had been authorized to have the repairs made. As soon as General Refrigeration became aware of this the repairmen were ordered to cease their work, which they did immediately. This cause of action concerns only the work done by General Refrigeration prior to the second flood.\nAt the outset we should point out that defendant Seidel Company has not taken an appeal from the judgment of the lower court. Furthermore, we should point out that no counterclaims were pursued by any of the defendants in the court below. At the beginning of the trial, counsel for Seidel Company made an oral motion to file a \"third-party action\u201d against Goodwill Industries (by which motion we think he meant to file a counterclaim; see Ill. Rev. Stat., ch. 110, \u00a7\u00a725 and 38). At any rate, the-motion was denied, so that the plaintiff\u2019s claim was the only one involved at trial.\nFurthermore, although the record shows that there was some dispute over whose duty it was to pay for the repair of the heating unit under the lease, the lease was not admitted into evidence and does not appear in the record. It is not clear upon what theory the trial court found against defendant Seidel Company without ever having considered the lease entered into by Seidel Company and Goodwill Industries. Seidel Company sought to have the lease admitted into evidence, but its request was denied. Nevertheless, Seidel Company, the only defendant which had a judgment for damages rendered against it in the trial court, has not appealed, and neither party involved in this appeal discusses the effect of not having the lease in evidence.\nIrrespective of any lease considerations, plaintiff contends that Goodwill Industries should be bound either because Mrs. Wonnacott was an agent acting with apparent authority to bind Goodwill Industries or because Goodwill Industries acted as the agent of an undisclosed principal (Seidel Company). Pointing out once again that we are not herein dealing with liabilities under the lease, we feel that General Refrigeration is not entitled to judgment against Goodwill Industries on the basis of the issues brought before this court.\nPlaintiff first contends that Mrs. Wonnacott was clothed with apparent authority to bind Goodwill Industries for the services rendered by plaintiff either because she was the general agent of Goodwill Industries, or because of an established course of dealing between the parties.\n\u201cThe theory of apparent authority rests on two premises: a manifestation by the principal to a third party, and belief by that third party that the extent of the authority granted to the agent encompasses the contemplated activity. (Restatement (Second) Of Agency (1958) sec. 8.)\u201d Simpson v. Compagnie Rationale Air France, 42 Ill.2d 496, 500, 248 N.E.2d 117, 120.\n\u201c[Ajpparent authority to do an act is created as to a third person by written or spoken words or any other conduct of the principal which, reasonably interpreted, causes the third person to believe that the principal consents to have the act done on his behalf by the person purporting to act for him.\u201d Restatement (Second) Agency \u00a7 27 (1958).\nPlaintiff asserts that Mrs. Wonnacott, as manager of the Alton Goodwill store, was the general agent of Goodwill Industries and, as such, had apparent authority to bind Goodwill Industries. Plaintiff cites Hodges v. Bankers Surety Co., 152 Ill.App. 372. However, the evidence clearly shows that plaintiff did not in fact believe that Mrs. Wonnacott\u2019s authority, as manager of the Alton store, extended to repairs such as are herein involved. Mr. Thomas DeClew, vice-president of General Refrigeration, testified at the trial and made numerous references to the fact that he knew Mrs. Wonnacott did not have authority to authorize repairs which would require a substantial expenditure of money on the part of Goodwill Industries. Some of these references are as follows:\n\u201cExcept that I did have our people to call and tell them it was going to run quite a bit of money and they better get the okay from the St. Louis office.\n\u00bb # #\nOur dealing was with the Goodwill people on Third Street [the Alton store]. I told our people to tell her it was up to her to get the okay from whoever, whether it was the main office in St. Louis or who.\n# # e\nI knew this lady was just the manager and I didn\u2019t want any confusion and I wanted her to realize this.\n# # #\nI knew she had to deal with the St. Louis office and I instructed my people to tell her it would be quite expensive and then I don\u2019t know who she called.\n# # #\nQ. You did recognize the fact somebody beyond her had some authority, because she didn\u2019t have it herself?\nA. Correct.\u201d\nPlaintiff further asserts that Mrs. Wonnacott had apparent authority to bind Goodwill Industries because of a previous course of dealing. Plaintiff\u2019s brief states:\n\u201cWhen Goodwill Industries held out Mrs. Wonnacott as the manager of the Alton store, and especially when Goodwill Industries paid the invoices submitted for similar work previously performed at the request of Mrs. Wonnacott, it clothed Mrs. Wonnacott with apparent authority to bind it for the services performed at her request in the Spring of 1973. Mrs. Wonnacott\u2019s apparent authority stemmed from Goodwill Industries\u2019 custom and previous course of dealing established by honoring invoices for similar work performed at the request of Mrs. Wonnacott.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nAlthough the testimony indicated that General Refrigeration had done work for Alton Goodwill store in the past at the request of Mrs. Wonnacott, and that General Refrigeration had sent bills for such work to Goodwill, there is nothing in evidence which shows that Goodwill Industries paid for these past services. Mrs. Wonnacott stated that she had no knowledge of who had paid the bills; Mr. DeClew was not sure who had paid the bills. No record of any kind of past payments by Goodwill Industries was introduced. This would seem to be a crucial factor in determining the existence of a course of dealing by which Goodwill Industries might be bound. It is just as conceivable that the Seidel Company, the owner of the building, had paid the bills as it is that the Goodwill Industries had paid them. The court is certainly under no duty to find a course of dealing by guessing as to what has occurred between the parties in the past.\nFurthermore, the testimony of Mr. DeClew indicates that the repairs made to the heating unit of the Goodwill store during the spring of 1973 were not the ordinary maintenance type of repairs previously performed at the store by General Refrigeration.\n\u201cQ. Mr. DeClew, you previously billed Goodwill for some other services there.\nA. Yes sir.\nQ. What type of services were those?\nA. Repairs for heating and air conditioning.\nQ. Keeping it going?\nA. Yes.\n# # #\nQ. Mr. DeClew if I get this correctly, before you did the major work on this $610.00 bill you called and relayed the information that the parts would be expensive?\nA. Yes, that\u2019s the only reason I instructed our people to do it. I knew this lady was just the manager and I didn\u2019t want any confusion and I wanted her to realize this.\u201d\nWith General Refrigeration thus knowing that Mrs. Wonnacott\u2019s authority was limited, the question becomes whether General Refrigeration could conclude that Mrs. Wonnacott was acting within the scope of her authority in requesting the services. The general rule which applies in determining whether an agent is acting with apparent authority has been weH stated as foHows:\n\u201cApparent authority in an agent is such authority as the principal knowingly permits the agent to assume or which he holds his agent out as possessing \u2014 it is such authority as a reasonably prudent man, exercising diligence and discretion, in view of the principal\u2019s conduct, would naturally suppose the agent to possess.\u201d Wing v. Lederer, 77 Ill.App.2d 413, 417, 222 N.E.2d 535, 537-38. \"Apparent authority in an agent to do an act for his principal must be based on the words and acts of his principal and cannot be based on anything the agent himself has said or done.\u201d Law-cock v. United States Trotting Association, 55 Ill.App.2d 211, 217, 204 N.E.2d 802, 805.\nThe duty one has when dealing with an agent with apparent authority is set out in 3 Am. Jur. 2d Agency \u00a778 (1962) (applied in Lawcock v. United States Trotting Association,):\n\u201cA third person dealing with a known agent may not act negligently with regard to the extent of the agent\u2019s authority or blindly trust the agent\u2019s statements in such respect. Rather, he must use reasonable diligence and prudence to ascertain whether the agent is acting and dealing with him within the scope of his powers. The mere opinion of an agent as to the extent of his powers, or his mere assumption of authority without foundation, will not bind'the principal; and a third person dealing with a known agent must bear the burden of determining for himself, by the exercise of reasonable diligence and prudence, the existence or nonexistence of the agent\u2019s authority to act in the premises. The principal, on the other hand, may act on the presumption that third persons dealing with his agent will not be negligent in failing to ascertain the extent of his authority as well as the existence of his agency.\u201d\nSubstantially the same rule is set out in 2A C.J.S. Agency \u00a7 162, at 801-02 (1972). Although we do not find it necessary to also- quote that entire section here, one sentence which appears at page 802 is particularly worth mentioning.\n\u201cIf [the third person] knows, or has good reason for believing, that the acts exceed the agent\u2019s powers or if such reasonable inquiry as he is under the duty to make, would result in a discovery of- the true state of the powers, and he fails to fulfill that duty, he cannot assert an apparent authority effective against the principal.\u201d\nThe record in the instant case, particularly the testimony of Mrs. Wonnacott and of Mr. DeClew, clearly shows that General Refrigeration made no efforts to determine whether Mrs. Wonnacott was acting within the scope of her authority as an agent of Goodwill Industries. Instead General Refrigeration relied exclusively on the statements of Mrs. Wonnacott that she had authority to order the repairs even though Mrs. Wonnacott at no time stated that Goodwill Industries had given her authority. The relevant portions of Mr. DeClew\u2019s. testimony are as follows:\n\u201cQ. You don\u2019t know where the actual authority came from for \u25a0the job?\nA. Unless we got it from Mrs. Wonnacott.\n# * #\nI told our people to tell her it was up to her to get the okay from whoever, whether it was the main office in St. Louis or who.\n# # \u25a0#\nI knew she had to deal with the St. Louis office and I instructed my people to tell her it would be quite expensive and then I don\u2019t know who she called.\nQ. You don\u2019t know from whom she got authority?\nA. Right.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nAfter General Refrigeration had instructed Mrs. Wonnacott to obtain the authority to order the repairs, Mrs. Wonnacott contacted Mr. Robert French, the assistant executive vice-president of Goodwill Industries. Mr. French advised Mrs. Wonnacott that Goodwill Industries had no duty under the lease to provide for the repairs needed; he advised her to contact Mr. Seidel,- the president of the Seidel Company, because, according to Mr. French\u2019s interpretation of the lease, Seidel Company had the duty to provide for the repairs. Mrs. Wonnacott then contacted Mr. Seidel and, according to her testimony, Mr. Seidel stated that she should go ahead and have the work done and that he and Mr. French would determine who would pay the bill later. Mrs. Wonnacott stated that Mr. Seidel had not said, however, that the Seidel Company would be responsible for payment for the repairs. According to Mr. Seidel\u2019s testimony, he did not tell Mrs. Wonnacott to go ahead and have the repairs done or that he and Mr. French would later determine who should pay the bill; he only advised her to refer to the lease, since the Seidel Company had no duty to make repairs.\nAt any rate, however, Mrs. Wonnacott thereafter recontacted General Refrigeration and told them to proceed with the work. The relevant portions of her testimony are as follows:\n\u201cA. I told him I was manager of the Goodwill Store of Alton, and I had authority they were to come out and fix it.\n# # #\nA. I called General Refrigeration and told whoever answered the telephone I had received authority from Mr. Seidel to go ahead and do the work.\n# # #\nQ. You testified you did not tell the refrigeration company these repairs were to be at the expense of Goodwill?\nA. Correct.\nQ. Did you tell the Refrigeration Company these repairs were to be at the expense of Seidel Company, Inc.?\nA. I told them I had permission from Mr. Seidel for them to do the work.\n- Q. Either you did or did not, did you or did you not tell General Refrigeration these repairs were to be at the expense of Seidel Company?\nA. Not in that way no. I told them I had permission from Mr. Seidel for them to do the work.\n# # #\nQ. Did you explain who Mr. Seidel was?\nA. I don\u2019t remember. There\u2019s too many conversations. He was the owner of the building. There was no reason to teH them.\u201d\nGeneral Refrigeration knew that Mrs. Wonnacott did not have authority on her own to order repairs of the type herein involved. A reasonable inquiry by General Refrigeration would have disclosed the true state of Mrs. Wonnacott\u2019s powers. However, instead of calling the St. Louis office of Goodwill Industries' or making some other effort to determine whether Goodwill Industries would accept responsibility for payment, General Refrigeration relied totaHy on the statement of Mrs. Wonnacott that she had authority. Under these circumstances we do not feel that General Refrigeration exercised reasonable diligence and prudence in determining the extent of Mrs. Wonnacott\u2019s apparent authority. Goodwill Industries cannot, therefore, be held to have been bound merely on the basis of apparent authority of its agent.\nPlaintiff\u2019s final contention is that GoodwiH Industries is liable as the agent of an undisclosed principal, namely Seidel Company. This contention is without merit. There is no evidence indicating that GoodwiH Industries had any contact with either Seidel Company or General Refrigeration regarding these repairs. By plaintiff\u2019s own admissions all of its dealings were with Mrs. Wonnacott. If anyone could be held liable on the theory that there was an undisclosed principal, it would have to be Mrs. Wonnacott, not Goodwill Industries.\nMoreover, even assuming, arguendo, that GoodwiH Industries did act as an agent of an undisclosed principal, Goodwill cannot be held liable under such a theory. Although either the agent or the undisclosed principal may be Hable, and although the third party may seek recovery from both, there is no joint liability between them. The third party must elect from whom he is to take judgment. (Vander Wagen Bros., Inc. v. C. J. Barnes, 15 Ill.App.3d 550, 304 N.E.2d 663; Johnson v. Fischer, 108 Ill.App.2d 433, 247 N.E.2d 805.) General Refrigeration has not disclaimed the judgment against Seidel Company or sought to have that judgment vacated either before the trial court or this court. In fact plaintiff\u2019s brief, by stating that plaintiff does not wish to disturb the trial court\u2019s finding of fact upon which plaintiff asserts the judgment Seidel Company rests, indicated plaintiff\u2019s desire to keep the judgment against Seidel Company. Thus we feel plaintiff, General Refrigeration, has elected to take judgment against Seidel Company and cannot now seek to have Goodwill Industries held hable under an undisclosed-principal theory.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment against General Refrigeration with respect to Goodwill Industries is hereby affirmed.\nEBERSPACHER and G. MORAN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. PRESIDING JUSTICE JONES" } ], "attorneys": [ "Kenney, Leritz & Reinert, of St. Louis (David M. Duree, of counsel), for appellant.", "Burroughs, Simpson & Wilson, of Edwardsville, and Arthur L. Greenwood, of Wood River, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "General Refrigeration and Plumbing Company, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Goodwill Industries of St. Louis, Missouri, et al., Defendants-Appellees.\n(No. 74-397;\nFifth District\nAugust 4, 1975.\nKenney, Leritz & Reinert, of St. Louis (David M. Duree, of counsel), for appellant.\nBurroughs, Simpson & Wilson, of Edwardsville, and Arthur L. Greenwood, of Wood River, for appellees." }, "file_name": "1081-01", "first_page_order": 1107, "last_page_order": 1115 }