{ "id": 257210, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL DANIELS, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Daniels", "decision_date": "1998-10-29", "docket_number": "Nos. 1\u201496\u20142831, 1\u201489\u20143429 cons", "first_page": "87", "last_page": "102", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "301 Ill. App. 3d 87" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "574 N.E.2d 1345", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "215 Ill. App. 3d 413", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5293512 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/215/0413-01" ] }, { "cite": "577 N.E.2d 477", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "217 Ill. App. 3d 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5284255 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "406" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/217/0393-01" ] }, { "cite": "662 N.E.2d 1215", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "171 Ill. 2d 74", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 57334 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "102-03" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/171/0074-01" ] }, { "cite": "606 N.E.2d 1078", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "153 Ill. 2d 264", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4738560 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "283" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/153/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "662 N.E.2d 1199", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "169 Ill. 2d 472", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 909160 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "487" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/169/0472-01" ] }, { "cite": "687 N.E.2d 820", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "178 Ill. 2d 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 385528 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "73-74" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/178/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "604 N.E.2d 913", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "152 Ill. 2d 347", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5603144 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/152/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "687-88" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "2064" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "698-99" }, { "page": "2068" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "673 N.E.2d 300", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "174 Ill. 2d 163", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 223607 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "177" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/174/0163-01" ] }, { "cite": "641 N.E.2d 371", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "161 Ill. 2d 148", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 783176 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "157-58" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/161/0148-01" ] }, { "cite": "659 N.E.2d 935", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "168 Ill. 2d 138", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 307265 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "149" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/168/0138-01" ] }, { "cite": "283 N.E.2d 685", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "51 Ill. 2d 514", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5391261 ], "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/51/0514-01" ] }, { "cite": "487 N.E.2d 599", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 Ill. 2d 293", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3126839 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/109/0293-01" ] }, { "cite": "183 Ill. 2d 366", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 209962 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "384-85" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/183/0366-01" ] }, { "cite": "660 N.E.2d 919", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "168 Ill. 2d 509", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 307270 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "537" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/168/0509-01" ] }, { "cite": "685 N.E.2d 1335", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "177 Ill. 2d 239", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 317106 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "249" }, { "page": "250" }, { "page": "256" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/177/0239-01" ] }, { "cite": "483 N.E.2d 250", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "\"In Illinois, 'an included-offense instruction is required only in cases where the jury could rationally find the defendant guilty of the lesser offense and not guilty of the greater offense' \"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 Ill. 2d 70", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3130235 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "81", "parenthetical": "\"In Illinois, 'an included-offense instruction is required only in cases where the jury could rationally find the defendant guilty of the lesser offense and not guilty of the greater offense' \"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/108/0070-01" ] }, { "cite": "628 N.E.2d 351", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "257 Ill. App. 3d 26", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2888809 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "35" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/257/0026-01" ] }, { "cite": "593 N.E.2d 683", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "228 Ill. App. 3d 788", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5221435 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "798-800" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/228/0788-01" ] }, { "cite": "603 N.E.2d 19", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "236 Ill. App. 3d 650", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5781821 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/236/0650-01" ] }, { "cite": "463 N.E.2d 696", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "101 Ill. 2d 443", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3160428 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "451" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/101/0443-01" ] }, { "cite": "518 N.E.2d 82", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 Ill. 2d 69", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3193089 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "87" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/119/0069-01" ] }, { "cite": "183 Ill. 2d 239", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 209960 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "249" }, { "page": "250" }, { "page": "251" }, { "page": "251" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/183/0239-01" ] }, { "cite": "293 F. 1013", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.", "case_ids": [ 11720199 ], "year": 1923, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "before novel scientific evidence may be admitted in court the principles on which the evidence is based must be shown to be generally accepted in the relevant scientific community" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f/293/1013-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1361, "char_count": 37102, "ocr_confidence": 0.769, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.76153651307504e-08, "percentile": 0.45606539222943115 }, "sha256": "abfa3da38b38f4412f4bd445f4177c73ed36f5f6e24db5939a8d52c6b921abfd", "simhash": "1:031ef4c583fd92e1", "word_count": 6029 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:13:21.929948+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL DANIELS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE WOLFSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis is one of the first, if not the first, criminal cases in Illinois where a trial judge allowed the State to present DNA evidence against the accused. One of the defendant\u2019s contentions is that his attorney was ill-equipped to challenge the evidence. We examine that contention, as well as the State\u2019s claim that the DNA evidence did defendant no harm.\nIn this consolidated appeal Michael Daniels (Daniels) seeks review of his 1989 convictions for murder and aggravated criminal sexual assault, his sentence of natural life imprisonment, and the 1996 order denying his petition for postconviction relief. We affirm.\nFACTS\nOn the morning of August 10, 1987, Birgitte Andersen (Andersen) was found murdered in her apartment at 1333 W. Birchwood in Chicago. Daniels, who recently had been dating Andersen, was arrested later that same day. Less than 12 hours later he gave a signed, written statement to an assistant State\u2019s Attorney implicating himself in the murder.\nThe August 1987 grand jury indicted Daniels on three counts of first degree murder and two counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault.\nIn May 1988 and continuing on into August 1988, evidence was heard on Daniels\u2019 motion to suppress his statement. After hearing all the evidence, the trial court denied the motion.\nIn October 1989, a Frye hearing was held to determine the admissibility of DNA tests performed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). See Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923) (before novel scientific evidence may be admitted in court the principles on which the evidence is based must be shown to be generally accepted in the relevant scientific community). The court decided to admit the evidence but, on the defendant\u2019s motion, excluded statistical probabilities evidence. The trial judge said the probabilities evidence tended to be overpersuasive.\nLater that same month, on October 23, 1989, Daniels\u2019 jury trial commenced. As his defense, Daniels attempted to show that his cousin, Mark Sublett, had committed the murder. Daniels contended they each had equal motive for killing Andersen \u2014 jealousy.\nThe jury learned that Sublett, though married, had been having a relationship with Andersen since June 1987. Sublett said he stayed at Andersen\u2019s apartment two to three times per week. Sublett also had another girlfriend, Michelle Ordman.\nOn the evening of August 9, 1987, Sublett was with Ordman. They met Daniels at a liquor store and then they all went to the beach to drink. Around midnight they left the beach. Sublett, Ordman, and Daniels rode in Sublett\u2019s car to a hotel, where Sublett and Ordman registered for the night. Sublett and Ordman then agreed to drive Daniels home. On the way, however, Daniels asked to be dropped off at an apartment building on Birchwood. Sublett knew Andersen lived in the same building and, he said, he became curious. He accompanied Daniels into the apartment. When Daniels went up to Andersen\u2019s apartment, Sublett, to Daniels\u2019 surprise, opened the door with his own set of keys. It was then that Sublett and Daniels discovered that Andersen had been dating them both at the same time. Sublett said Andersen was surprised to learn that he and Daniels were cousins.\nThe evidence also showed, however, that Sublett left Andersen\u2019s apartment and went back to the hotel with Ordman. Ordman corroborated Sublett\u2019s testimony and said Sublett never left the hotel room until much later that morning when they left together.\nBoth Ordman and Sublett testified that, at about noon on August 10, 1987, they arrived at Andersen\u2019s apartment. Sublett unlocked the door with the keys he had. Sublett entered the apartment, with Ordman behind him. He said he saw Andersen\u2019s leg hanging off the bed, so he yelled at Ordman to stay out.\nSublett ran upstairs to another apartment and knocked, but no one answered. Sublett returned to Andersen\u2019s apartment, grabbed a suitcase of clothes he had been keeping there, then drove with Ordman to Daniels\u2019 Evanston home. At the Daniels residence, Sublett accused Daniels of killing Andersen. He attacked Daniels with a fan. Sublett cut himself on the fan. There was blood on his clothes.\nDaniels\u2019 mother called the police. When the Evanston police arrived at Daniels\u2019 residence, Sublett was sitting outside the apartment with a bandage on his hand due to the injury he received from the fan. Sublett told the police Daniels killed Andersen. Sublett then accompanied the police to Andersen\u2019s apartment and gave them keys to enter the apartment. The police found Andersen\u2019s partially nude body lying on the bed.\nThe police testified that, at first, Sublett was treated as a suspect. He was placed under arrest, advised of his rights, and turned over to the Chicago police. The Chicago police took Sublett to the station, where he was questioned about the murder. Based on Sublett\u2019s accusations, Officer Rucci was sent to Evanston between 12:30 and 1 that afternoon to pick up Daniels. Daniels was seated in an Evanston police car. He was not handcuffed. Officer Rucci testified Daniels was not placed under arrest at this time. Daniels agreed to accompany Rucci to the station for questioning. Daniels was taken to Area 6 and placed in a locked interview room.\nLater, the police picked up Ordman and brought her to the station. Sublett, Ordman, and Daniels were interrogated at Area 6 of the Chicago police department.\nDetective Orr testified he first spoke with Daniels at about 5 p.m. Daniels was seated in an interview room with one arm handcuffed to a ring on the wall. Detective Orr advised Daniels of his rights and questioned him about the Andersen murder. Orr told Daniels his cousin (Sublett) was accusing him of murdering Andersen. Daniels admitted being at the apartment but denied killing Andersen.\nAfter two more discussions with Daniels in which Daniels denied killing Andersen, Detective Orr spoke with Daniels at about 8:15 p.m. and asked if he would agree to speak with Sublett. Daniels agreed. Sublett was brought into the room. He pleaded with Daniels to tell the police what happened. At this point, Daniels admitted he hit Andersen.\nSublett immediately was .taken from the room and Detective Orr continued questioning Daniels. Now Daniels told Detective Orr he met Andersen on the beach three days ago and \u201cfell in love\u201d with her. Daniels said he became enraged when he learned Andersen was having a sexual relationship with Sublett. Daniels told Orr he first slapped Andersen in the face, then punched her twice. When he punched her the first time, she hit her head on the edge of a bedside table. That\u2019s when he punched her again.\nDaniels said while he was punching Andersen he thought he heard someone coming, so he ran out of the apartment. When the unidentified person passed by, Daniels said, he returned to the \u00e1partment. Daniels said Andersen was now sitting up with her feet over the edge of the bed. She was bleeding from the back of the head. Blood was coming from her mouth, making it difficult for her to speak. Andersen was shaking. Daniels said he took a rag and stuffed it in Andersen\u2019s mouth. When he did this, Andersen grabbed Daniels\u2019 hand and scraped one of the fingers of his left hand. After putting the rag in Andersen\u2019s mouth, Daniels said, he left the apartment and went home.\nDetective Orr testified he observed a long scrape mark on the middle finger of Daniels\u2019 left hand, consistent with the type of injury Daniels said he received from Andersen.\nDetective Orr testified he broke off questioning after receiving the above information. Later, however, Detective Orr confronted Daniels with evidence that Andersen was partially nude and appeared to have been sexually assaulted. Daniels then admitted that, after putting the rag in Andersen\u2019s mouth, he had removed Andersen\u2019s underpants and masturbated on her, climaxing on her vagina.\nDetective Orr said an assistant State\u2019s Attorney was called to the station. Sublett, Ordman, and Daniels all provided the assistant State\u2019s Attorney with signed, written statements. Sublett and Ordman testified at trial consistent with their written statements. Daniels\u2019 statement, which contained the information he told Detective Orr implicating himself in the murder, was admitted as evidence at trial.\nFor his defense, Daniels was able to establish at trial that Sublett had a violent temper. On cross-examination, Daniels was able to show that at the time of trial Sublett was serving a sentence on a charge of aggravated battery. Also, Ordman testified Sublett had severely beaten her on more than one occasion.\nNevertheless, the physical evidence fit the statement Daniels gave police. Photographs of the crime scene and the autopsy report indicated that Andersen was found on the bed of her apartment with a bloody sheet and pillow over her face. The lower half of her body was nude. Her underpants were lying beside the bed. When the sheet and pillow were removed, it was discovered that a shirt was stuffed in Andersen\u2019s mouth.\nThe medical examiner testified the external examination of Andersen\u2019s body revealed six, irregular, elongated lacerations to the back of Andersen\u2019s head, as well as seven abrasions, three bruises, and one laceration to Andersen\u2019s face. There were no skull fractures. There was an elongated imprint-type mark on the left side of Andersen\u2019s neck and the tip of two of Andersen\u2019s fingers on the left hand showed bruising or small hemorrhaging.\nThe medical examiner also found blood smears in and around Andersen\u2019s rectum and vaginal areas, as well as bruising around the vaginal orifice. A white mucoid substance was found just inside the vaginal opening. He said vaginal swabs, fingernail clippings, and blood samples were taken from the deceased and turned over to the Chicago crime lab. The medical examiner listed suffocation and blunt force trauma as the causes of death.\nA fingerprint identification expert from the Chicago police department testified latent prints lifted from a drinking glass found next to the bed of the deceased matched Daniels\u2019 known prints.\nA serologist working in the crime lab of the Chicago police department testified about blood tests performed on Daniels, Andersen, and Sublett. The serologist said Daniels\u2019 and Andersen\u2019s blood type was Type A. Sublett\u2019s blood type was Type AB. All three were secretors, meaning their blood type could be determined from other bodily fluids, such as saliva or semen.\nTests performed on the mucoid substance found in Andersen\u2019s vaginal swab showed only Type A blood type was present. This test included Daniels and excluded Sublett as a contributor. Tests done on the semen stain found on Andersen\u2019s underpants, however, showed Type AB blood type was present. This meant Sublett, but not Daniels, could have been a contributor.\nTests performed on the blood found on the clothes Sublett was wearing at the time of his arrest showed it to be Type AB, consistent with it being Sublett\u2019s own blood.\nThe court also admitted into evidence the results of DNA tests performed at the FBI testing facility. The FBI expert testified the sample from the vaginal swab was too degraded and contained insufficient DNA to produce any viable DNA information. Thus, the results of DNA tests done on the vaginal swab were inconclusive, neither including nor excluding either Daniels or Sublett from being a contributor.\nThe FBI expert testified, however, tests done on a sample taken from the underpants \u201cmatched\u201d Daniels and excluded Sublett. This DNA evidence was inconsistent with the results of the Chicago police department\u2019s blood tests done on the underpants, as Daniels made clear through the use of his expert blood witness.\nThe inconsistency in the results is seen more clearly in the following chart:\nDaniels = Type A Sublett = Type AB\nVaginal Swab\nCPD blood test \u2014 Only Type A blood found \u2014 included Daniels, excluded Sublett.\nFBI DNA test \u2014 No result or \u201cinclusive\u201d \u2014 neither included nor excluded either Daniels or Sublett.\nUnderpants\nCPD blood test \u2014 Only Type AB found \u2014 included Sublett, excluded Daniels.\nFBI DNA test \u2014 \u201cmatch\u201d to Daniels\u2019 DNA, no \u201cmatch\u201d to Sublett\u2019s DNA \u2014 included Daniels, excluded Sublett.\nAfter several days of trial testimony, a verdict was reached on November 1, 1989. The jury found Daniels guilty of murder and aggravated criminal sexual assault.\nOn November 2, 1989, a death penalty hearing was held. The jury did not unanimously find Daniels eligible for the death sentence.\nOn December 12, 1989, Daniels was sentenced to a term of natural life for the murder conviction and a concurrent term of 30 years\u2019 imprisonment for the sexual assault conviction. Notice of appeal was filed December 13, 1989.\nOn April 11, 1991, Daniels obtained a stay of his direct appeal so he could proceed with postconviction proceedings. A pro se postconviction petition was filed on April 26, 1991. In his petition, Daniels claimed: (1) he received ineffective assistance of counsel based on defense counsel\u2019s failure to challenge the State\u2019s DNA evidence through the use of an independent expert, and (2) he was denied due process of law because (a) the State\u2019s expert testimony that the DNA evidence \u201cmatched\u201d Daniels was inaccurate and misleading, and (b) Sublett perjured himself.\nIn a subsequent court hearing counsel was appointed to assist Daniels in his postconviction petition. Appointed counsel repeatedly requested, and was granted, continuances pending the filing of a supplemental postconviction petition. On August 5, 1993, the supplemental petition was filed. The supplemental petition encompasses over 700 pages and is contained in three volumes of the supplemental postconviction common law record.\nOn March 24, 1994, the State filed a motion to dismiss and a motion to strike certain affidavits and exhibits filed with the supplemental petition. Argument on the motions was set for May 24, 1994, but it does not appear from the record that a hearing took place on that date. The court did not begin to hear argument on Daniels\u2019 postconviction petition until October 13, 1994.\nOn October 13, 1994, the court indicated the hearings on the petition would be bifurcated. The first hearing, the court said, would focus on the claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, newly discovered evidence concerning the admission of DNA evidence, and the alleged Brady violation, i.e., the failure of the State to provide defense counsel with favorable evidence. Argument was heard on these issues and, after hearing argument, the court reserved ruling on the State\u2019s motion to dismiss.\nOn March 24, 1995, the court heard argument on the State\u2019s motion to strike exhibits and on the remaining issues in Daniels\u2019 postconviction petition. Once again, after hearing argument the court reserved ruling.\nFinally, on June 13, 1995, the court issued its ruling on the matters raised in Daniels\u2019 postconviction petition. The court said:\n\u201cConcerning the matters that we argued on the DNA, and those are issues revolving around the ineffective assistance of counsel, the motion to dismiss will be sustained.\nConcerning the areas of perjury and [sic] that newly discovered evidence, I will allow the evidentiary hearing.\u201d\nAppeal was taken from the court\u2019s final ruling. That appeal was consolidated with the direct appeal, which had been held in abeyance pending a decision on the postconviction petition.\nIn his appellate brief, Daniels\u2019 counsel makes no effort to distinguish between issues raised in his direct appeal and issues raised in his appeal from the denial of postconviction relief. We have discerned the issues to be: (1) whether the postconviction court erred when it found Daniels had not received ineffective assistance of counsel despite counsel\u2019s failure to properly challenge the DNA evidence presented by the State; (2) whether the postconviction court erred by denying him relief based on newly discovered evidence; (3) whether the postconviction court erred when it found Daniels had not been denied due process of law based on the State\u2019s failure to disclose scientific evidence favorable to the defendant; (4) whether the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter; and (5) whether the trial court abused its discretion by imposing a sentence of natural life.\nThough appellate counsel addresses the postconviction issues first, we feel it appropriate to begin with the issues raised in the direct appeal.\nISSUES\nA. DIRECT APPEAL\nFailure to Give an Involuntary Manslaughter Instruction\nDaniels contends the evidence at trial supported an instruction on the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter. He says the trial court erred when it refused to instruct the jury on this offense.\nThe question, as posed by a recent supreme court opinion, is whether \u201cthere is some evidence to support the giving of the instruction.\u201d People v. DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d 239, 249 (1998).\nIn DiVincenzo, the defendant and the victim, individuals of the same general size and strength, engaged in a weaponless fight. The court held it was an abuse of discretion to refuse to give the jury an involuntary manslaughter instruction.\nThe basic difference between involuntary manslaughter and first degree murder is the mental state that accompanies the conduct resulting in the victim\u2019s death. People v. Foster, 119 Ill. 2d 69, 87, 518 N.E.2d 82 (1987).\nFor first degree murder, the defendant knows his acts create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm. 720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 1(a)(2) (West 1996). To step down to involuntary manslaughter, the defendant performs acts likely to cause death or great bodily harm and he performs those acts recklessly. 720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 3(a) (West 1996). Reckless conduct generally involves a lesser degree of risk than conduct that creates a strong probability of death or great bodily harm. DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 250.\nDiVincenzo provides us with the factors to examine to determine whether the trial judge abused his discretion when he refused the involuntary manslaughter instruction. These include: (1) the disparity in size and strength between the defendant and the victim; (2) the brutality and duration of the beating and the victim\u2019s injuries; and (3) whether the defendant used his bare fists or a weapon, such as a gun or knife. DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 251.\nFinally, we are instructed to examine the nature of the killing. If it shows, either by multiple wounds or the victim\u2019s defenselessness, that the defendant did not act recklessly, \u201can involuntary manslaughter instruction is generally not warranted.\u201d DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 251.\nApplying these factors to this case we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it refused the involuntary manslaughter instruction.\nEven if we were to ignore the uncontradicted evidence of multiple and severe lacerations and abrasions on Andersen\u2019s body, the defendant\u2019s own signed statement takes this case out of involuntary manslaughter.\nThere was no mutual combat here. This 18-year-old young man struck a defenseless woman while she was lying on a bed. His anger was fueled by her admission of sexual contact with Sublett. As she tried to get up, he punched her with his fist. Her head hit the edge of the table. Then he punched her again. He ran out of the apartment, then came back, observing blood coming from the back of her head and from her mouth. She was trying to say something, but succeeded only in making a bubbling sound. His response was to stuff a rag in her mouth, remove her underwear, and \u201cjerk off\u2019 on her after brushing aside her feeble attempt to stop his attack. He then left, retrieved his bicycle, and went home for some sleep. She died because, in her weakened condition, with the rag stuffed in her mouth, she was unable to breathe.\nThese facts fall squarely within the purview of those cases that have held severe and vicious beatings of helpless victims cannot be described by any rational jury as involuntary manslaughter. See People v. Ward, 101 Ill. 2d 443, 451, 463 N.E.2d 696 (1984); People v. Addison, 236 Ill. App. 3d 650, 603 N.E.2d 19 (1992); People v. Reeves, 228 Ill. App. 3d 788, 798-800, 593 N.E.2d 683 (1992). Also see People v. Washington, 257 Ill. App. 3d 26, 35, 628 N.E.2d 351 (1993), quoting People v. Perez, 108 Ill. 2d 70, 81, 483 N.E.2d 250 (1985) (\u201cIn Illinois, \u2018an included-offense instruction is required only in cases where the jury could rationally find the defendant guilty of the lesser offense and not guilty of the greater offense\u2019 \u201d).\nThe jury in this case was properly instructed.\nB. POSTCONVICTION APPEAL\nIn three of Daniels\u2019 issues on appeal, he seeks review of the trial court\u2019s rulings on claims brought under the Illinois Post-Conviction Hearing Act (the Act) (725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 1996)). A postconviction petition is a collateral attack on the judgment of conviction. A petitioner is limited to allegations of constitutional violations that were not and could not have been raised previously. People v. Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d 239, 249, 685 N.E.2d 1335 (1997). An evidentiary hearing is required only when there has been a significant showing that defendant has suffered a substantial deprivation of his constitutional rights. People v. Coleman, 168 Ill. 2d 509, 537, 660 N.E.2d 919 (1995).\nRecently, our supreme court clarified the standards by which courts of review evaluate rulings made on postconviction petitions. See People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366 (1998). The court acknowledged the manifestly erroneous standard, which \u201crepresents the typical appellate standard of review for findings of fact made by a trial judge,\u201d had been applied in the past when trial courts denied postconviction relief after a full evidentiary hearing. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 384-85. See also People v. Griffin, 109 Ill. 2d 293, 487 N.E.2d 599 (1985); People v. Bracey, 51 Ill. 2d 514, 283 N.E.2d 685 (1972).\nBut when a trial court dismisses a postconviction petition without conducting an evidentiary hearing, the court said, no deference is to be given a trial court\u2019s determination. In these instances, the trial court has decided the petition does not contain sufficient allegations of constitutional deprivations. That inquiry does not require any fact finding or credibility determinations, since \u201call well-pleaded facts that are not positively rebutted by the original trial record are to be taken as true.\u201d Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 385.\nIn an appeal from such a ruling, the reviewing court makes the same determination, i.e., \u201cwhether the allegations in the petition, liberally construed and taken as true, are sufficient to invoke relief under the Act.\u201d Since the question is a legal one, the reviewing court must be free to make its own independent assessment of the allegations. Review is de novo. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 388.\nIneffective Assistance of Counsel\nThe first claim in Daniels\u2019 appeal from the dismissal of his postconviction petition is that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. This issue was not raised as part of his direct appeal. Ordinarily, the failure to raise a claim of ineffectiveness of trial counsel in the direct appeal renders the issue waived in postconviction proceedings. See People v. Orange, 168 Ill. 2d 138, 149, 659 N.E.2d 935 (1995); People v. Thompkins, 161 Ill. 2d 148, 157-58, 641 N.E.2d 371 (1994).\nIf, however, it is argued that the evidentiary basis for the claim of ineffectiveness is outside the record and, therefore, cannot be considered by a reviewing court in a direct appeal, or if the facts relating to the competency of counsel are newly discovered, the waiver rule is relaxed. People v. Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d at 250; People v. Britz, 174 Ill. 2d 163, 177, 673 N.E.2d 300 (1996).\nIn this case Daniels asserts his ineffectiveness claim requires consideration of materials that were not part of the record or were unavailable at the time of trial. We find, therefore, he has not waived review and we will address its merits.\nAny claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, regardless of the context in which it is raised, is reviewed using the same standard \u2014 the Strickland standard. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984). This standard requires: (1) a showing that counsel\u2019s performance, judged by prevailing professional norms, was deficient; and (2) a showing of substantial prejudice stemming from the deficiency. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. Proof of prejudice is a necessary element. If the prejudice prong cannot be satisfied, it is unnecessary for a reviewing court to consider whether an attorney\u2019s performance was competent. People v. Caballero, 152 Ill. 2d 347, 604 N.E.2d 913 (1992).\nTo establish deficiency, a defendant must overcome the strong presumption that the challenged action or inaction by counsel was the product of sound trial strategy. People v. Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d 65, 73-74, 687 N.E.2d 820 (1997); People v. Sanchez, 169 Ill. 2d 472, 487, 662 N.E.2d 1199 (1996); People v. Flores, 153 Ill. 2d 264, 283, 606 N.E.2d 1078 (1992). Even where an attorney\u2019s performance may be assumed to be incompetent, a new trial is not warranted unless there exists a reasonable probability that, but for the attorney\u2019s errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 698-99, 104 S. Ct. at 2068.\nDaniels\u2019 ineffectiveness claim focuses on trial counsel\u2019s handling of the State\u2019s DNA evidence. He claims his trial counsel failed to meaningfully challenge the DNA evidence proffered by the State.\nDaniels asserts his trial was the first in Illinois in which DNA evidence was admitted. He contends the record, viewed in conjunction with affidavits and materials attached to his postconviction petition, demonstrates that the trial court received erroneous evidence from which it could determine the reliability of the DNA evidence. This, he says, was due to trial counsel\u2019s ineffective challenge of the DNA evidence.\nSpecifically, Daniels claims trial counsel (1) failed to request and obtain adequate discovery regarding the State\u2019s DNA evidence, (2) failed to consult an outside expert to review the State\u2019s DNA evidence, (3) failed to present independent DNA expert testimony at the Frye hearing or at trial, and (4) proceeded without adequate knowledge to conduct a proper cross-examination of the State\u2019s DNA expert.\nDaniels contends it was error for the trial court to have dismissed the ineffectiveness claim in his postconviction petition without an evidentiary hearing. He asks this court to grant him a new trial, or, in the alternative, an evidentiary hearing on the issue of his trial counsel\u2019s effectiveness.\nThe State responds that the trial court properly dismissed the allegations of ineffectiveness without an evidentiary hearing. The State denies Daniels\u2019 trial counsel was deficient in his representation of defendant in matters related to the DNA evidence. But even if trial counsel\u2019s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, says the State, defendant cannot show he was prejudiced. The DNA evidence was not critical, the State says, and the remaining evidence of Daniels\u2019 guilt was overwhelming. The State concludes no new trial is required because Daniels\u2019 trial was not fundamentally unfair and the result has not been shown to be unreliable.\nWe find the record supports the State\u2019s position. Though we agree opposition to the admission of DNA evidence by Daniels\u2019 trial counsel could have been more vigorous, this does not mean his performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness or constituted a deficiency. Nor do we find any showing of prejudice in defense counsel\u2019s approach to the DNA evidence.\nIn People v. Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d 239, 256, 685 N.E.2d 1335 (1997), the court said, \u201cWhether a failure to investigate amounts to incompetency depends upon the value of the evidence to the case.\u201d The same can be said here \u2014 whether a failure to challenge certain evidence amounts to incompetence will depend on the value of the evidence that was admitted. We cannot see, in light of the entire record, how Daniels would have been better off if the DNA evidence was excluded and the Chicago police department serologist\u2019s tests were the only forensic evidence presented at trial.\nIt is important to remember evidence presented at trial showed that Daniels and Sublett were both having consensual sexual relationships with Andersen. The fact that DNA from one or both of them might be found in Andersen\u2019s apartment would not be surprising. The State\u2019s purpose in submitting the vaginal swab and panties to the FBI for DNA testing was to corroborate Daniels\u2019 confession to a nonconsensual attack on the near-lifeless body of Andersen. To that extent, the DNA testing failed.\nTo prove a sexual assault and corroborate Daniels\u2019 statement, the State had to link Daniels to the \u201cmucoid substance\u201d found in Andersen\u2019s vagina. Additionally, since Daniels said he removed Andersen\u2019s panties before assaulting her, linking Daniels to the semen stain on the panties was not critical. The existence of semen on the panties simply was not relevant.\nThe FBI expert was unable to link Daniels to the vaginal swab. The FBI expert testified the results of DNA testing done on the vaginal swab were inconclusive. The damaging evidence came from the serologist who testified that testing done at the Chicago crime lab on the vaginal swab showed that semen was present and a person having Type A blood type was the contributor. This evidence supported the State\u2019s position that Daniels, not Sublett, contributed to the \u201cmucoid substance\u201d found in Andersen\u2019s vagina. The serologist\u2019s testimony, not the DNA evidence, corroborated Daniels\u2019 statement regarding a criminal sexual assault.\nBy the same token, in keeping with Daniels\u2019 statement that he removed Andersen\u2019s underpants before assaulting her, the serologist testified the semen stain in the crotch of Andersen\u2019s underpants came from a person having a Type AB blood type. No Type A activity was found. This implicated Sublett, but not Daniels, as the contributor to the semen found in the underpants.\nThe FBI\u2019s DNA testing, however, indicated that Daniels\u2019 DNA \u201cmatched\u201d the DNA found in the semen stain in Andersen\u2019s underpants. The FBI\u2019s DNA evidence contradicted the State\u2019s blood evidence. It called into question the reliability of both the DNA testing and the crime lab\u2019s blood testing. It formed the basis for Daniels\u2019 closing argument:\n\u201cSo if Presley [the FBI expert] is that certain about the DNA test, that certain that the semen in those panties belongs to Michael Daniels, then members of the jury, if you accept the testimony of Mr. Presley, you must accept that the semen on the vaginal swab identified by the Chicago Crime Laboratory cannot be Michael Daniels\u2019 because it is a Type A. And we know that a person who is an A secretor cannot secrete AB. Reasonable doubt.\u201d\nIt appears defense counsel\u2019s trial strategy was to use the State\u2019s DNA evidence as a weapon to attack the credibility of all forensic evidence. The DNA evidence was, after all, Daniels\u2019 only basis for discrediting the State\u2019s blood test evidence concerning the vaginal swab, which corroborated Daniels\u2019 admission of sexual assault. The blood test evidence otherwise was unchallenged.\nWe do not find defense counsel\u2019s conduct at trial to be deficient, nor do we find prejudice to Daniels stemming from counsel\u2019s failure to challenge the reliability of the DNA evidence. The evidence, apart from the DNA evidence, overwhelmingly supported a finding of Daniels\u2019 guilt.\nIt is true Daniels was able to show that he and Sublett first learned on August 10, 1987, that they were both sexually involved with Andersen and so, presumably, each had a similar motive for murdering Andersen. Daniels also made it evident to the jury that Sublett had a temper, had beaten Ordman on various occasions in the past, and was serving a sentence for aggravated battery. Also, Sublett had keys to Andersen\u2019s apartment, which caused him to become the initial suspect in the murder investigation.\nBut Sublett had an alibi for the time of the murder. He was with Ordman. Ordman corroborated this.\nFurthermore, on the afternoon of August 10, 1987, Daniels voluntarily went to the police station and, within a short time, provided the State with its most damaging evidence against him \u2014 his oral admissions to Detective Orr and the accompanying signed, written statement to the assistant State\u2019s Attorney. From the statement it was clear Daniels knew details of the murder that could be known only by the murderer or someone present at the time of the murder. He knew that a cloth was stuffed into Andersen\u2019s mouth. He described exactly Andersen\u2019s position on the bed and what she had been wearing. He knew her underpants had been removed.\nFurthermore, Daniels\u2019 statement was consistent with the physical evidence presented at trial. Daniels\u2019 description of his sexual assault on Andersen was consistent with the medical examiner\u2019s testimony that blood was found smeared around the exterior of the rectal and vaginal openings and a \u201cmucoid substance\u201d was found at the front of the vaginal opening.\nThe conclusion we reach after reviewing all of the evidence presented at trial is that counsel\u2019s failure to meaningfully challenge the reliability of the DNA evidence, if error at all, was not a significant factor in Daniels\u2019 conviction. There is no reasonable probability that the results would have been different had the DNA evidence been excluded or more strenuously challenged.\nThe postconviction petition allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel are not borne out by the record. The hundreds of pages of documentation and affidavits attached to the supplemental postconviction petition which allegedly show the DNA testing performed by the FBI was not reliable and should have been challenged by counsel simply are not relevant to the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel. We find it reasonable to presume counsel\u2019s actions with regard to the State\u2019s submission of DNA evidence were part of his trial strategy to refute other, more damaging evidence. No hearing was required. There was nothing to hear.\nThe significance of the DNA evidence to the State\u2019s case is made evident by the fact that the prosecutor\u2019s initial closing argument made only a fleeting reference to it \u2014 three sentences. The defendant\u2019s closing argument, on the other hand, exploited the contradictions between the DNA evidence and the blood evidence.\nBecause statistical evidence was kept out of the trial, the prosecutor argued the \u201cmatch\u201d between the DNA samples in the panties and Daniel\u2019s DNA. A similar comment by a prosecutor in People v. Moore, 171 Ill. 2d 74, 102-03, 662 N.E.2d 1215 (1996), was held to be appropriate.\nWhile this case may have been early in the history of forensic DNA testimony, it was not unique in Illinois. Cases covering a similar time frame upheld the use of DNA identification evidence. See People v. Miles, 217 Ill. App. 3d 393, 577 N.E.2d 477 (1991); People v. Lipscomb, 215 Ill. App. 3d 413, 574 N.E.2d 1345 (1991).\nWe note that in Miles the defendant claimed his trial lawyer was ineffective because he did not present an expert witness to challenge the prosecution\u2019s DNA experts. The Miles court held, as we do, that the defendant did not show his lawyer failed either prong of the Strickland test. We say, as the Miles court said: \u201che did the best he could given the overwhelming evidence of his client\u2019s guilt.\u201d Miles, 217 Ill. App. 3d at 406.\nSince we find no basis for defendant\u2019s claim that he received ineffective assistance of counsel, we find no error in the trial court\u2019s dismissal of this claim without an evidentiary hearing.\nCONCLUSION\nFor the reasons stated above, we affirm Daniels\u2019 conviction for murder and aggravated criminal sexual assault and the natural life sentence imposed. In addition, we find Daniels was not entitled to a new trial based on matters raised in his postconviction and postjudgment petitions. Issues pertaining to the DNA evidence, which the trial court dismissed without an evidentiary hearing, did not raise sufficient allegations of constitutional deprivations. The trial court\u2019s decision to deny Daniels relief based on allegations of perjury, which the trial court reached after a full hearing, was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nAffirmed.\nMcNAMARA and HOFFMAN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE WOLFSON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Rita A. Fry, Public Defender, of Chicago (Alison Edward, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.", "Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, William D. Carroll, and Celeste Steward Stack, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL DANIELS, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (4th Division)\nNos. 1\u201496\u20142831, 1\u201489\u20143429 cons.\nOpinion filed October 29, 1998.\nRita A. Fry, Public Defender, of Chicago (Alison Edward, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.\nRichard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, William D. Carroll, and Celeste Steward Stack, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0087-01", "first_page_order": 105, "last_page_order": 120 }