{ "id": 411721, "name": "DANIEL S. KIRSCHENBAUM, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Kirschenbaum v. Northwestern University", "decision_date": "2000-04-12", "docket_number": "No. 1 \u2014 98 \u2014 3059", "first_page": "1017", "last_page": "1032", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "312 Ill. App. 3d 1017" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "641 N.E.2d 957", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "stating that there \"is a strong presumption against provisions that easily could have been included in the contract but were not,\" and a \"court will not add another term about which an agreement is silent\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "267 Ill. App. 3d 574", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 333154 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "581", "parenthetical": "stating that there \"is a strong presumption against provisions that easily could have been included in the contract but were not,\" and a \"court will not add another term about which an agreement is silent\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/267/0574-01" ] }, { "cite": "676 N.E.2d 1355", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "noting that \"language in a contract is not rendered ambiguous merely because the parties disagree upon its meaning,\" and that \"a court cannot rewrite a contract to provide a better bargain to suit one of the parties\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "286 Ill. App. 3d 853", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1544487 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "858", "parenthetical": "noting that \"language in a contract is not rendered ambiguous merely because the parties disagree upon its meaning,\" and that \"a court cannot rewrite a contract to provide a better bargain to suit one of the parties\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/286/0853-01" ] }, { "cite": "380 N.E.2d 1089", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "64 Ill. App. 3d 355", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3331917 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/64/0355-01" ] }, { "cite": "385 N.E.2d 745", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "68 Ill. App. 3d 83", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3307547 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "87-88" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/68/0083-01" ] }, { "cite": "695 N.E.2d 1379", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "terms of faculty manual controlled over \"custom and usage\" evidence relating to the circumstances under which the defendant could terminate tenure" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "296 Ill. App. 3d 795", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 222677 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "805", "parenthetical": "terms of faculty manual controlled over \"custom and usage\" evidence relating to the circumstances under which the defendant could terminate tenure" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/296/0795-01" ] }, { "cite": "679 N.E.2d 74", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "287 Ill. App. 3d 354", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 520990 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "360" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/287/0354-01" ] }, { "cite": "454 N.E.2d 249", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "97 Ill. 2d 187", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5515227 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "193" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/97/0187-01" ] }, { "cite": "581 N.E.2d 664", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "144 Ill. 2d 440", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5592225 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "447" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/144/0440-01" ] }, { "cite": "498 N.Y.S.2d 779", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "tenured medical school professor was not contractually entitled to adequate space for research, fair teaching assignments and cooperation in allowing and promoting research grants because these \"benefits\" were found to be \"perquisites of faculty life\" and not \"contract entitlements\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "489 N.E.2d 748", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "66 N.Y.2d 946", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.2d", "case_ids": [ 4403216 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny-2d/66/0946-01" ] }, { "cite": "487 N.Y.S.2d 565", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "567-69" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "107 A.D.2d 481", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "A.D.2d", "case_ids": [ 3409960 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "484-85" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ad2d/107/0481-01" ] }, { "cite": "523 N.E.2d 145", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "rejecting tenured professor's contract claim that he was entitled to \"adequate laboratory facilities and equipment\" where tenure documents did not reflect any agreement regarding professor's continued use of facilities at issue" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "169 Ill. App. 3d 692", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3551111 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "694-96", "parenthetical": "rejecting tenured professor's contract claim that he was entitled to \"adequate laboratory facilities and equipment\" where tenure documents did not reflect any agreement regarding professor's continued use of facilities at issue" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/169/0692-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 N.E.2d 1226", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "noting that a plaintiff is required to plead and prove that a contract of tenure entitled him to the perquisites he claimed to have lost" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "147 Ill. App. 3d 374", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3603874 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "379", "parenthetical": "noting that a plaintiff is required to plead and prove that a contract of tenure entitled him to the perquisites he claimed to have lost" }, { "page": "378" }, { "page": "378" }, { "page": "378-79" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/147/0374-01" ] }, { "cite": "696 N.E.2d 839", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "297 Ill. App. 3d 211", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 910210 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "219-20" }, { "page": "219" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/297/0211-01" ] }, { "cite": "697 N.E.2d 909", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "297 Ill. App. 3d 1055", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 910263 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1060" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/297/1055-01" ] }, { "cite": "655 N.E.2d 1065", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "stating that \"a party cannot plead one cause of action in its complaint and receive judgment on the basis of a different cause of action\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "281 Ill. App. 3d 648", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 150196 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "652", "parenthetical": "stating that \"a party cannot plead one cause of action in its complaint and receive judgment on the basis of a different cause of action\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/281/0648-01" ] }, { "cite": "637 N.E.2d 633", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "264 Ill. App. 3d 701", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 680600 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "707" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/264/0701-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1247, "char_count": 40716, "ocr_confidence": 0.763, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.72892633419842e-08, "percentile": 0.3591054922507065 }, "sha256": "fc5fb227b62e50a6efdcc4060693558fce8ac58a0da2cd10b86a14826c6b762a", "simhash": "1:8ff9edcd7c54b3f5", "word_count": 6131 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:51:04.567640+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "DANIEL S. KIRSCHENBAUM, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE BURKE\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff Daniel Kirschenbaum appeals from an order of the circuit court entering judgment in favor of defendant Northwestern University (Northwestern) and against plaintiff following a bench trial in a breach of employment contract action brought by plaintiff against Northwestern. Plaintiff contends on appeal that the trial court erred in (1) denying plaintiff\u2019s motion for substitution of judge; (2) ruling that Northwestern had not breached the tenure-based employment - contract entered into between plaintiff and Northwestern; (3) failing to find a constructive discharge without cause; and (4) finding that the tenure-based employment contract did not obligate Northwestern to provide plaintiff with a reasonable annual salary and benefits. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.\nPlaintiff, a tenured professor of clinical psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Northwestern University Medical School (Northwestern\u2019s medical school), filed a two-count complaint in the chancery division of the circuit court against defendants Northwestern, Northwestern\u2019s medical school, and Northwestern University Medical Faculty Foundation (the Foundation) for breach of contract. Plaintiff alleged that defendants had failed to provide him with a salary as well as teaching and clinical responsibilities and research facilities. Count I, which sought specific performance, was dismissed for failure to state a claim. Count II, the remaining claim, sought damages for breach of the contract. The record indicates that plaintiff voluntarily dismissed Northwestern\u2019s medical school as a party prior to trial and did not seek to hold the Foundation liable at trial.\nAttached to plaintiffs complaint, included in the record on appeal, are four documents which, the parties agree and the trial court found, comprise plaintiffs tenure-based employment contract (contract) with Northwestern. The first document is a letter to plaintiff dated August 24, 1990, from Dr. Donald Nutter, vice dean of Northwestern\u2019s medical school, which states in pertinent part:\n\u201cI am pleased to inform you that [Northwestern] has approved your promotion to the rank of Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science with the award of tenure.\nThe effective date of this faculty action is September 1, 1990. Your term of appointment will be indefinite. The base salary with regard to tenure is zero. Your total salary will continue to be recommended annually by your department chairman.\nService on the faculty at Northwestern includes teaching as assigned by your department chairman, research, and the performance of assigned administrative duties. These duties of the faculty, as outlined in the University and Medical School Faculty Handbooks, help to form the basis on which your performance will be evaluated.\u201d\nThe second document is a letter dated November 19, 1990, authored by Robert Duncan, provost of Northwestern, which informs plaintiff that Northwestern\u2019s board of trustees had approved Duncan\u2019s recommendation that plaintiff be \u201cpromoted to Professor of Psychiatry with tenure effective September 1, 1990.\u201d\nThe last two documents are the two handbooks referenced in Dr. Nutter\u2019s letter to plaintiff, entitled \u201cNorthwestern University Faculty Handbook\u201d (the University Handbook) and \u201cNorthwestern University Medical School Faculty Handbook\u201d (the Medical School Handbook). The University Handbook specifies, in pertinent part, that \u201c[t] enure is signified by an appointment for an indefinite period.\u201d The Medical School Handbook also specifies, in pertinent part, that \u201c[t]he award of tenure carries with it an indefinite term of appointment for all faculty members who receive this honor,\u201d and it defines the salary obligation undertaken by Northwestern in connection with tenure awarded to one of its medical school faculty members as follows:\n\u201cThe financial obligation inherent in [Northwestern] granting tenure is defined as a base salary. A faculty member will be notified in writing by the dean at the time tenure is awarded regarding the level of the base salary. The base salary is usually zero for physician faculty members who are awarded tenure.\u201d\nSubsequent to numerous pleadings filed by the parties, including a motion for summary judgment filed by Northwestern which was denied, this case was transferred from the chancery division to the law division of the circuit court for further proceedings and trial.\nAt trial, both parties agreed that plaintiff remained a tenured faculty member at Northwestern. The parties presented the following evidence, which chronicles the events preceding, during, and subsequent to plaintiff\u2019s tenure. In 1984, Northwestern had appointed plaintiff to its medical school faculty as a nontenured associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences for a one-year term; postdating this term, plaintiff served a five-year nontenured term. Plaintiff conceded, and the evidence showed, that he was advised both orally and in writing that his appointment was for a tenure-eligible track position with a zero-base salary. Plaintiff was advised that, in accord with Northwestern\u2019s \u201czero-base salary policy,\u201d plaintiff would not receive any salary from Northwestern should he eventually be awarded tenure but that \u201cthere would be hopefully other sources of reimbursement for him.\u201d\nIn addition, plaintiff received a letter dated November 2, 1984, from Harold Visotsky, chair of the department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Northwestern\u2019s medical school, stating that plaintiff had been appointed to the\n\u201cfaculty of Northwestern University Medical School at the rank of Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. This is a tenure eligible track position and the Northwestern University Medical School base salary is zero. ***\nYou will be required to volunteer three hours per week of contributed service, which would be over and above that given for your salaried position, and you are expected to attend the monthly departmental meetings as scheduled. ***\n* * *\nThe detailing of your salaried work assignments are necessarily condensed in this letter and the formal contract should be referenced as a more definite description of your conditions of employment.\nAs part of your academic appointment, you will be expected to supervise clinical psychology and psychiatry residents and medical students, to conduct educational diagnostic seminars, and to serve on qualification and dissertation committees. In addition, you will be expected to continue your research work in obesity and health psychology. *** It is expected that this work will result in extramural grant submissions and funding, as well as publications in relevant journals.\u201d\nDr. Nutter testified that Northwestern\u2019s medical school had adopted a zero-base salary policy for its tenured licensed clinical faculty, which had been in place at least two years preceding plaintiffs appointment to Northwestern\u2019s medical school clinical faculty in 1985. Nutter testified that Northwestern had adopted its zero-base salary for its tenured clinical medical school faculty members for two reasons. First, Northwestern provided limited funds to its medical school and, therefore, its medical school and clinical departments lacked the financial resources to commit to the clinicians who receive tenure; in other words, Northwestern\u2019s medical school could not practically guarantee the salaries of its tenured clinical faculty members. Secondly, Northwestern\u2019s medical school faculty earned sizeable salaries from nonuniversity sources, including practice plans and teaching hospitals. As of 1997, according to Nutter, Northwestern\u2019s medical school was one of 20 medical schools that had awarded tenure in their clinical departments without attaching onto the tenure award any school financial obligation.\nAccording to Dr. Nutter, who had participated in placing Northwestern\u2019s zero-base salary policy in the Medical School Handbook, underlying Northwestern\u2019s zero-base salary for tenured medical school clinical faculty members were two salary components: a \u201cbase\u201d salary described in the Medical School Handbook as \u201czero\u201d; and a \u201ctotal\u201d salary, which referred to the total amount of salary paid to faculty members from Northwestern and all \u201capproved\u201d sources identified in the Medical School Handbook. According to Nutter, the approved sources included, in pertinent part, the Northwestern Memorial Hospital (the Hospital) and the Foundation, two distinct entities with which Northwestern had entered into affiliation agreements.\nThe evidence further revealed that plaintiff had received a salary from 1985 to 1992, not from Northwestern, but from the Hospital and the Foundation. Specifically, simultaneous with plaintiffs appointment in 1985 as an associate professor at Northwestern\u2019s medical school, plaintiff had signed a written employment agreement with the Hospital. The agreement stated that \u201c[i]n consideration of the services to be performed by [plaintiff] pursuant to this Agreement, [the Hospital] shall pay to [Northwestern] the amount of $45,000 per year to be paid to [plaintiff] by [Northwestern].\u201d In accordance with this agreement, plaintiffs salary was provided by the Hospital, even though his paychecks were issued by Northwestern pursuant to a previously arranged agreement between Northwestern and the Hospital. Under the agreement between Northwestern and the Hospital, the Hospital would reimburse Northwestern for all funds Northwestern disbursed to plaintiff. The evidence also showed that plaintiff knew that the Hospital, and not Northwestern, was the source of his salary, i.e., a faculty action form that accompanied plaintiffs application for tenure in 1989 indicated that plaintiffs salary source was derived solely from the Hospital.\nPursuant to the plaintiff\u2019s employment agreement with the Hospital, plaintiff was required to devote approximately 40 hours each week counseling patients of the Hospital\u2019s eating disorders program, a program administered and funded by the Hospital. Plaintiffs employment with the Hospital continued into 1991, with the chairmen of his department (first Dr. Harold Visotsky and then Dr. Sheldon Miller) recommending his total salary each year.\nEffective September 1, 1990, plaintiff was promoted from associate professor to full professor with tenure at Northwestern. According to Dr. Nutter, plaintiff was awarded tenure as a full-time member of a clinical department and as a health professional, and no financial obligation on Northwestern\u2019s part was attached to plaintiffs tenure award. Nutter, the author of the letter dated August 24, 1990, informing plaintiff that he had been granted tenure by Northwestern, testified that plaintiff never asked him what- was meant by the language used in the letter. Plaintiff, as a tenured professor, continued to teach and research and perform administrative duties for Northwestern and its medical school, and the department chair of Northwestern\u2019s medical school continued to recommend plaintiffs annual salary.\nIn the fall of 1991, due to financial troubles, the eating disorders program at the Hospital was transferred from the Hospital to the Foundation, which had a more favorable overhead structure. This transfer did not affect plaintiffs tenure with Northwestern. Rather, plaintiffs employment with the Hospital ended, and plaintiff signed a one-year nontenured employment contract with the Foundation with an annual salary of $86,000. Plaintiff\u2019s paychecks began to come directly from the Foundation. According to plaintiff, his duties at Northwestern continued to consist of supervision, research, teaching, developing grants, management administration, and publishing.\nThe record further reveals that the eating disorders program continued to lose money despite its transfer to the Foundation. In mid-1992, Dr. Miller, in his capacity as chairman of the department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences of the Foundation, told plaintiff that, as director of the program at the Foundation, plaintiff was responsible for the program\u2019s financial problems because he had not been generating enough revenue-clinical work. Consequently, as part of an effort to balance the program\u2019s budget, Miller further told plaintiff that his Foundation annual salary would be reduced to between $20,000 and $25,000. Dr. Miller also told plaintiff that, as department chair, he would be willing to negotiate plaintiff\u2019s Foundation salary upward if plaintiff, in exchange, would agree to increase his clinical load to generate more revenue and to offset some of the losses of the eating disorders program. Miller testified that plaintiff did not accept his offer, nor did plaintiff try to negotiate any terms of continued employment at the Foundation beyond September 1992. As a result, Miller did not renew plaintiffs contract with the Foundation, and it expired on October 1, 1992. The day before plaintiffs contract expired with the Foundation, plaintiff was denied access to all office space and equipment.\nDr. Miller emphasized that he never discharged plaintiff, that the nonrenewal of plaintiffs employment contract at the Foundation did not affect plaintiff\u2019s tenure status as a full clinical professor at Northwestern\u2019s medical school, and that plaintiff maintained his entitlement to conduct research through Northwestern should he develop a grant, submit it, and get it subsequently funded. Miller also stated that plaintiff remained eligible to work with willing graduate students in connection with conducting his research and also remained eligible to teach classroom courses. Dr. Miller further testified that he was responsible for setting salaries for the faculty members under his supervision. When plaintiffs employment with the Foundation ended, Miller did not recommend any annual salary as of September 30, 1992, because plaintiff was no longer part of the Foundation system. Miller also recommended that plaintiffs appointment be changed from full time to \u201ccontributed service.\u201d\nDr. Nutter testified that Northwestern\u2019s medical school classifies each of its faculty members as either \u201cfull-time,\u201d \u201cpart-time,\u201d or \u201ccontributed service.\u201d The appropriate classification for each faculty member is determined by reference to the source of the faculty member\u2019s compensation. To qualify as \u201cfull-time,\u201d a faculty member must receive all of his professional compensation either from Northwestern or affiliated institutions such as the Foundation or the Hospital. A \u201cpart-time\u201d faculty member is one who receives a portion of his total professional compensation from Northwestern or an entity approved by the medical school for specific, limited academic services. A \u201ccontributed service\u201d faculty member is one who participates in the academic activities of Northwestern\u2019s medical school without direct financial compensation from Northwestern\u2019s medical school.\nAccording to Dr. Nutter, a change in a faculty member\u2019s source of income can result in a corresponding change in the designated category of academic appointment. For example, when a \u201cfull-time\u201d faculty member no longer earns his or her salary exclusively from Northwestern and any approved institution, the category of academic appointment must change either to \u201cpart-time\u201d (if the faculty member continues to receive some compensation from Northwestern or an affiliated institution) or \u201ccontributed service\u201d (if the faculty member no longer receives any compensation from Northwestern or an affiliate). Because a faculty member\u2019s category of academic appointment at Northwestern\u2019s medical school is purely a function of the source of his compensation, according to Dr. Nutter, it is not necessary to obtain the faculty member\u2019s consent before switching him from full-time status to part-time or contributed service status. Dr. Nutter specified that although only full-time faculty members are eligible to be awarded tenure in the first instance, a tenured faculty member can retain tenure after being switched to \u201cpart-time\u201d or \u201ccontributed service\u201d if the change in circumstances was not completely voluntary on the part of the faculty member.\nThe record shows that one month before plaintiffs Foundation contract expired, plaintiff signed an employment contract with the Rock Creek Center, a private medical institution not affiliated with Northwestern. Plaintiff\u2019s contract with the Rock Creek Center provided a total projected base income of $103,200, including benefits. Dr. Nutter testified that because plaintiff received an appointment outside of the formal affiliates of the medical school, plaintiff was reclassified at Northwestern as \u201ccontributed service.\u201d Nutter emphasized that plaintiff was still a tenured faculty member at Northwestern and that there were other tenured faculty members at Northwestern\u2019s medical school besides plaintiff who were classified as contributed service.\nIn a letter dated April 20, 1994, included in the record on appeal, from plaintiff to Walter Burke, chair of Northwestern\u2019s division of psychology, plaintiff stated:\n\u201cThis week I was asked by a graduate student to serve on her Dissertation Committee. I was dismayed to discover that I am no longer on the departmental list of graduate faculty members. As you know, I am a tenured professor in the department and my appointment to the graduate faculty has not been rescinded.\n*** I realize that I am not employed via [Northwestern] or [the Foundation].\u201d\nPlaintiff conceded that Northwestern had taken no steps to revoke his tenured appointment before any faculty committee and he understood that tenure at Northwestern was governed by Northwestern\u2019s rules and regulations and not those of the Foundation or the Hospital. Further documentary evidence in the form of a letter dated December 2, 1997, from Dr. Nutter indicated that plaintiff\u2019s \u201cappointment [was] unchanged from 1992; i.e., [plaintiff was] a Contributed Service, Professor of Clinical Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, with Tenure,\u201d and plaintiffs \u201cappointment continue[d] to be Tenured with an indefinite term of appointment.\u201d The record further reveals that plaintiff remained eligible to participate in the supervision of Northwestern graduate students and to have research assistants assigned to him and that, \u201cto this day,\u201d remained a tenured faculty member at Northwestern\u2019s medical school.\nAfter posttrial briefing and oral arguments, the court entered judgment in favor of Northwestern and against plaintiff. The court made findings of fact and conclusions of law and weighed the credibility of the witnesses. The court held that the contract documents unambiguously provided that Northwestern had no obligation to pay plaintiff a salary and the parol evidence supported its holding. Regarding the terms of the contract, the court stated:\n\u201ci) the formal agreement entered into freely by the parties does not by its express terms guarantee plaintiff a salary from [Northwestern] sources; ii) \u2018economic security,\u2019 meaning a salary guaranteed from [Northwestern] sources, is not an implied term of the contract between the parties; and iii) tenure itself, for medical school faculty, as a status, does not as a matter of law require as a necessary incident thereof the payment of an annual salary from university sources.\u201d\nRegarding the parol evidence, the court stated:\n\u201cThe circumstances proven at trial surrounding plaintiffs loss of a salary drawn from [Northwestern] sources demonstrate that any diminution in student contacts and access to [Northwestern] research facilities, etc., experienced by plaintiff is the result of his own actions rather than the product of misconduct on the part of [Northwestern\u2019s] officers and agents. It is clear from plaintiffs pleadings, testimony and the argument of his counsel that he has no intention or desire to return to faculty duties at the Northwestern University Medical School. What [plaintiff] wants, as he avers in his complaint, is to be paid for giving up tenure.\u201d\nThis appeal followed.\nPlaintiff contends that the evidence manifestly showed that Northwestern breached the contract when it \u201cdischarged\u201d him without cause by refusing to offer him a professorial position with salary and benefits for the 1992-93 academic year and in depriving him of \u201cthe badges and emoluments\u201d of his tenured status. Plaintiff frames his argument as follows: \u201c[Dr.] Miller\u2019s plan, to make [plaintiff\u2019s] working conditions unbearable in an effort to force him to resign, failed. [Plaintiff] refused to voluntarily give up his right under his tenure-based agreement of guaranteed annual income and benefits as long as he did not violate [Northwestern\u2019s] rules. A frustrated Miller, although he had no cause to do so, then decided to discharge him from [Northwestern] first by refusing to renew [plaintiffs] contract with the [Foundation] and then by refusing to make him an offer of a professorial position with salary and benefits for the academic year 1992-1993 at [Northwestern].\u201d\nA plaintiff\u2019s pleading \u201cfunction[s] to frame the issues for the trial court and to circumscribe the relief the court is empowered to order.\u201d Ligon v. Williams, 264 Ill. App. 3d 701, 707, 637 N.E.2d 633 (1994); see also Season Comfort Corp. v. Ben A. Borenstein Co., 281 Ill. App. 3d 648, 652, 655 N.E.2d 1065 (1995) (stating that \u201ca party cannot plead one cause of action in its complaint and receive judgment on the basis of a different cause of action\u201d).\nIn the present case, plaintiff\u2019s contention fails for two reasons. First, the only claim presented before the trial court was the breach of contract claim set forth in count II of plaintiffs complaint, a claim asserted against Northwestern, the only remaining defendant in the case. Plaintiff had acknowledged at trial that the \u201cevidence related to the Faculty Foundation is not offered to attempt to prove any cause of action against the Faculty Foundation.\u201d Accordingly, before the court was plaintiff\u2019s complaint alleging that Northwestern, and not the Foundation or some other entity, had deprived him of a Northwestern salary or \u201cteaching or clinical responsibility or facilities for research\u201d in violation of his tenure agreement and that he had suffered compensable damages as a result. Plaintiff attempted to argue before the trial court, and continued to argue before this court, that Northwestern\u2019s liability should somehow be tied to plaintiff\u2019s contract with the Foundation. However, the trial court correctly found that \u201c[t]o the extent plaintiff claims that [Northwestern] should be held liable for any contractual obligations owed to plaintiff by the Foundation, this claim has not been put in issue in the pleadings.\u201d\nSecondly, plaintiff\u2019s contention fails because the trial court\u2019s judgment was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. An appellate court \u201cwill defer to the trial judge\u2019s findings of fact when they are dependent upon the credibility of witnesses, unless the findings are against the manifest weight, of the evidence.\u201d Athens v. Harris Trust & Savings Bank, 297 Ill. App. 3d 1055, 1060, 697 N.E.2d 909 (1998). A ruling is against the manifest weight of the evidence when \u201cthe opposite conclusion is clearly apparent.\u201d Reinneck v. Taco Bell Corp., 297 Ill. App. 3d 211, 219-20, 696 N.E.2d 839 (1998).\nIn the present case, following the bench trial on the merits of the sole remaining count of plaintiffs complaint against Northwestern, the trial court made the following pertinent findings, after hearing the testimony and weighing the credibility of the witnesses:\n\u201cPlaintiff must fail in his contract claim because no evidence was presented at trial to demonstrate that Northwestern University breached any express or implied contractual obligation it owed to plaintiff. ***\n*** [T]hough plaintiff argued throughout the trial and in his post-trial brief that the source of his perceived problems with Northwestern University was his departmental chair, Dr. Sheldon Miller and a \u2018handful of men in positions of power in the Medical School\u2019 with whom presumably Dr. Miller was associated, *** no theory of conspiracy was pleaded in the complaint and no proof of conspiracy was presented at trial.\u201d\nOur review of the evidence supports the trial court\u2019s findings. The testimony regarding Northwestern\u2019s obligation with respect to salary payments showed that Northwestern had awarded plaintiff an appointment of tenure in September 1990 which carried with it a zero-base salary. Further evidence showed that plaintiff had entered into contracts with two separate entities which provided him with his salary, namely, the Hospital and the Foundation. Plaintiffs contract with the Hospital was executed in 1985 pursuant to which plaintiff was paid an annual salary until 1991, and the evidence showed that Northwestern had entered into an agreement with the Hospital whereby the Hospital, the source of plaintiffs salary and a distinct separate entity, would reimburse Northwestern for all funds disbursed to plaintiff. Plaintiff conceded that, in September 1991, a year prior to the alleged breach, he was taken off Northwestern\u2019s payroll when he entered into another employment contract with the Foundation. As a Foundation employee, plaintiff was paid his salary and provided with his fringe benefits directly from the Foundation.\nDr. Miller, the chairman of the department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences of the Foundation, which employed plaintiff, testified that he had made an offer of salary to plaintiff of $20,000 to $25,000 in mid-1992 but that plaintiff did not accept it and, therefore, Dr. Miller did not renew plaintiffs contract with the Foundation. Dr. Miller further testified that he was not trying to \u201cget rid of\u2019 plaintiff. The trial court found Miller\u2019s testimony to be \u201ccredible.\u201d Juxtaposed against Miller\u2019s testimony was plaintiffs, and the trial court specifically found that plaintiff \u201cwas not a credible witness.\u201d This court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. See Reinneck, 297 Ill. App. 3d at 219.\nPlaintiff further asserts that he was constructively discharged from his tenured position because Northwestern allegedly failed to provide him with certain intangible \u201cbenefits\u201d of tenure such as teaching assignments, Northwestern support for research projects and grant proposals, and opportunities to participate in dissertation committees. Plaintiffs assertion is meritless. The evidence showed that these alleged \u201cbenefits\u201d were duties and responsibilities that Northwestern\u2019s medical school faculty members, such as plaintiff, were expected to perform. The August 24, 1990, letter, which plaintiff agrees formed part of the contract, explicitly described the \u201cbenefits\u201d of tenure as responsibilities and not rights. Specifically, the letter stated:\n\u201cService on the faculty at Northwestern includes teaching as assigned by your department chairman, research, and the performance of assigned administrative duties. These duties of the faculty, as outlined in the University and Medical School Faculty Handbooks, help to form the basis on which your performance will be evaluated.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nThe Medical School Handbook stated, in turn, that \u201ceducation, research, patient care, and University service\u201d were \u201cduties and responsibilities\u201d of faculty members. Moreover, we note that plaintiff conceded in his own complaint that a tenured professor at Northwestern was \u201cobligat[ed] to teach and promote the scholarly objectives of [Northwestern and its] [mjedical [s]chool.\u201d\nWe further note that plaintiff has failed in his burden to point to any provision of the contract that required Northwestern to provide him with certain intangible benefits of tenure. See Williams v. Northwestern University, 147 Ill. App. 3d 374, 379, 497 N.E.2d 1226 (1986) (noting that a plaintiff is required to plead and prove that a contract of tenure entitled him to the perquisites he claimed to have lost); see also Williams v. Northwestern University, 169 Ill. App. 3d 692, 694-96, 523 N.E.2d 145 (1988) (rejecting tenured professor\u2019s contract claim that he was entitled to \u201cadequate laboratory facilities and equipment\u201d where tenure documents did not reflect any agreement regarding professor\u2019s continued use of facilities at issue); Gertler v. Goodgold, 107 A.D.2d 481, 484-85, 487 N.Y.S.2d 565, 567-69 (1985), aff\u2019d, 66 N.Y.2d 946, 489 N.E.2d 748, 498 N.Y.S.2d 779 (1985) (tenured medical school professor was not contractually entitled to adequate space for research, fair teaching assignments and cooperation in allowing and promoting research grants because these \u201cbenefits\u201d were found to be \u201cperquisites of faculty life\u201d and not \u201ccontract entitlements\u201d). In the present case, the evidence demonstrated that Northwestern was expressly obligated to provide to plaintiff under the terms of the contract only an indefinite term of appointment. The Medical School Handbook and the University Handbook describe tenure, respectively, as \u201ccarr[ying] with it an indefinite term of appointment\u201d and as being \u201csignified by an appointment for an indefinite period.\u201d Dr. Nutter\u2019s August 24, 1990, letter confirmed this aspect of the tenure policy undertaken by Northwestern\u2019s medical school. The evidence further demonstrated, and the trial court found, that Northwestern had done nothing to prevent plaintiff from pursuing all the scholarly activities available to its tenured medical school faculty. According to the record, plaintiff remained eligible to teach classroom courses in the medical school; to engage in research funded through Northwestern; to supervise Northwestern graduate students; to have research assistants assigned to him; and to sit on dissertation committees.\nMoreover, contrary to plaintiffs assertion, the evidence does not show that Northwestern breached the contract when it unilaterally and involuntarily changed plaintiffs academic appointment from full-time to contributed service. Dr. Nutter, whom the trial court found \u201cwholly credible,\u201d testified that when plaintiff signed a new employment contract with the Rock Creek Center, an appointment outside the formal affiliates of Northwestern\u2019s medical school, plaintiff\u2019s Northwestern academic appointment was reclassified from full-time to contributed service. Dr. Nutter emphasized, however, that plaintiffs reclassification did not affect plaintiff\u2019s status as a tenured faculty member of Northwestern\u2019s medical school. In conclusion, the trial court\u2019s findings that Northwestern had \u201ctaken no steps to revoke or terminate plaintiff\u2019s tenured appointment\u201d and that \u201c[t]o this day, plaintiff remains a tenured professor at the Medical School\u201d are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nPlaintiff next contends that the trial court erred in determining that the contract was unambiguous with respect to Northwestern\u2019s nonobligation to provide plaintiff with a reasonable annual salary. Plaintiff frames his contention as follows: Northwestern had \u201cpersuaded the court below to stop reading the contract at the sentence^] \u2018The base salary with regard to tenure is zero.\u2019 We ask this court to read and give effect to the very next sentence of the contract, providing for \u2018total salary\u2019 which is to continue annually. Even though there was no base (fixed) salary, there clearly was to be compensation in the form of \u2018total salary.\u2019 It was the responsibility of the department chairman of the University\u2019s Medical School to recommend and assure a reasonable total salary, regardless of which source or sources available to the University were chosen to fund it.\u201d In response, Northwestern argues that the trial court correctly ruled that the unambiguous terms of the contract imposed no obligation on Northwestern to provide plaintiff a salary.\nWhere a contract is deemed to be unambiguous, a court is to determine the parties\u2019 intent by construing the language of the document itself. See Farm Credit Bank v. Whitlock, 144 Ill. 2d 440, 447, 581 N.E.2d 664 (1991). Contracts that specifically incorporate other documents by reference are to be construed as a whole with those other documents. See Provident Federal Savings & Loan Ass\u2019n v. Realty Centre, Ltd., 97 Ill. 2d 187, 193, 454 N.E.2d 249 (1983). The interpretation of a contract is a question of law to be determined de novo on appeal. See Regnery v. Meyers, 287 Ill. App. 3d 354, 360, 679 N.E.2d 74 (1997).\nTenure, although a protectable property interest, does not grant any greater rights, either substantive or procedural, than the policy that defines the term. See Williams, 147 Ill. App. 3d at 378; accord Gray v. Mundelein College, 296 Ill. App. 3d 795, 805, 695 N.E.2d 1379 (1998) (terms of faculty manual controlled over \u201ccustom and usage\u201d evidence relating to the circumstances under which the defendant could terminate tenure); see also Steinmetz v. Board of Trustees of Community College District No. 529, 68 Ill. App. 3d 83, 87-88, 385 N.E.2d 745 (1978). Because tenure is a contractual interest, the specific rights and duties associated with it are contained in the parties\u2019 understandings. See Williams, 147 Ill. App. 3d at 378. A court must, therefore, \u201clook to the tenure agreement to define the relationship between an educational institution and a tenured faculty member.\u201d Williams, 147 Ill. App 3d at 378-79.\nBased on our review of the contract in the present case, we find that the four documents comprising the contract define the relationship between Northwestern and plaintiff as one whereby Northwestern awarded plaintiff an award of tenure as one of its medical school faculty members for an indefinite period with no financial obligation to plaintiff on Northwestern\u2019s part. The University Handbook specifies, in pertinent part, that \u201c[t]enure is signified by an appointment for an indefinite period.\u201d The Medical School Handbook also specifies, in pertinent part, that \u201c[t]he award of tenure carries with it an indefinite term of appointment for all faculty members who receive this honor\u201d and it further defines and limits the salary obligation undertaken by Northwestern in connection with tenure awarded to one of its medical school faculty members. More specifically, the Medical School Handbook states:\n\u201cThe financial obligation inherent in the University granting tenure is defined as a base salary. A faculty member will be notified in writing by the dean at the time tenure is awarded regarding the level of the base salary. The base salary is usually zero for physician faculty members who are awarded tenure.\u201d\nMoreover, vice dean Nutter confirmed in his August 24, 1990, letter that \u201c[t]he base salary with regard to tenure is zero.\u201d Reading Nutter\u2019s letter further, as plaintiff asks us to do, Nutter informs plaintiff that plaintiffs\n\u201ctotal salary will continue to be recommended annually by [plaintiffs] department chairman.\nService on the faculty at Northwestern includes teaching as assigned by [plaintiffs] department chairman, research, and the performance of assigned administrative duties. These duties of the faculty, as outlined in the University and Medical School Faculty Handbooks, help to form the basis on which your performance will be evaluated.\u201d\nA plain and fair reading of the pertinent documents comprising the contract between plaintiff and Northwestern shows that Northwestern appointed plaintiff to an indefinite term of tenure and that the only \u201cfinancial obligation\u201d Northwestern owed plaintiff was a \u201cbase salary,\u201d which was \u201czero.\u201d Nutter\u2019s letter then refers, in general terms, to an unspecified total salary that would be annually recommended by plaintiffs department chair and then speaks of plaintiffs duties, and Northwestern\u2019s expectations of plaintiff, as a medical school faculty member. Based on the plain language of the contract, we find that the trial court properly concluded that the contract \u201c[did] not by its express terms guarantee plaintiff a salary from [Northwestern] sources.\u201d Because we find that the contract is unambiguous, there is no need for this court to consider the parol evidence to determine the meaning of the contract. See, e.g., Rymer v. Kendall College, 64 Ill. App. 3d 355, 361, 380 N.E.2d 1089 (1978).\nNevertheless, we briefly observe that the parol evidence presented during trial supports the conclusion that the contract did not guarantee plaintiff a salary from Northwestern. The evidence showed that plaintiff knew that he would not be entitled to a salary from Northwestern should he attain tenure. Dr. Visotsky, the chairman of plaintiffs academic department and a Northwestern representative most involved in recruiting plaintiff to Northwestern, had notified plaintiff that his appointment to the faculty would be for \u201ca tenure eligible track position\u201d and that Northwestern\u2019s medical school\u2019s \u201cbase salary is zero.\u201d Dr. Visotsky testified that he had discussed the tenure policy at Northwestern\u2019s medical school with plaintiff and that he had \u201ctold [plaintiff] that he wouldn\u2019t receive any salary with his tenure if he became tenured.\u201d Further evidence revealed that Northwestern\u2019s medical school had adopted its zero-base salary policy years before plaintiff accepted his tenure award and that plaintiff had accepted his tenure award without objection to any of the language included in the documents comprising the tenure-based agreement.\nPlaintiff, by subsequently accepting tenure at Northwestern, struck a bargain with Northwestern in connection with his award of tenure and he cannot now alter the terms of that bargain through his own self-serving testimony, testimony that the trial court found incredible. See Frydman v. Horn Eye Center, Ltd., 286 Ill. App. 3d 853, 858, 676 N.E.2d 1355 (1997) (noting that \u201clanguage in a contract is not rendered ambiguous merely because the parties disagree upon its meaning,\u201d and that \u201ca court cannot rewrite a contract to provide a better bargain to suit one of the parties\u201d). In an effort to alter the plain terms of the contract, plaintiff argues before this court, as he did at trial, that tenure included a component of economic security and the trial court erred as a matter of law in finding otherwise. Plaintiff, relying on a statement issued in 1940 by the American Association of University Professors (the 1940 Statement), argues that tenure always provides economic security, not just academic freedom. Plaintiff points to a portion of the 1940 Statement that provides that tenure is, in part, a means of guaranteeing \u201ca sufficient degree of economic security to make the profession attractive to men and women of ability.\u201d\nPlaintiff\u2019s reliance upon the 1940 Statement is without merit. According to the 1940 Statement, which is included in the record, \u201c[t]enure is a means to certain ends; specifically: (1) freedom of teaching and research and of extramural activities; and (2) a sufficient degree of economic security to make the profession attractive to men and women of ability.\u201d Contrary to plaintiffs suggestion, the parol evidence showed that Northwestern\u2019s medical school had never endorsed or adopted the \u201ceconomic security\u201d prong of the 1940 Statement\u2019s definition of tenure. Moreover, we note that while the University Handbook adopted the \u201cacademic freedom\u201d prong, it omitted any reference to the \u201ceconomic security\u201d prong. Similarly, the Medical School Handbook contained no reference to the \u201ceconomic security\u201d concept on which plaintiff relies. Such omissions signify that Northwestern did not adopt the \u201ceconomic security\u201d concept of tenure. See Klemp v. Hergott Group, Inc., 267 Ill. App. 3d 574, 581, 641 N.E.2d 957 (1994) (stating that there \u201cis a strong presumption against provisions that easily could have been included in the contract but were not,\u201d and a \u201ccourt will not add another term about which an agreement is silent\u201d).\nIn conclusion, we find that the unambiguous terms of the contract executed by plaintiff and Northwestern, terms that were corroborated by the parol evidence, support the trial court\u2019s holding that Northwestern did not breach any express or implied contractual obligation it owed to plaintiff.\nFor the reasons stated, we affirm the circuit court\u2019s order awarding judgment and costs in favor of Northwestern and against plaintiff.\nAffirmed.\nCAHILL, EJ., and WOLFSON, J\u201e concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE BURKE" } ], "attorneys": [ "Raymond J. Smith, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Sidley & Austin, of Chicago (Frederic J. Artwick and Eric S. Mattson, of counsel), and Stephanie M. Graham, of Northwestern University, of Evanston, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "DANIEL S. KIRSCHENBAUM, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, Defendant-Appellee.\nFirst District (3rd Division)\nNo. 1 \u2014 98 \u2014 3059\nOpinion filed April 12, 2000,\nnunc pro tunc December 29, 1999.\nRaymond J. Smith, of Chicago, for appellant.\nSidley & Austin, of Chicago (Frederic J. Artwick and Eric S. Mattson, of counsel), and Stephanie M. Graham, of Northwestern University, of Evanston, for appellee." }, "file_name": "1017-01", "first_page_order": 1037, "last_page_order": 1052 }