{ "id": 1025919, "name": "NICHOLAS WREGLESWORTH, By His Mother and Legal Guardian, Barbara Wreglesworth, et al., Plaintiffs, v. ARCTCO, INC., d/b/a Tigershark Watercraft, et al., Defendants (Arctic Cat, Inc., et al., Third-party Plaintiffs-Appellants; Timothy Lawrence et al., Third-party Defendants; Pine Crest, Inc., Incorrectly Sued as Pine Crest Marina, Appellee)", "name_abbreviation": "Wreglesworth v. Arctco, Inc.", "decision_date": "2000-11-14", "docket_number": "No. 1-99-2663", "first_page": "628", "last_page": "644", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "317 Ill. App. 3d 628" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "537 N.E.2d 871", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "181 Ill. App. 3d 827", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8499320 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/181/0827-01" ] }, { "cite": "597 N.E.2d 750", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "755" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "232 Ill. App. 3d 463", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8498970 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "469" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/232/0463-01" ] }, { "cite": "706 N.E.2d 441", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "449" }, { "page": "446", "parenthetical": "\"Unless a duty is owed, there is no negligence\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "185 Ill. 2d 380", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 121957 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "393" }, { "page": "395" }, { "page": "388", "parenthetical": "\"Unless a duty is owed, there is no negligence\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/185/0380-01" ] }, { "cite": "642 N.E.2d 825", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "829, 831", "parenthetical": "holding that there was no duty where plaintiff was injured when he ran into a goalpost (being used as a boundary marker" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "267 Ill. App. 3d 857", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 333081 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "863, 864", "parenthetical": "holding that there was no duty where plaintiff was injured when he ran into a goalpost (being used as a boundary marker" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/267/0857-01" ] }, { "cite": "622 N.E.2d 53", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "57" }, { "page": "57" }, { "page": "57", "parenthetical": "holding it unreasonable to require defendant to anticipate that plaintiff, while engaged in physical activities associated with an outdoor picnic, \"would blind himself to the probable consequences of his own actions\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "251 Ill. App. 3d 403", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2963028 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "408-09" }, { "page": "409" }, { "page": "408-09" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/251/0403-01" ] }, { "cite": "706 N.E.2d 460", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "464" }, { "page": "464" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "185 Ill. 2d 418", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 121970 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "426" }, { "page": "426" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/185/0418-01" ] }, { "cite": "502 S.E.2d 404", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "408" }, { "page": "408" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "130 N.C. App. 64", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11465277 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "70" }, { "page": "70" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/130/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "515 N.E.2d 779", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "162 Ill. App. 3d 53", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3508348 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "57" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/162/0053-01" ] }, { "cite": "711 N.E.2d 773", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "782-83" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "305 Ill. App. 3d 45", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1208079 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "57" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/305/0045-01" ] }, { "cite": "665 N.E.2d 826", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 10, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "832", "parenthetical": "persons who own, occupy, or control and maintain land are not required to foresee and protect against injuries from potentially dangerous conditions that are open and obvious" }, { "page": "832" }, { "page": "832" }, { "page": "836" }, { "page": "836", "parenthetical": "likelihood of injury increases where danger is concealed or latent, rather than open and obvious" }, { "page": "837" }, { "page": "835" }, { "page": "836" }, { "page": "837" }, { "page": "833" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "171 Ill. 2d 435", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 57330 ], "weight": 10, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "447-48", "parenthetical": "persons who own, occupy, or control and maintain land are not required to foresee and protect against injuries from potentially dangerous conditions that are open and obvious" }, { "page": "448" }, { "page": "448" }, { "page": "457" }, { "page": "456" }, { "page": "459" }, { "page": "455" }, { "page": "457" }, { "page": "459" }, { "page": "449" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/171/0435-01" ] }, { "cite": "694 N.E.2d 1038", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 7, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1040" }, { "page": "1042" }, { "page": "1041" }, { "page": "1042" }, { "page": "1042" }, { "page": "1043" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "296 Ill. App. 3d 244", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 222635 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "247" }, { "page": "248-49" }, { "page": "247" }, { "page": "248" }, { "page": "249" }, { "page": "251" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/296/0244-01" ] }, { "cite": "554 N.E.2d 223", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "226" }, { "page": "227" }, { "page": "230" }, { "page": "230" }, { "page": "230" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "136 Ill. 2d 132", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3255179 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "140" }, { "page": "141-42" }, { "page": "148" }, { "page": "148" }, { "page": "148" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/136/0132-01" ] }, { "cite": "566 N.E.2d 239", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "242-43" }, { "page": "241" }, { "page": "241" }, { "page": "243" }, { "page": "243" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "141 Ill. 2d 430", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3238667 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "437" }, { "page": "435" }, { "page": "435" }, { "page": "439" }, { "page": "439" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/141/0430-01" ] }, { "cite": "648 N.E.2d 1126", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1129" }, { "page": "1129" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "271 Ill. App. 3d 556", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 249231 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "560" }, { "page": "560" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/271/0556-01" ] }, { "cite": "617 N.E.2d 821", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "824" }, { "page": "825" }, { "page": "825" }, { "page": "824" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "247 Ill. App. 3d 811", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2926895 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "816" }, { "page": "816" }, { "page": "816" }, { "page": "816" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/247/0811-01" ] }, { "cite": "678 N.E.2d 683", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "688" }, { "page": "688" }, { "page": "688" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "287 Ill. App. 3d 592", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 520957 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "599" }, { "page": "599" }, { "page": "599" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/287/0592-01" ] }, { "cite": "607 N.E.2d 1271", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1297" }, { "page": "1297" }, { "page": "1297" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "240 Ill. App. 3d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5136426 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "44" }, { "page": "44" }, { "page": "44" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/240/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "688 N.E.2d 356", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" }, { "page": "361-62" }, { "page": "361" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "293 Ill. App. 3d 430", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 847503 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "437" }, { "page": "437-39" }, { "page": "437" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/293/0430-01" ] }, { "cite": "650 N.E.2d 608", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "610" }, { "page": "611" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 3d 606", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 252080 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "608" }, { "page": "610" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/272/0606-01" ] }, { "cite": "642 N.E.2d 1195", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1199" }, { "page": "1199" }, { "page": "1200" }, { "page": "1199" }, { "page": "1199" }, { "page": "1200" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "162 Ill. 2d 153", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477537 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "160" }, { "page": "161" }, { "page": "163" }, { "page": "162" }, { "page": "162" }, { "page": "162" }, { "page": "161" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/162/0153-01" ] }, { "cite": "316 Ill. App. 3d 1023", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1096659 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/316/1023-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1433, "char_count": 40233, "ocr_confidence": 0.749, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.4417748520339933e-07, "percentile": 0.8031280974296184 }, "sha256": "7687b23ac713d95adcf35fea7da58204f03790d8f4ccf026218fb76e02245a98", "simhash": "1:33aef51d3dc4e0d6", "word_count": 6754 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:16:30.528913+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "NICHOLAS WREGLESWORTH, By His Mother and Legal Guardian, Barbara Wreglesworth, et al., Plaintiffs, v. ARCTCO, INC., d/b/a Tigershark Watercraft, et al., Defendants (Arctic Cat, Inc., et al., Third-party Plaintiffs-Appellants; Timothy Lawrence et al., Third-party Defendants; Pine Crest, Inc., Incorrectly Sued as Pine Crest Marina, Appellee)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE GORDON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThird-party plaintiffs Arctic Cat, Inc., and Arctic Cat Sales, Inc. (hereinafter referred to collectively as Arctic Cat), appeal from an order of the Cook County circuit court dismissing their claim for contribution against third-party defendant Pine Crest, Inc. (incorrectly sued as Pine Crest Marina), the owner of a pier in Cedar Lake, Indiana. The order was made appealable pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (134 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)). This appeal is the second arising from a July 1995 accident in which Nicholas Wreglesworth (Nicholas), a minor, sustained a serious head injury when a Tigershark personal watercraft in which he was riding as a passenger collided with the pier owned by Pine Crest and proceeded underneath it. Nicholas and his mother, Barbara Wreglesworth (Barbara), filed suit against Arctic Cat, the manufacturer of the watercraft, alleging negligence, product liability and breach of warranty. Arctic Cat subsequently filed a third-party complaint for contribution against several other parties, including Pine Crest. In its order dismissing the third-party complaint against Pine Crest, the trial court approved Pine Crest\u2019s proposed $5,000 settlement with Nicholas and Barbara, finding that the settlement was made in good faith within the meaning of the Joint Tortfea-sor Contribution Act (the Act) (740 ILCS 100/0.01 et seq. (West 1994)). The trial court also held that Pine Crest owed no duty to plaintiffs Nicholas and Barbara. On appeal, Arctic Cat argues that the trial court erred (1) in holding that Pine Crest owed no duty to plaintiffs, and (2) in finding that the settlement was made in good faith. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the trial court\u2019s order dismissing the third-party complaint against Pine Crest.\nBACKGROUND\nThe underlying complaint against Arctic Cat was brought in July 1997 by Nicholas through Barbara and by Barbara individually. According to the complaint, the accident occurred on July 22, 1995, while Nicholas and his father, James Wreglesworth, both Illinois residents, were vacationing at Cedar Lake, Indiana, with other Illinois residents, including Vera Ortega. As noted, Nicholas was injured when a personal watercraft in which he was riding as a passenger collided with the pier owned by Pine Crest. At the time of the collision, the watercraft (also known as a jet-ski), which was owned by Indiana resident Timothy Lawrence, was being driven by Vera Ortega, who died as a result of the accident. Arctic Cat subsequently filed a counterclaim for indemnity based on a release that had been executed by Barbara. That agreement released Lawrence, Ortega and the Allstate Insurance Company (Lawrence\u2019s insurer) from liability in exchange for $100,000 (the limit of Lawrence\u2019s Allstate policy). The trial court granted plaintiffs\u2019 motion to dismiss Arctic Cat\u2019s counterclaim, and Arctic Cat appealed, arguing that under Indiana law Arctic Cat was included within the terms of the release.\nIn a separate appeal we affirmed the dismissal of Arctic Cat\u2019s counterclaim, holding that Illinois law applied. See Wreglesworth v. Arctco, Inc., 316 Ill. App. 3d 1023 (2000). According to the stipulations of the parties, our decision in that case necessarily resolved any conflict-of-laws issues in the instant appeal. For that reason, we do not address choice-of-law issues here.\nAs noted, this appeal pertains only to a third-party complaint for contribution filed by Arctic Cat. Though Arctic Cat\u2019s second amended third-party complaint listed as defendants not only Pine Crest, the subject of count I\\[ but also Timothy Lawrence, James Wreglesworth and the estate of Vera Ortega, who were the subjects of counts I, II and III, we are concerned in this appeal only with the complaint as it applies to Pine Crest. Apparently the third-party action against Ortega\u2019s estate and James Wreglesworth is still ongoing. It was dismissed against Lawrence.\nIn count IV of its second amended third-party complaint, Arctic Cat alleged that Pine Crest \u201ccarelessly and negligently failed to make sure the pier was reasonably safe for operation in connection with the watercraft,\u201d and \u201ccarelessly and negligently fail[ed] to warn Vera Ortega and Nicholas Wreglesworth of the unreasonably dangerous condition the pier posed to the watercraft.\u201d Accordingly, Arctic Cat sought contribution from Pine Crest in an amount commensurate with its negligence, in the event that Arctic Cat was found liable to Nicholas and Barbara.\nPine Crest moved for a good-faith finding and resultant dismissal of the third-party complaint, asserting that it had reached a proposed settlement for $5,000 with plaintiffs Nicholas and Barbara, \u201csubject to a finding that the settlement was entered into in good faith.\u201d Pine Crest noted that under the Act a tortfeasor who settles in good faith is discharged from liability for contribution to other tortfeasors. As to the settlement amount, Pine Crest stated at oral argument that the $5,000 figure was approximately equivalent to the legal fees it would have incurred if it had moved for summary judgment.\nIn its brief in opposition to Pine Crest\u2019s motion, Arctic Cat alleged \u201ca long-standing prior relationship\u201d between Pine Crest and the Wreglesworths. According to Arctic Cat, that relationship explained \u201cthe low settlement [amount]\u201d and showed that the settlement was not made in good faith. In its reply in support of its motion, Pine Crest responded to that allegation, attaching an affidavit of Robert Gross indicating that there was no such relationship. According to Gross, whose family owns Pine Crest, there was no personal or contractual relationship between Pine Crest and the Wreglesworths or Vera Ortega on the date of the accident, and no member of the Gross family or owner of Pine Crest had developed a relationship with any of those parties since then. Neither the Wreglesworths nor the owner of the watercraft had docking privileges at Pine Crest.\nAt the hearing on Pine Crest\u2019s motion, the following undisputed evidence was adduced. The accident occurred in the middle of the day, shortly before 1 p.m., when Ortega got into the watercraft, went out some distance in the lake, came back and hit the pier at a high rate of speed. As a result of this occurrence, Nicholas sustained, inter alia, a fractured skull. The pier is a fixed object along the shoreline and is clearly visible. Because it is fixed and not floating, the height of the pier varies depending on the water level of the lake. Rubber tires were positioned along certain portions of the pier to prevent boats from banging against the side.\nFollowing the hearing, the trial court, as noted, granted Pine Crest\u2019s motion, finding that the settlement was entered into in good faith and dismissing Pine Crest from the third-party suit \u201cpursuant to the settlement.\u201d The court stated: \u201cI\u2019ve heard the arguments and don\u2019t see any duty on the part of the defendant. So based on that, I think the $5,000 settlement is okay.\u201d This appeal followed.\nDISCUSSION\nThe Joint Tortfeasor Contribution Act (the Act) provides that a tortfeasor who settles in good faith with the injured party is discharged from contribution liability. See In re Guardianship of Babb, 162 Ill. 2d 153, 160, 642 N.E.2d 1195, 1199 (1994); Bowers v. Murphy & Miller, Inc., 272 Ill. App. 3d 606, 608, 650 N.E.2d 608, 610 (1995). The requirement that the settlement be made in good faith is contained in section 2(c) of the Act. 740 ILCS 100/2(c) (West 1994). Section 2(d) then provides that \u201c[t]he tortfeasor who settles with a claimant pursuant to paragraph (c) is discharged from all liability for any contribution to any other tortfeasor.\u201d 740 ILCS 100/2(d) (West 1994). The term \u201cgood faith\u201d is not defined in the Act, but a settlement is considered prima facie in good faith if the settling tortfeasor establishes that it was supported by consideration. Solimini v. Thomas, 293 Ill. App. 3d 430, 437, 688 N.E.2d 356, 361 (1997), citing McDermott v. Metropolitan Sanitary District, 240 Ill. App. 3d 1, 44, 607 N.E.2d 1271, 1297 (1992). The consideration does not have to be received; a mere promise to pay is sufficient to support a finding that the settlement was made in good faith. Solimini, 293 Ill. App. 3d at 437-39, 688 N.E.2d at 361-62. Once a prima facie showing of good faith is made, a presumption arises that the settlement is valid, and the burden shifts to the party challenging the settlement to show by a preponderance of the evidence that it was not made in good faith. Orejel v. York International Corp., 287 Ill. App. 3d 592, 599, 678 N.E.2d 683, 688 (1997); McDermott, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 44, 607 N.E.2d at 1297; Bowers, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 610, 650 N.E.2d at 611. Lack of good faith is generally considered to be \u201c \u2018tortious or wrongful conduct on the part of the settling party that amounts to fraud or collusion.\u2019 \u201d Alvarez v. Fred Hintze Construction, 247 Ill. App. 3d 811, 816, 617 N.E.2d 821, 824 (1993), quoting McDermott, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 44, 607 N.E.2d at 1297.\nFactors that have been considered in determining whether a settlement was made in good faith include: (1) \u201cwhether the amount paid by the settling tortfeasor was \u2018within a reasonable range of the settlor\u2019s fair share [citations.]\u2019 \u201d (Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 161, 642 N.E.2d at 1199); (2) whether there was a close personal relationship between the settling parties (Warsing v. Material Handling Services, Inc., 271 Ill. App. 3d 556, 560, 648 N.E.2d 1126, 1129 (1995)); (3) whether the plaintiff sued the settlor (Warsing, 271 Ill. App. 3d at 560, 648 N.E.2d at 1129); and (4) whether a calculated effort was made to conceal information about the circumstances surrounding the settlement agreement (Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 163, 642 N.E.2d at 1200). No single factor is seen as determinative. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 162, 642 N.E.2d at 1199. The trial court is to consider all of the surrounding circumstances in determining whether a settlement was made in good faith. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 162, 642 N.E.2d at 1199; Orejel, 287 Ill. App. 3d at 599, 678 N.E.2d at 688. A trial court\u2019s finding as to the good faith of a settlement is within the court\u2019s discretion, and it will be reversed on appeal only if there has been an abuse of discretion. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 162, 642 N.E.2d at 1200; Solimini, 293 Ill. App. 3d at 437, 688 N.E.2d at 361.\nIn the instant case, Pine Crest made a prima facie showing that the settlement was entered into in good faith. Under the terms of the settlement, Nicholas and Barbara were to discharge Pine Crest from liability in exchange for $5,000. Thus, the agreement was supported by consideration, and the burden shifted to Arctic Cat to show that the settlement was not made in good faith. See Orejel, 287 Ill. App. 3d at 599, 678 N.E.2d at 688.\nArctic Cat\u2019s major contention is that the trial court erred in its holding that there was no duty and that therefore the $5,000 settlement amount is disproportionately small, thus establishing that the settlement was not made in good faith. This argument lacks merit and shall be addressed at some length.\nAccording to Arctic Cat, Pine Crest had a duty to keep the pier in a reasonably safe condition by fully padding its sides and corners (and not just some portions of the pier), as well as a duty to warn of nonob-vious dangers if the pier was not reasonably safe. Arctic Cat notes that because the pier was a fixed object and not floating, there was a risk that a watercraft could proceed under the pier when the water was low. Pine Crest argues that its pier is an open and obvious condition and that it therefore had no duty to Nicholas. We agree with Pine Crest.\n\u201cA duty of care arises when the parties stand in such a relationship to one another that the law imposes upon defendant an obligation of reasonable conduct for the benefit of plaintiff.\u201d Deibert v. Bauer Brothers Construction Co., 141 Ill. 2d 430, 437, 566 N.E.2d 239, 242-43 (1990). \u201cWhether a duty exists in a particular case is a question of law to be determined by the court.\u201d Ward v. K mart Corp., 136 Ill. 2d 132, 140, 554 N.E.2d 223, 226 (1990).\nUnder the Premises Liability Act, an owner or occupier of any premises owes a duty of \u201creasonable care under the circumstances\u201d to entrants who are not trespassers. 740 ILCS 130/2 (West 1994); Menough v. Woodfield Gardens, 296 Ill. App. 3d 244, 247, 694 N.E.2d 1038, 1040 (1998). The situation is essentially the same under the common law. Ward, 136 Ill. 2d at 141-42, 554 N.E.2d at 227. However, there is no such duty where the condition creating the risk is open and obvious. See Bucheleres v. Chicago Park District, 171 Ill. 2d 435, 447-48, 665 N.E.2d 826, 832 (1996) (persons who own, occupy, or control and maintain land are not required to foresee and protect against injuries from potentially dangerous conditions that are open and obvious). The law generally assumes that persons who encounter such obvious and common conditions will take care to avoid any danger inherent in them. Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 448, 665 N.E.2d at 832. \u201cThe open and obvious nature of the condition itself gives caution and therefore the risk of harm is considered slight; people are expected to appreciate and avoid obvious risks.\u201d Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 448, 665 N.E.2d at 832. As our supreme court stated in Ward-.\n\u201cCertainly a condition may be so blatantly obvious and in such position on the defendant\u2019s premises that he could not reasonably be expected to anticipate that people will fail to protect themselves from any danger posed by the condition. Even in the case of children on the premises, this court has held that the owner or possessor has no duty to remedy conditions presenting obvious risks which children would generally be expected to appreciate and avoid.\u201d Ward, 136 Ill. 2d at 148, 554 N.E.2d at 230.\nHence an owner or possessor of premises is not required to anticipate dangers that are open and obvious, even where children are involved. Here the term \u201cobvious\u201d means that \u201c \u2018both the condition and the risk are apparent to and would be recognized by a reasonable [person], in the position of the visitor, exercising ordinary perception, intelligence, and judgment.\u2019 \u201d Deibert, 141 Ill. 2d at 435, 566 N.E.2d at 241, quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 343A, Comment b, at 219 (1965). Thus \u201c[t]he issue of whether a condition is obvious is determined by the objective knowledge of a reasonable person, not the plaintiffs subjective knowledge.\u201d Menough, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 248-49, 694 N.E.2d at 1042; Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 457, 665 N.E.2d at 836.\nThe record in the instant case shows that Pine Crest\u2019s pier was open and obvious. It is undisputed that the pier was a visible structure, not latent or concealed. See Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 456, 665 N.E.2d at 836 (likelihood of injury increases where danger is concealed or latent, rather than open and obvious). As noted, the accident occurred in the middle of the day, shortly before 1 p.m. on July 22, 1995. Manifestly the pier would have been visible and apparent to a reasonable person at that time. Further, it is beyond question that a reasonable person would recognize the risk of injury resulting from colliding with the pier on a jet-ski at high speed, regardless of whether the pier was padded with rubber tires.\nIn Bucheleres, a case relied upon by Pine Crest, one of the plaintiffs was severely injured when he dived off a concrete seawall into Lake Michigan and struck his head on the sand bottom. The accident occurred one day before the official opening of Chicago beaches in spring 1988. Our supreme court held in Bucheleres that the defendant park district had no duty to the plaintiff even though the park district had recently added sand to the bottom of the lake to compensate for winter erosion, thus effectively making the lake shallower. There was also evidence that the surface level of the lake had dropped naturally by more than one foot during the months preceding the plaintiffs injury. The court held that the park district could have reasonably expected the plaintiff \u201cto appreciate the risk associated with diving into water of unknown depth and shifting currents and sands.\u201d Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 459, 665 N.E.2d at 837. In other words, the lake presented an obvious danger. See also Bier v. Leanna Lakeside Property Ass\u2019n, 305 Ill. App. 3d 45, 57, 711 N.E.2d 773, 782-83 (1999) (holding that defendant association owed no common law duty to plaintiff who was severely injured when he used a rope swing and fell into a lake, hitting his head on the bottom; the plaintiff \u201cknew and appreciated the risk of falling from the rope swing in such a manner as to land upside down in shallow water\u201d); cf. Young v. Chicago Housing Authority, 162 Ill. App. 3d 53, 57, 515 N.E.2d 779 (1987) (holding that defendant housing authority did not owe duty to minor plaintiff who was injured when he fell from playground- monkey bars onto concrete surface below; court noted \u201ccommon-sense principle\u201d that \u201cif you fall, you might get hurt,\u201d adding that \u201c[a] five-year-old child knows that if he or she falls from a height onto concrete while *** playing on monkey bars, he or she probably will get hurt\u201d).\nSimilarly, in the instant case a reasonable person clearly would recognize that if he collided with the pier on a jet-ski, he might get hurt. Just as with the lake in Bucheleres, the rope swing in Bier, and the concrete playground in Young, the pier in the instant case is an open and obvious condition that carries its \u201cown warning of possible danger.\u201d Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 455, 665 N.E.2d at 835.\nNotwithstanding the foregoing, Arctic Cat argues first that there is nothing in the record to indicate that either Vera Ortega or Nicholas was \u201ccognizant of the condition [of] that corner of the pier [into which the jet-ski collided] or that it lacked rubber cushioning before the collision.\u201d That argument misses the point. As noted, the relevant question is not whether Ortega or Nicholas subjectively knew of the danger but whether a reasonable person would have recognized it and thus whether an owner or possessor of premises might reasonably expect such a person to recognize it. See Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 457, 665 N.E.2d at 836; Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 343A, Comment h, at 219 (1965). As indicated, we believe that in this instance a reasonable person clearly would have recognized the danger and therefore that Pine Crest could not reasonably be expected to anticipate that people would fail to protect themselves from it. See Ward, 136 Ill. 2d at 148, 554 N.E.2d at 230.\nWe find the North Carolina case of Croker v. Yadkin, Inc., 130 N.C. App. 64, 502 S.E.2d 404 (1998), to be particularly instructive since the facts there are directly analogous to the instant case. In Croker, the plaintiff was injured when she struck a pier while attempting to para-sail. She stumbled as she prepared to take off, and when she reached tree level, the parasail turned toward the right, resulting in the plaintiffs hitting a pier which was licensed by the defendant. The trial court granted summary judgment for the defendant, and the appellate court affirmed, holding that the pier was \u201can obvious structure, neither hidden nor concealed,\u201d and the defendant thus had no common law duty to warn the plaintiff of it. Croker, 130 N.C. App. at 70, 502 S.E.2d at 408. The parasailer in Croker was in approximately the same situation as a passenger in the instant case. She was being pulled by a boat that lifted her into the air, and though she apparently had some control over the parasail, it was arguably the operator of the boat who was the driver. Nevertheless, the court held that the defendant had no duty to warn the plaintiff of a hazard that was \u201cobvious to any ordinarily intelligent person using [her] eyes in an ordinary manner.\u201d Croker, 130 N.C. App. at 70, 502 S.E.2d at 408. Likewise we conclude that the pier in the instant case was open and obvious to any reasonable person, whether driver or passenger, and that Pine Crest therefore could not reasonably be expected to anticipate that people would fail to protect themselves from any danger posed by the pier. See Ward, 136 Ill. 2d at 148, 554 N.E.2d at 230.\nArctic Cat argues further that the dangerous condition here is not merely the possibility that a watercraft might run into the pier, but that it might proceed under the pier when the water level is low, given that Pine Crest\u2019s pier is a fixed object and not floating. According to Arctic Cat, the danger of proceeding under the pier is neither \u201cdetectable by your average boater\u201d nor \u201crecognizable by the reasonable person,\u201d and hence the dangerous condition here was not open and obvious. We disagree.\nIf the water level were low enough for a jet-ski to proceed under the pier after colliding with it, such a lowered water level would at minimum be more visible than the shallower water level of the lake in Bucheleres. There, the plaintiff could not have determined merely from observing the lake\u2019s surface that sand had been added to the bottom. Here, by contrast, a water level sufficiently lowered to allow a jet-ski to proceed under the pier would be visible by simply looking at the water\u2019s surface in relation to the pier. The court in Bucheleres, as noted, held that because the lake itself carried its own warning of possible danger, the defendant park district could reasonably have expected the plaintiff \u201cto appreciate the risk associated with diving into water of unknown depth and shifting currents and sands.\u201d Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 459, 665 N.E.2d at 837. If sand added to the bottom of Lake Michigan in Bucheleres did not render the resultant shallower lake level latent or concealed, then surely a lowered water level in relation to Pine Crest\u2019s pier is not hidden or concealed either. Our conclusion here is reinforced by the not unreasonable belief that, were we to find a duty on such grounds, it would be tantamount to requiring all pier owners to have floating piers. We are not persuaded that it would be either practical or economically feasible to impose such a duty.\nArctic Cat attempts to counter the holding in Bucheleres with the holding in Jackson v. TLC Associates, Inc., 185 Ill. 2d 418, 706 N.E.2d 460 (1998), but that case is distinguishable. In Jackson, the 19-year-old plaintiff suffered cervical and spine fractures after diving into the \u201cdeep\u201d end of a lake adjacent to a public bathing beach owned by the defendant. The injuries left him a quadriplegic, and he later died from complications related to those injuries. According to the plaintiff\u2019s mother, her son\u2019s injuries were caused when he hit his head on a submerged section of plastic pipe used by the defendant to adjust the level of the water. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant and the appellate court affirmed, but our supreme court reversed, holding that the open and obvious doctrine was not dispositive of whether the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty. According to the court, there was no reason that the plaintiff or any other patron \u201cshould reasonably have anticipated the presence of the underwater obstruction or the injuries it could produce.\u201d Jackson, 185 Ill. 2d at 426, 706 N.E.2d at 464. The court noted that bodies of water present \u201copen and obvious danger[s]\u201d but explained that \u201c[t]he existence of that hazard [the submerged pipe] had nothing to do with the inherent characteristics of bodies of water; it stemmed solely from [the defendant\u2019s] conduct.\u201d Jackson, 185 Ill. 2d at 426, 706 N.E.2d at 464. The danger was compounded by the fact that the defendant would periodically move the pipe, making it virtually impossible for patrons to assess that the risks in a given area of the lake had changed.\nHere the situation is very different. A drop in the water level in relation to the pier is not hidden in the sense that a pipe submerged in a lake is hidden. Further, unlike the submerged pipe in Jackson, such a lowering of the water level is an inherent characteristic of bodies of water and thus is a risk which a pier owner could reasonably expect a patron to recognize. In Jackson, it was the defendant who moved the pipe. Here, Pine Crest had nothing to do with the lowering (or raising) of the lake\u2019s water level.\nHowever, the existence of an open and obvious condition is not a per se bar to the finding of a legal duty. See Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 449, 665 N.E.2d at 833; Menough, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 247, 694 N.E.2d at 1041. According to section 343A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which is quoted with approval in Ward, \u201c[a] possessor of land is not liable to his invitees for physical harm caused to them by any activity or condition on the land whose danger is known or obvious to them, unless the possessor should anticipate the harm despite such knowledge or obviousness.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 343A(1) (1965). Comment f to section 343A explains that reason to expect harm to visitors from known or obvious dangers may arise \u201cwhere the possessor has reason to expect that the invitee\u2019s attention may be distracted, so that he will not discover what is obvious, or will forget what he has discovered, or fail to protect himself against it.\u201d Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 343A, Comment /, at 220 (1965). That is referred to as the distraction exception to the open and obvious doctrine. Comment / also describes a second exception, explaining that \u201c[s]uch reason [to expect harm] may also arise where the possessor has reason to expect that the invitee will proceed to encounter the known or obvious danger because to a reasonable man in his position the advantages of doing so would outweigh the apparent risk.\u201d Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 343A, Comment f, at 220 (1965). That is commonly referred to as the deliberate encounter exception.\nArctic Cat argues that there is every reason to believe that, at the time of the accident, Nicholas was not looking forward but to the side or at the back of the person seated in front of him in the watercraft. According to Arctic Cat, recreational sports such as watercraft-ing \u201coften involve concentration on certain objects, such as the shore or the water passing by, especially by passengers.\u201d Thus Arctic Cat appears to argue that Nicholas was distracted or reasonably could be expected to be distracted in this situation. We disagree.\nFirst, contrary to Arctic Cat\u2019s suggestions, there is nothing in this record to indicate that either Vera Ortega or Nicholas was distracted at the time of the accident. Second, as noted, the relevant question here is not whether Nicholas himself was distracted but whether a reasonable person in his position would have been. See Deibert, 141 Ill. 2d at 435, 566 N.E.2d at 241.\nThe distraction exception was held to apply in Deibert, where the plaintiff, a construction worker, exited a portable bathroom on a construction site and stepped into a rut left by a piece of heavy machinery, injuring his back. The bathroom was situated between two multistory buildings under construction, and upon exiting the bathroom the plaintiff looked up to ascertain whether construction materials were being thrown off a balcony that was above and near the bathroom. According to the plaintiff, workers had previously thrown construction materials off the balcony. The court in Deibert concluded that the rut was open and obvious, but held that the defendant construction company nonetheless owed the plaintiff a duty because it was foreseeable that a worker in that situation \u201cwould be momentarily distracted by the fear of possible falling debris from the balcony overhead, and stumble in a rut he would have otherwise noticed and avoided.\u201d Deibert 141 Ill. 2d at 439, 566 N.E.2d at 243. The court emphasized that it was the defendant who created the hazard which caused the distraction. \u201cHad the construction workers not discarded debris off the balcony, thus endangering those below, plaintiff would not have been distracted.\u201d Deibert 141 Ill. 2d at 439, 566 N.E.2d at 243.\nIn the instant case, by contrast, there is no such clear indication that a distraction existed, nor that Pine Crest would have been the creator of the distraction claimed by Arctic Cat. If Ortega or Nicholas was concentrating on \u201cthe shore or the water passing by,\u201d that distraction would not have been the creation of Pine Crest. Moreover, such concentration would appear to be more in the nature of inattention than distraction. \u201cThe Ward [distraction exception] doctrine does not charge possessors of land with a duty to anticipate the harm that might result from an invitee\u2019s inattention to a known or obvious condition.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Richardson v. Vaughn, 251 Ill. App. 3d 403, 408-09, 622 N.E.2d 53, 57 (1993). \u201cInstead, defendants\u2019 duty arises where they could reasonably anticipate an invitee\u2019s distraction or momentary forgetfulness.\u201d Richardson, 251 Ill. App. 3d at 409, 622 N.E.2d at 57; see also Bialek v. Moraine Valley Community College School District 524, 267 Ill. App. 3d 857, 863, 864, 642 N.E.2d 825, 829, 831 (1994) (holding that there was no duty where plaintiff was injured when he ran into a goalpost (being used as a boundary marker) while running to catch a pass during a football game; court concluded that \u201c[i]n these circumstances, a plaintiff will not be heard to claim that a distraction of his own making imposes a duty on the defendant\u201d (emphasis added)); cf. Richardson, 251 Ill. App. 3d at 408-09, 622 N.E.2d at 57 (holding it unreasonable to require defendant to anticipate that plaintiff, while engaged in physical activities associated with an outdoor picnic, \u201cwould blind himself to the probable consequences of his own actions\u201d). As noted, in the instant case the claimed source of distraction, namely, \u201cthe shore or the water passing by,\u201d unlike the potentially falling debris in Deibert, would not have been brought about by Pine Crest.\nArctic Cat relies principally upon Menough v. Woodfield Gardens, 296 Ill. App. 3d 244, 694 N.E.2d 1038 (1998), but that reliance is misplaced. In Menough, the plaintiff severely injured his ankle while he was playing basketball on a court located on the property of the defendant apartment complex. The court\u2019s backboard and net were mounted on a pole that was anchored in a concrete-filled tire, the front half of which extended in front of the pole. The plaintiffs injury occurred when he made a \u201clay-up\u201d shot at the net and his foot landed on the tire, snapping his ankle. The court in Menough concluded that the tire was open and obvious, but held that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff \u201cbecause it was reasonably foreseeable that the plaintiff would have been distracted and fail to see the tire.\u201d Menough, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 248, 694 N.E.2d at 1042. According to the court, the defendant had reason to anticipate that a person \u201cwould become distracted while approaching the net with the basketball to score a basket, forgetting the presence of the tire which protruded into the area underneath the net.\u201d Menough, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 249, 694 N.E.2d at 1042. At the time of the accident in Menough, the plaintiffs attention was \u201caimed at scoring a point,\u201d which the court emphasized was \u201cthe purpose for which the basketball hoop had been installed.\u201d Menough, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 251, 694 N.E.2d at 1043. The condition which caused the distraction was the backboard and net itself, and the playing of the game for which the net was put there in the first place. Thus, similar to the situation in Deibert, the distracting condition was linked directly to the defendant. Here, as noted, unlike the situation in Menough and Deibert, whatever distraction might have existed for Ortega or Nicholas had nothing to do with Pine Crest, which did not place other boats in the lake nor did it place the jet-ski there. We therefore find Menough inapposite to the instant case.\nArctic Cat argues further that the deliberate encounter exception applies here as well. We disagree.\nAs noted, the deliberate encounter exception applies \u201cwhere the possessor has reason to expect that the invitee will proceed to encounter the known or obvious danger because to a reasonable man in his position the advantages of doing so would outweigh the apparent risk.\u201d Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 343A, Comment f, at 220 (1965). An example of this exception is provided in illustration 5, which is quoted favorably by our supreme court in LaFever v. Kemlite Co., 185 Ill. 2d 380, 393, 706 N.E.2d 441, 449 (1998):\n\u201cA owns an office building, in which he rents an office for business purposes to B. The only approach to the office is over a slippery waxed stairway, whose condition is visible and quite obvious. C, employed by B in the office, uses the stairway on her way to work, slips on it, and is injured. Her only alternative to taking the risk was to forgo her employment. A is subject to liability to C.\u201d Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 343A, Illustration 5, at 221 (1965).\nIt would appear from this illustration that some sort of economic compulsion such as loss of employment lies at the root of the invitee\u2019s decision to deliberately encounter the obvious danger. See LaFever, 185 Ill. 2d at 395, 706 N.E.2d at 449 (holding that defendant owed plaintiff a duty where the plaintiff, a \u201croll-off\u2019 driver employed to pick up and dispose of debris at the defendant company\u2019s facility, slipped on \u201cedge trim\u201d at that facility and fell, injuring his back; court held that the deliberate encounter exception applied, explaining that the defendant company \u201ccould reasonably foresee an \u2018economic compulsion\u2019 [citation] imposed on the roll-off drivers to perform the work they were hired to do,\u201d and that the defendant therefore had reason to know that these drivers \u201cwould deliberately encounter the hazard in order to fulfill their obligations and, consequently, keep their jobs\u201d).\nIn the instant case, by contrast, there is no indication of any economic compulsion or indeed of any other sort of impetus under which a reasonable person in Ortega\u2019s position would deliberately encounter the danger of colliding with the pier. We therefore conclude that Pine Crest had no reason to expect that Ortega would proceed to encounter this obvious danger, and thus Pine Crest could not reasonably be expected to protect against it. Hence the deliberate encounter exception does not apply.\nAccordingly, we conclude that the condition presented by Pine Crest\u2019s pier was open and obvious, and neither of the two exceptions to that doctrine is applicable in the instant case. Pine Crest owed no duty of care, and it necessarily follows that there was no negligence. See LaFever v. Kemlite Co., 185 Ill. 2d 380, 388, 706 N.E.2d 441, 446 (1998) (\u201cUnless a duty is owed, there is no negligence\u201d).\nTherefore, contrary to Arctic Cat\u2019s contentions, the $5,000 settlement amount was not disproportionately small compared to Pine Crest\u2019s fault, which was nonexistent. Indeed, since Pine Crest owed no duty, the only amount that would have been \u201cwithin a reasonable range of [its] fair share\u201d (Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 161, 642 N.E.2d at 1199) is zero. As noted, Pine Crest indicated that the $5,000 figure was approximately equivalent to the legal fees it would have incurred if it had moved for summary judgment. Under these circumstances the $5,000 settlement amount clearly does not suggest bad faith.\nEven if Pine Crest had borne some minimal amount of fault, the result would be the same. As the court observed in Alvarez v. Fred Hintze Construction, 247 Ill. App. 3d 811, 816, 617 N.E.2d 821, 825 (1993), \u201cIllinois\u2019 courts have consistently rejected challenges to good-faith settlements based upon alleged disparities between the value of the settlement and the settling tortfeasor\u2019s relative culpability for the plaintiff\u2019s damages.\u201d Implicit in that view is the recognition that \u201c \u2018settlements may be substantially different from the results of litigation because damages are often speculative and the probability of liability uncertain.\u2019 \u201d Alvarez, 247 Ill. App. 3d at 816, 617 N.E.2d at 825, quoting Smith v. Texaco, Inc., 232 Ill. App. 3d 463, 469, 597 N.E.2d 750, 755 (1992). Here of course the probability of liability is not uncertain. Pine Crest has none.\nArctic Cat also argues that the settlement was tainted by Pine Crest\u2019s attempts to prevent full discovery concerning such matters as the condition of the pier, the use of rubber tires to protect against direct collisions, and the presence of the boating public on the pier. This argument also is without merit. First, while Pine Crest may not have been as forthcoming in discovery as Arctic Cat would have liked, the record shows that it did provide information as to the use of tires. In its response to Arctic Cat\u2019s request to produce, Pine Crest included copies of photos, some of which clearly showed rubber tires placed along some side portions of the pier, apparently to prevent boats from banging against the side. Pine Crest also conceded in its answers to interrogatories that rubber tires were used. Second, as to the presence of the boating public on the pier, Pine Crest conceded in response to requests for admissions that, prior to the date of the accident, personal watercraft had operated in Cedar Lake within 100 yards of the pier. Third, notwithstanding the relative sufficiency or insufficiency of these responses, it is undisputed that Arctic Cat filed no motion to compel discovery. Finally, we note that the question of whether additional discovery is necessary in order to make a good-faith finding is addressed to the trial court\u2019s discretion. See Ruffino v. Hinze, 181 Ill. App. 3d 827, 830 n.1, 537 N.E.2d 871, 873 n.1 (1989). We cannot say based on this record that any failure on the part of the trial court to order additional discovery was an abuse of discretion.\nIn addition, Arctic Cat presents no evidence that there was a personal relationship between the Wreglesworths and Pine Crest. Indeed, as noted, Robert Gross asserts in his affidavit that there was no such relationship. According to Gross, whose family owns Pine Crest, there was no personal or contractual relationship between Pine Crest and the Wreglesworths or Vera Ortega on the date of the accident, and no member of the Gross family or owner of Pine Crest had developed a relationship with any of those parties since then.\nApplying a totality-of-the-circumstances approach, we conclude that Arctic Cat has not met its burden of demonstrating \u201ctortious or wrongful conduct on the part of the settling party that amounts to fraud or collusion\u201d (Alvarez, 247 Ill. App. 3d at 816, 617 N.E.2d at 824), and it thus has failed to show that the settlement was not made in good faith. Hence we cannot say that the trial court\u2019s finding of good faith here was an abuse of discretion, and we therefore affirm that finding.\nSince the settlement was made in good faith within the meaning of section 2(c) of the Act, Pine Crest is discharged from contribution liability (see 740 ILCS 100/2(d) (West 1994)), and we therefore affirm the trial court\u2019s order dismissing the third-party complaint for contribution against Pine Crest.\nAffirmed.\nCAHILL, PJ, and COUSINS, J., concur.\nAccording to a boating accident report, the watercraft\u2019s speedometer remained stuck at 42 miles per hour, which was believed to be the vessel\u2019s speed when it collided with the pier.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE GORDON" } ], "attorneys": [ "James Conte, of Lee, Mann, Smith, McWilliams, Sweeney & Ohlson, of Chicago, and Scott Olds, of James E. Olds, Ltd., of Orangeville, Idaho, for appellants.", "James W. Fessler, Michael Resis, Glen Amundsen, and M. Bridget Walsh, all of O\u2019Hagen, Smith & Amundsen, L.L.C., of Chicago, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "NICHOLAS WREGLESWORTH, By His Mother and Legal Guardian, Barbara Wreglesworth, et al., Plaintiffs, v. ARCTCO, INC., d/b/a Tigershark Watercraft, et al., Defendants (Arctic Cat, Inc., et al., Third-party Plaintiffs-Appellants; Timothy Lawrence et al., Third-party Defendants; Pine Crest, Inc., Incorrectly Sued as Pine Crest Marina, Appellee).\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1-99-2663\nOpinion filed November 14, 2000.\nJames Conte, of Lee, Mann, Smith, McWilliams, Sweeney & Ohlson, of Chicago, and Scott Olds, of James E. Olds, Ltd., of Orangeville, Idaho, for appellants.\nJames W. Fessler, Michael Resis, Glen Amundsen, and M. Bridget Walsh, all of O\u2019Hagen, Smith & Amundsen, L.L.C., of Chicago, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0628-01", "first_page_order": 648, "last_page_order": 664 }