{ "id": 279653, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GUADALUPE RIOS, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Rios", "decision_date": "2000-12-27", "docket_number": "No. 1-99-2797", "first_page": "354", "last_page": "369", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "318 Ill. App. 3d 354" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "687, 694" }, { "page": "693, 698" }, { "page": "2064, 2068" }, { "page": "687" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "2064" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 N.E.2d 1138", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "113 Ill. 2d 256", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3173780 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "272" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/113/0256-01" ] }, { "cite": "643 N.E.2d 789", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "162 Ill. 2d 497", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477543 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "512" }, { "page": "509" }, { "page": "509" }, { "page": "509" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/162/0497-01" ] }, { "cite": "690 N.E.2d 128", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "294 Ill. App. 3d 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 35381 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "508" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/294/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "686 N.E.2d 584", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "177 Ill. 2d 389", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 317111 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "395" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/177/0389-01" ] }, { "cite": "451 N.E.2d 1298", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "116 Ill. App. 3d 384", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3520847 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "394" }, { "page": "394" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/116/0384-01" ] }, { "cite": "455 N.E.2d 41", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "97 Ill. 2d 487", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5516622 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "498-99" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/97/0487-01" ] }, { "cite": "387 N.E.2d 10", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 Ill. App. 3d 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3241862 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "66" }, { "page": "67" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/69/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "422 N.E.2d 213", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "96 Ill. App. 3d 976", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 12144966 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "986" }, { "page": "987" }, { "page": "986-87" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/96/0976-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 Ill. App. 3d 1043", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3479238 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1049" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/173/1043-01" ] }, { "cite": "193 Ill. 2d 513", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 963688 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "533" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/193/0513-01" ] }, { "cite": "628 N.E.2d 351", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "257 Ill. App. 3d 26", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2888809 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "40" }, { "page": "38" }, { "page": "40" }, { "page": "38-39", "parenthetical": "prosecutor's comments \"that's what he's counting on\" and \"[tjhat's what he wants, a second degree murder,\" not improper" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/257/0026-01" ] }, { "cite": "417 N.E.2d 827", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "\"If you want to slap him on the wrist find him guilty of involuntary manslaughter\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "93 Ill. App. 3d 808", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3136918 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "823", "parenthetical": "\"If you want to slap him on the wrist find him guilty of involuntary manslaughter\"" }, { "page": "823" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/93/0808-01" ] }, { "cite": "597 N.E.2d 703", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "\"involuntary manslaughter does not apply; it is a cop-out *** it is a cop-out in this case\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "232 Ill. App. 3d 386", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8498857 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "390", "parenthetical": "\"involuntary manslaughter does not apply; it is a cop-out *** it is a cop-out in this case\"" }, { "page": "390" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/232/0386-01" ] }, { "cite": "568 N.E.2d 1234", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "142 Ill. 2d 258", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3236913 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "323" }, { "page": "323" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/142/0258-01" ] }, { "cite": "641 N.E.2d 867", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "266 Ill. App. 3d 914", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 887305 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "922" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/266/0914-01" ] }, { "cite": "195 Ill. 2d 461", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 725342 ], "weight": 5, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "480-81" }, { "page": "474" }, { "page": "474" }, { "page": "480" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/195/0461-01" ] }, { "cite": "377 N.E.2d 245", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "jury not instructed on defendant's theory that intervening factors caused victim's death" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "60 Ill. App. 3d 621", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3351349 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "625-26", "parenthetical": "jury not instructed on defendant's theory that intervening factors caused victim's death" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/60/0621-01" ] }, { "cite": "427 N.E.2d 351", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "in obscenity trial, definitions instruction and issues instruction were contradictory" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "100 Ill. App. 3d 691", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5499276 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "693", "parenthetical": "in obscenity trial, definitions instruction and issues instruction were contradictory" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/100/0691-01" ] }, { "cite": "429 N.E.2d 861", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "element of intent to defraud completely omitted from jury instruction defining deceptive practices" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 Ill. 2d 216", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3030605 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "222-23", "parenthetical": "element of intent to defraud completely omitted from jury instruction defining deceptive practices" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/87/0216-01" ] }, { "cite": "370 N.E.2d 532", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 Ill. 2d 61", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5454543 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "63" }, { "page": "66-67" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/69/0061-01" ] }, { "cite": "603 N.E.2d 460", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 Ill. 2d 461", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3291911 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "482" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/151/0461-01" ] }, { "cite": "440 N.E.2d 1248", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "91 Ill. 2d 536", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3091828 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "544" }, { "page": "544-45" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/91/0536-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1174, "char_count": 34743, "ocr_confidence": 0.763, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.564870723155626e-08, "percentile": 0.40220703986989204 }, "sha256": "a698bb8362e6982369bcd14354fe262221514dbc1efdf76386f95f345a2400b3", "simhash": "1:7b38dec2b2ee3f50", "word_count": 5762 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:02:38.722215+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GUADALUPE RIOS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE WOLFSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nOn April 12, 1998, outside a bar on the south side of Chicago, Guadalupe Rios (Rios) shot and killed Pablo Fernandez (Fernandez). Rios was charged with first degree murder. A jury found him guilty and he was sentenced to 30 years.\nAt trial, Rios did not deny firing the fatal shot. He contended he fired in self-defense. The trial judge agreed to instruct the jury on the law of self-defense, but he gave a first degree murder definition instruction that did not include the words \u201cwithout lawful justification.\u201d\nThe defendant claims the omission of those three words from an otherwise correct set of instructions deprived him of a fair trial. We do not agree. We find no fatal error in the instructions or in the other issues raised by the defendant. We affirm his conviction and sentence.\nFACTS\nBoth the victim and defendant were drinking in a bar on the south side of Chicago just before the shooting. Laticia Martinez (Martinez) testified she was an employee of the bar and was working the night Fernandez was killed. Martinez said Fernandez was a regular customer at the bar. Martinez saw defendant argue with Fernandez before the shooting and testified defendant threatened to \u201cfuck up\u201d Fernandez during that argument. Defendant left soon after the argument ended. Fernandez left a few minutes later.\nAfter Fernandez left the bar, Martinez heard three or four gunshots. When she went outside, she saw Fernandez lying on the ground. Martinez identified defendant from a police lineup several days after the shooting as the man she saw arguing with the victim. She identified him again at trial.\nRosendo Garcia (Garcia) testified he and defendant worked for the same company prior to defendant\u2019s arrest. On April 17, 1998, Garcia was at work when he received a phone call from defendant. Defendant told trim he was not coming to work because two of his brothers had been arrested. When Garcia asked defendant why they were arrested, defendant told him he shot two people.\nBrian Mitchell (Mitchell), a forensic pathologist, testified he performed the autopsy on the victim. He said Fernandez died from two gunshot wounds, to the left abdomen and the left hip. Mitchell said the shots were not fired at close range.\nChicago police detective Thomas Cepeda (Cepeda) testified he and his partner were assigned to investigate Fernandez\u2019s death. They approached defendant on April 17, 1998. Defendant and his stepson were getting out of defendant\u2019s car in the alley behind their apartment. Ce-peda told defendant he was a policeman and asked defendant his name. Defendant told him his name was \u201cManuel.\u201d Cepeda told him he knew him to be Guadalupe Rios, and defendant admitted that was his name. Cepeda asked defendant why he lied about his name and defendant said \u201che knew he was in trouble because he *** shot somebody the weekend before.\u201d\nAfter Cepeda and his partner arrested defendant, Cepeda asked him why he shot Fernandez. Defendant told him Fernandez \u201chad aggravated him.\u201d Cepeda asked him where the gun was hidden, and defendant told him he had thrown it away. Cepeda told defendant he knew he hadn\u2019t thrown away the gun, and defendant said the gun was in the house. He told Cepeda his wife could show the detectives where the gun was hidden. Cepeda\u2019s partner rode to the station with defendant while Cepeda went inside and spoke to defendant\u2019s wife. She showed him defendant\u2019s gun, which was hidden under the mattress of their bed.\nCepeda returned to the police station where he questioned defendant about the shooting. Defendant told him that, after drinking all afternoon, he and his nephew went to the bar where Fernandez was shot. His nephew fell asleep at the bar, and defendant took him home. He then returned to the bar and ordered another beer. Defendant told Cepeda he must have bumped into someone while he was walking toward the pool table because \u201call of a sudden a guy started arguing with him.\u201d Defendant said he left the bar after arguing with the man for a few minutes. Defendant identified Fernandez from a photo as the man he argued with.\nDefendant told Cepeda that Fernandez and another man followed him outside and started arguing with him again. Defendant told Ce-peda they were standing about three feet from each other while they were arguing. As they were arguing, defendant saw another man come out of the tavern. Defendant said this man was carrying a knife. After the man with the knife walked outside and saw them arguing, he walked back inside the bar. Though Fernandez and the other man did not have weapons, defendant pulled out his gun and shot Fernandez three times. Defendant then got into his car and went home.\nDuring cross-examination, Cepeda remembered defendant said that while he was arguing with Fernandez inside the bar, defendant told the victim, \u201cIf you don\u2019t shut up, I\u2019m going to fuck you up.\u201d Ce-peda also said defendant told him he shot Fernandez because he was afraid the man with the knife might come back out of the bar.\nCurt Marcucci (Marcucci) testified as a witness for the defendant. He said he was standing at the bus stop across the street from the bar when the shooting occurred. Marcucci testified that, while he was waiting at the bus stop, he saw defendant park his car on the sidewalk in front of the bar. Defendant got out of the car alone and went into the bar. Approximately five minutes later, Marcucci saw defendant get back into his car and drive away. According to Marcucci, nobody was with defendant when he left.\nLater, Marcucci saw defendant in front of the bar again. Three men were standing in front of defendant, close to the door of the bar. They stood about three feet from defendant. They were talking to defendant, but Marcucci could not hear the conversation. Marcucci saw defendant pull a gun out, aim it at the victim\u2019s groin, and fire three times. Marcucci ran to a gas station and called the police.\nDefendant testified he shot Fernandez in self-defense. Defendant said Fernandez \u201ccame at\u201d him after he accidentally brushed against him. He claimed Fernandez hit him in the chest and knocked him down while they were arguing. Defendant said he left the bar after the confrontation, but Fernandez and two other men followed him outside. Defendant testified that, once the men were outside the bar, they threatened to kill him.\nAccording to defendant, one of the men was carrying a knife, though Fernandez was unarmed. When defendant saw the knife, he pulled out his gun and fired three times. Defendant said he did not intend to kill anyone when he fired the gun and fired only because he was afraid.\nAfter hearing the evidence, the jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder. Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which the trial court denied. Defendant was sentenced to 30 years in prison. Though defendant failed to file a post-sentencing motion in the trial court, he now appeals both his conviction and sentence.\nDECISION\nJury Instructions\nThe jury instructions given by the trial court included Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 7.01A (3d ed. 1992) (IPI Criminal 3d No. 7.01A), an instruction which defines first degree murder, as well as IPI Criminal 3d No. 7.06A, which is a first and second degree murder issues instruction. The jury also was given IPI Criminal 3d No. 7.05A, an instruction which defines a mitigating factor for purposes of second degree murder, and IPI Criminal 3d No. 24 \u2014 25.06, a self-defense instruction.\nThe definitional instruction for first degree murder did not include the phrase \u201cwithout legal justification,\u201d despite defendant\u2019s self-defense argument. It simply read:\n\u201cA person commits the offense of first degree murder when he kills an individual if, in performing the acts which cause the death, he intends to kill or do great bodily harm to that individual; or he knows that such acts will cause death to that individual; or he knows that such acts create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to that individual.\u201d Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 7.01A (3d ed. 1992).\nAccording to the IPI commentary for this instruction, if the jury is given a self-defense instruction, the words \u201cwithout legal justification\u201d should be inserted so that the instruction says:\n\u201cA person commits the offense of first degree murder when he kills an individual without lawful justification if, in performing the acts which cause the death,\nhe intends to kill or do great bodily harm to that individual; or he knows that such acts will cause death to that individual; or he knows that such acts create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to that individual.\u201d (Emphasis added.) IPI Criminal 3d No. 7.01A.\nThe issues instruction included the appropriate self-defense language. It said, in part:\n\u201cTo sustain either the charge of first degree murder or the charge of second degree murder, the State must prove the following propositions:\nFirst: That the defendant performed the acts which caused the death of Pablo Fernandez; and Second-. That when the defendant did so,\nhe intended to kill or do great bodily harm to Pablo Fernandez; or\nhe knew that such acts would cause death to Pablo Fernandez; or\nhe knew that such acts created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to Pablo Fernandez;\nand\nThird: That the defendant was not justified in using the force which he used.\nThe defendant has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that a mitigating factor is present so that he is guilty of the lesser offense of second degree murder instead of first degree murder. By this I mean that you must be persuaded, considering all the evidence in this case, that it is probably more true than not true that the following mitigating factor is present: That the defendant, at the time he performed the acts which caused the death of Pablo Fernandez, believed the circumstances to be such that they justified the deadly force he used, but his belief that such circumstances existed was unreasonable.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nSee IPI Criminal 3d No. 7.06A.\nThe jury also was given a self-defense instruction and an instruction defining a mitigating factor for purposes of second degree murder. The self-defense instruction:\n\u201cA person is justified in the use of force when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend himself against the imminent use of unlawful force.\nHowever, a person is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm only if he reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself.\u201d IPI Criminal 3d No. 24 \u2014 25.06.\nThe instruction defining a \u201cmitigating factor\u201d said:\n\u201cA mitigating factor exists so as to reduce the offense of first degree murder to the lesser offense of second degree murder if at the time of the killing the defendant believes that circumstances exist which would justify the deadly force he uses, but his belief that such circumstances exist is unreasonable.\u201d IPI Criminal 3d No. 7.05A.\nDefendant claims the failure to include the \u201cwithout lawful justification\u201d language in the first degree murder definitional instruction constitutes reversible error. The State contends defendant waived this issue by failing to raise it at trial. Defendant concedes the issue was not raised at trial, but says the failure to include the language constitutes a substantial defect under Supreme Court Rule 451(c). 177 Ill. 2d R. 451(c).\nRule 451(c) says, in part:\n\u201cExcept as otherwise provided in these rules, instructions in criminal cases shall be tendered, settled, and given in accordance with section 2 \u2014 1107 of the Code of Civil Procedure, but substantial defects are not waived by failure to make timely objections thereto if the interests of justice require.\u201d 177 Ill. 2d R. 451(c).\nThis rule has been interpreted as a plain-error exception to the waiver rule. People v. Huckstead, 91 Ill. 2d 536, 544, 440 N.E.2d 1248 (1982).\nThe plain error rule allows a reviewing court to consider issues that were not properly raised before the trial court if: (1) the evidence is closely balanced; or (2) the error is so fundamental and of such magnitude that the defendant was denied a fair trial. People v. Lucas, 151 Ill. 2d 461, 482, 603 N.E.2d 460 (1992).\nA review of the record does not show the evidence was closely balanced. Defendant claims he shot Fernandez because he was afraid Fernandez was going to kill him. The evidence showed the defendant was involved in a physical altercation with Fernandez inside the bar. Lati-da Martinez remembered hearing defendant threaten Fernandez during the argument, a threat defendant admitted making when Detective Cepeda interviewed him after his arrest.\nWhen defendant left the bar, Fernandez followed him outside. While defendant claims that one of the men who accompanied the victim threatened him with a knife, he does not claim that man attacked him. Detective Cepeda testified defendant told him the man with the knife went back inside the bar before defendant shot Fernandez. It is undisputed Fernandez was unarmed and was standing several feet from defendant when the defendant fired the gun.\nThough defendant claims Curt Marcucci\u2019s testimony supports his self-defense theory, Marcucci simply testified he saw defendant talking to the victim and two other men just before he pulled out a gun and started firing. Marcucci never indicated the men appeared to be attacking or threatening defendant, and he said the men were standing about three feet from defendant when he started firing. None of the evidence, not even defendant\u2019s testimony, supports his self-defense theory.\nDefendant\u2019s discussion of plain error focuses on his contention that the trial court\u2019s omission of the appropriate language from the definitional instruction denied him a fair trial. He compares the error in this case to the one committed by the trial court in People v. Jenkins, 69 Ill. 2d 61, 63, 370 N.E.2d 532 (1977), where the Illinois Supreme Court held defendant was denied a fair trial because the jury was given contradictory issues instructions.\nIn Jenkins, the attempted murder issues instruction submitted by the prosecution did not include language indicating the jury had to find defendant was not justified in using the force he used. Defendant objected to this instruction and submitted one that directed the jury to find against him only if he was not justified in his use of force. The court gave both instructions to the jury.\nThe supreme court found the two instructions contradictory and said:\n\u201c[W]here the instructions are contradictory, the jury cannot perform its constitutional function. This inability is the fault of the court, whose duty it is to give the jury proper guidance, not to generate confusion, as was the case here. *** While it is true that an instruction may be inaccurate, and other instructions may remove this error, such cannot be so when the instructions are in direct conflict with one another, one stating the law correctly and the other erroneously. ***\nWhere the instructions are contradictory the jury is put in the position of having to select the proper instruction \u2014 a function exclusively that of the court. ***\n*** [W]e are of the opinion that where there are two separate issue instructions, one proper and the other erroneous, each inconsistent with the other, our Rule 451(c) is applicable.\u201d Jenkins, 69 Ill. 2d at 66-67.\nHere, the jury was not forced to choose between two inconsistent issues instructions. Nor did the instruction defining first degree murder contradict the issues instruction. Though the \u201cwithout lawful justification\u201d language was erroneously omitted from the definitional instruction, the issues instruction told the jury it could not find defendant guilty of that offense unless the State proved he was not justified in using the force he used. Rather than contradict the definition of first degree murder given to the jury, the issues instruction and the self-defense instruction complemented it. There was no conflict. .\nIn each of the remaining cases cited by defendant, the jury instructions either were contradictory, as in Jenkins, or completely lacked an essential element of the crime charged. See People v. Ogunsola, 87 Ill. 2d 216, 222-23, 429 N.E.2d 861 (1981) (element of intent to defraud completely omitted from jury instruction defining deceptive practices); People v. Marsico, 100 Ill. App. 3d 691, 693, 427 N.E.2d 351 (1981) (in obscenity trial, definitions instruction and issues instruction were contradictory); People v. Dordies, 60 Ill. App. 3d 621, 625-26, 377 N.E.2d 245 (1978) (jury not instructed on defendant\u2019s theory that intervening factors caused victim\u2019s death). In this case, the issues instruction properly advised the jury as to the elements of first and second degree murder and did not contradict any of the other instructions. The jury was instructed that, in order to find defendant guilty of first degree murder, it would have to find beyond a reasonable doubt he was not justified in using the force he used.\nPeople v. Huckstead and People v. Casillas, 195 Ill. 2d 461 (2000), are on point. In Huckstead, the defendant contended he killed the victim in self-defense. The jury was given a self-defense instruction, but the issues instruction failed to say the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt defendant was not justified in his use of force. Defendant did not object at trial and did not raise the issue in his posttrial motion. On appeal, he claimed the error constituted a \u201csubstantial defect\u201d under Rule 451(c).\nThe Illinois Supreme Court disagreed, finding the trial court\u2019s failure to properly instruct the jury did not deprive defendant of a fair trial. The court said:\n\u201cIn the instant case, the instructions informed the jury that the defendant was justified in using deadly force if he reasonably believed that force was necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm ***. Further, the record reveals that, in closing argument, defense counsel repeatedly and specifically emphasized that the State had the burden of proving defendant was not justified in the force he used. Additionally, the record discloses that the State, in rebuttal argument, also acknowledged the burden ***.\nWe believe in this case, the instructions, in combination with the closing arguments by counsel for both sides, apprised the jury that the State had the burden of proving that defendant was not justified in the force he used. Consequently, the failure of the trial court to give [the appropriate instruction] did not constitute \u2018grave error.\u2019 \u201d Huckstead, 91 Ill. 2d at 544-45.\nThe same analysis was employed recently in Casillas, where the defendant claimed his right to a fair trial was violated when the trial court failed to give an instruction on the State\u2019s burden of proof (IPI Criminal 3d No. 2.03) or an instruction informing the jury the indictment was not to be used as evidence (IPI Criminal 3d No. 2.02). Casillas, 195 Ill. 2d at 480-81. The supreme court looked to the \u201ctotality of the circumstances,\u201d including \u201call the instructions to the jury, the arguments of counsel, whether the weight of the evidence was overwhelming and any other relevant factors\u201d to determine whether the failure to give the instructions denied the defendant a fair trial. Casillas, 195 Ill. 2d at 474. The court found the trial court\u2019s repeated references to the burden of proof and presumption of innocence, combined with the properly given jury instructions and accurate final arguments of the lawyers, were adequate to inform the jury of the State\u2019s burden. Casillas, 195 Ill. 2d at 474.\nHere, during closing argument, the prosecutor discussed the definitional instruction for murder and included the \u201cwithout legal justification\u201d language:\n\u201cThe Judge is going to instruct you and he\u2019s going to tell you that a person commits the offense of first degree murder when he kills an individual without lawful justification ***.\u201d\nThe issue of justification was repeatedly referred to during both the prosecutor\u2019s and the defendant\u2019s closing arguments. The prosecutor said:\n\u201c[T]he Judge is going to instruct you on this issue about justification. Justification. The Judge is going to read to you and tell you that a person is justified in the use of force when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend himself against the imminent use of *** unlawful force. However, a person is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause *** great bodily harm only if he reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself.\u201d\nDuring his closing argument, the defense attorney said:\n\u201c[0]ne of the instructions the Judge is going to give you is the law on justifiable use of force. That\u2019s the question you must debate *** was his use of force justified under the circumstances.\u201d\nGiven the extensive discussion of the justification issue during both parties\u2019 closing arguments and the use of the appropriate language in the issues and self-defense instructions, we believe the jury was adequately instructed. After reviewing the \u201ctotality of the circumstances,\u201d we find defendant was not deprived of a fair trial by the trial court\u2019s failure to include \u201cwithout lawful justification\u201d language in the murder definition instruction. The issue concerning the missing language was forfeited by defense counsel\u2019s failure to object. Even if we were to consider the unfortunate omission, we would not find reversible error.\nProsecutor\u2019s Allegedly Improper Closing Comments\nDefendant first claims the prosecution\u2019s characterization of a second degree murder verdict as \u201ca gift\u201d was an improper attempt to infer second degree murder was not a serious crime and that it carried a light sentence. During rebuttal, the prosecutor said:\n\u201cSo what he\u2019s hoping for, what he\u2019s hoping for is that you\u2019ll bite on number 3 *** and give him the second degree. Give him his gift.\u201d\nThe prosecution generally has wide latitude in fashioning its closing argument, and reversal is unwarranted unless the prosecution\u2019s comments substantially prejudice defendant. People v. Thomas, 266 Ill. App. 3d 914, 922, 641 N.E.2d 867 (1994). A defendant is substantially prejudiced by a comment if it is impossible to say whether or not it resulted in the verdict of guilt. People v. Henderson, 142 Ill. 2d 258, 323, 568 N.E.2d 1234 (1990).\nDefendant relies on People v. Howard, 232 Ill. App. 3d 386, 390, 597 N.E.2d 703 (1992) (\u201cinvoluntary manslaughter does not apply; it is a cop-out *** it is a cop-out in this case\u201d), and People v. Crossno, 93 Ill. App. 3d 808, 823, 417 N.E.2d 827 (1981) (\u201cIf you want to slap him on the wrist find him guilty of involuntary manslaughter\u201d). In each case, the appellate court\u2019s ruling was premised on its finding that the evidence was so closely balanced that the prosecutor\u2019s comment could have affected the outcome of the trial. Howard, 232 Ill. App. 3d at 390; Crossno, 93 Ill. App. 3d at 823. That is not the case here. In People v. Washington, 257 Ill. App. 3d 26, 40, 628 N.E.2d 351 (1993), the appellate court dealt with a similar statement. There, the prosecutor said:\n\u201cYou have to consider whether mitigating factors had been proved so that the defendant is guilty of lessor [sic] offense of second degree murder instead of first degree murder. And, that\u2019s what he is counting on. If he gets that he wins.\u201d (Emphasis omitted.) Washington, 257 Ill. App. 3d at 38.\nThe court found these comments were permissible argument based on the facts in evidence. Washington, 257 Ill. App. 3d at 40.\nWe have examined the prosecutor\u2019s comments in this case in light of the entire record. Though the remarks are better left unsaid and would endanger a conviction in a closer case, we do not find \u201cthey engender substantial prejudice against a defendant such that it is impossible to say whether or not a verdict of guilt resulted from those comments.\u201d People v. Nieves, 193 Ill. 2d 513, 533 (2000); People v. Henderson, 142 Ill. 2d 258, 323, 568 N.E.2d 1234 (1990). Because we do not make that finding we conclude the remarks, while improper, do not constitute reversible error.\nDefendant next claims the prosecutor misstated the law when he said:\n\u201cNow, defendants are presumed innocent when they walk in the door before the trial starts. But when they hit the stand, they\u2019re not presumed to tell the truth.\u201d\nThe State claims defendant waived this issue when he failed to object to this comment at trial and failed to raise it in his posttrial motion. Since the evidence in this case is not closely balanced, the prosecutor\u2019s comment will constitute plain error only if it was so prejudicial it denied defendant a fair trial. People v. Hayes, 173 Ill. App. 3d 1043, 1049 (1988).\nDefendant contends the prosecutor\u2019s comment denied him a fair trial because it shifted the burden from the State and placed it on the defendant. We do not agree.\nIn People v. Porter, 96 Ill. App. 3d 976, 422 N.E.2d 213 (1981), and People v. Matthews, 69 Ill. App. 3d 65, 387 N.E.2d 10 (1979), the appellate court analyzed similar comments. In Porter, the prosecutor said:\n\u201cHe chose to put on an entire defense, and ladies and gentlemen of the jury, I believe that you will be receiving an instruction that says *** the defense doesn\u2019t have to prove his innocence, but the defendant\u2019s testimony has to be judged in the same way as any other witness ***.\u201d Porter, 96 Ill. App. 3d at 986.\nThis comment was held not to have denied the defendant a fair trial because it did not misstate the law and could not \u201cbe construed as either a statement or implication that the defendant had the burden of introducing evidence to create a reasonable doubt of guilt.\u201d Porter, 96 Ill. App. 3d at 987.\nIn Matthews, the prosecutor said:\n\u201c[I]t is certainly true that the law says that you are to go through the trial with the presumption of innocence, and you should retain that attitude up through that point. But once you walk into that Jury room you no longer have that responsibility.\u201d Matthews, 69 Ill. App. 3d at 66.\nThough it found the comment to be a misstatement of law, the appellate court held it did not \u201cconstitute a material factor in defendant\u2019s conviction or result in substantial prejudice to him.\u201d Matthews, 69 Ill. App. 3d at 67.\nHere, the comment contained two correct statements of the law. They should not have been in the same sentence, since the jurors could have been misled. Though the comment may have implied the jury was not required to presume defendant innocent after the trial began, the jury was properly instructed on the presumption of innocence. The implication defendant complains of is not so significant in this case that it can be said to have affected defendant\u2019s right to a fair trial. Porter, 96 Ill. App. 3d at 986-87.\nDefendant last contends the prosecutor misstated the law, misled the jury, and suggested his lawyer fabricated a defense theory when he said:\n\u201c[I]f you remember at the very end [defense counsel] starts tlaking [sic] about second degree. Oh, yeah there is second degree too. The reason he\u2019s talking about second degree, ladies and gentlemen, is he knows that there was no reasonable belief that he had to pull out that gun and shoot that victim. He knows that. So he knows that you can\u2019t get around that reasonable belief. Because if you believe that he had reasonable belief, you would have to find him not guilty, period. He knows you\u2019re not going to do that because he knows the evidence doesn\u2019t show that.\u201d\nDefendant failed to object to these comments at trial and did not include them in his posttrial motion. Though defendant contends the comments constitute plain error because they attacked defense counsel\u2019s integrity, the cases cited by defendant involve far more egregious comments than those made in this case. See People v. Emerson, 97 Ill. 2d 487, 455 N.E.2d 41 (1983); People v. Starks, 116 Ill. App. 3d 384, 451 N.E.2d 1298 (1983).\nIn Emerson, the supreme court found the assistant State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s statements that the defense had to \u201cmake something up,\u201d that all defense attorneys try to \u201cdirty up the victim\u201d to distract the jury, and that defense counsel\u2019s argument was a \u201csmokescreen\u201d were prejudicial. Emerson, 97 Ill. 2d at 498-99.\nIn Starks, the prosecutor repeatedly referred to defendant as a liar, said he was engaged in a \u201cridiculous fabrication,\u201d and referred to defense counsel\u2019s closing argument as \u201cforty-five minutes *** of the most ridiculous double talk that I have ever heard in my life.\u201d Starks, 116 Ill. App. 3d at 394. The court found these remarks resulted in prejudice to defendant because they disparaged defense counsel\u2019s integrity and implied that counsel fabricated a defense. Starks, 116 Ill. App. 3d at 394.\nIn this case, the prosecutor\u2019s remarks fall just short of suggesting defense counsel lied or fabricated a defense. Though we agree it was inappropriate for the prosecutor to speculate as to defense counsel\u2019s opinion of the self-defense theory, the comment does not constitute plain error in this case. Washington, 257 Ill. App. 3d at 38-39 (prosecutor\u2019s comments \u201cthat\u2019s what he\u2019s counting on\u201d and \u201c[tjhat\u2019s what he wants, a second degree murder,\u201d not improper).\nExcessive Sentence\nDefendant asserts the trial court\u2019s sentence of 30 years in prison was excessive. He claims the trial court failed to consider his rehabilitative potential and several mitigating factors including absence of prior convictions, his age, employment, and support of a young child.\nThe State contends defendant\u2019s failure to file a posttrial motion to reduce sentence precludes him from raising this issue on appeal. See People v. Reed, 177 Ill. 2d 389, 395, 686 N.E.2d 584 (1997). Defendant responds by claiming the trial court did not admonish him that such a motion must be filed within 30 days of sentencing. We find this claim to be mistaken since the record shows defendant was properly admonished according to Supreme Court Rule 605. 145 Ill. 2d R. 605; see also People v. Corrie, 294 Ill. App. 3d 496, 508, 690 N.E.2d 128 (1998). The issue was forfeited.\nEven if defendant had filed the appropriate postsentencing motion, we would find defendant\u2019s sentence is not excessive.\nA reviewing court will not alter the judgment of the sentencing court absent a showing that the punishment imposed constitutes an abuse of discretion. People v. Beals, 162 Ill. 2d 497, 512, 643 N.E.2d 789 (1994). The sentencing range for first degree murder is from 20 to 60 years in prison. 730 ILCS 5/5\u20148\u20141(a)(1) (West 1998).\nA review of the record shows the trial court considered all of the mitigating factors presented by defendant before reaching its conclusion. It specifically referred to defendant\u2019s lack of prior convictions, as well as its finding that defendant did not intend to kill the victim, as factors in mitigation. The trial court reviewed both the presentence investigation report and a victim impact statement prepared by the victim\u2019s daughter. The court considered defendant\u2019s conduct and the impact on the victim\u2019s family in aggravation. The sentence is well within the statutory range for first degree murder, and nothing in the record indicates it represents an abuse of discretion.\nDeath of Victim as Improper Factor in Sentencing\nDefendant claims the trial court improperly considered the defendant\u2019s death as an aggravating factor during sentencing.\nIn discussing defendant\u2019s sentence, the trial court said:\n\u201cBasically *** the aggravation results from *** the defendant\u2019s conduct that evening and the tragic impact on the family of the victim, not to mention the tragic impact on the victim himself.\u201d\nDefendant cites People v. Saldivar, 113 Ill. 2d 256, 497 N.E.2d 1138 (1986), as support for his theory. In Saldivar, the defendant was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. When the trial court sentenced the defendant it focused primarily on the death of the victim as an aggravating factor. In fact, the trial court specifically said it found the death of the victim to be the \u201cnumber one factor in aggravation.\u201d 113 Ill. 2d at 272.\nIn Beals, 162 Ill. 2d at 509, defendant contended the trial court improperly considered the victim\u2019s death as an aggravating factor. In that case, the trial court said:\n\u201cIn aggravation the first guideline indicated in the statute is \u2018whether the conduct of the defendant caused or threatened serious harm.\u2019 Well, we all know that your conduct caused the ultimate harm. It caused the loss of a human life.\u201d Beals, 162 Ill. 2d at 509.\nThe supreme court held this statement did not indicate the trial court considered the victim\u2019s death as an aggravating factor, but instead \u201cwas simply a general passing comment based upon the consequences of the defendant\u2019s actions.\u201d Beals, 162 Ill. 2d at 509. We believe the same is true of the remarks made by the trial court in this case.\nIneffective Assistance of Counsel\nDefendant alleges his trial counsel was ineffective due to his failure to object to the improper jury instruction and the inappropriate remarks made by the prosecutor during closing argument and his failure to file a motion to reduce sentence.\nUnder Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 694, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 693, 698, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 2068 (1984), in order to succeed on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a defendant must allege facts demonstrating counsel\u2019s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel\u2019s errors, the result of the trial would have been different. Because we have found that none of the errors raised by defendant was prejudicial, we reject defendant\u2019s ineffective assistance argument. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 693, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984); Casillas, 195 Ill. 2d at 480.\nCONCLUSION\nFor reasons we have set out, we affirm the defendant\u2019s conviction and sentence. Both parties agree that the mittimus should be corrected to reflect one charge of first degree murder rather than two. We so order.\nAffirmed.\nCERDA and BURKE, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE WOLFSON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael J. Pelletier and Sarah M. Jacoby, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Theodore E Burtzos, and Hareena Meghani-Wakely, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GUADALUPE RIOS, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (3rd Division)\nNo. 1\u201499\u20142797\nOpinion filed December 27, 2000.\nMichael J. Pelletier and Sarah M. Jacoby, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.\nRichard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Theodore E Burtzos, and Hareena Meghani-Wakely, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0354-01", "first_page_order": 374, "last_page_order": 389 }