{ "id": 1527747, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PHILLIP ROBINSON, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Robinson", "decision_date": "2001-03-22", "docket_number": "No. 2 \u2014 00\u20140242", "first_page": "459", "last_page": "467", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "319 Ill. App. 3d 459" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "194 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1096297 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "29" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/194/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "311 Ill. App. 3d 250", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 415295 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "264" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/311/0250-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 Ill. 2d 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3115063 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "338" }, { "page": "339" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/96/0334-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 Ill. App. 2d 386", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1576582 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/126/0386-01" ] }, { "cite": "133 Ill. App. 2d 114", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2475332 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/133/0114-01" ] }, { "cite": "14 Ill. App. 3d 972", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2683111 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/14/0972-01" ] }, { "cite": "131 Ill. 2d 91", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5569470 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "104", "parenthetical": "pattern jury instructions are approved or rejected only after being tested in courts" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/131/0091-01" ] }, { "cite": "192 Ill. 2d 36", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 453249 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "42" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/192/0036-01" ] }, { "cite": "308 Ill. App. 3d 708", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 261329 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "711" }, { "page": "711" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/308/0708-01" ] }, { "cite": "312 Ill. App. 3d 150", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 411637 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "151" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/312/0150-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 691, "char_count": 19557, "ocr_confidence": 0.75, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.527646540942415e-08, "percentile": 0.3448643144831996 }, "sha256": "bdbbf80b996800f50634fb318fcb9e2b49afce092aec92893a245bda7bb1aa00", "simhash": "1:0b179e20f82b8680", "word_count": 3267 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:43:10.227950+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PHILLIP ROBINSON, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE GEOMETER\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe State appeals from an order of the circuit court that dismissed its amended information. The amended information charged defendant, Phillip Robinson, with committing the offense of the unlawful use of weapons in violation of section 24 \u2014 1(a) (7) (iii) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/24 \u2014 1(a) (7) (iii) (West 1998)) by knowingly possessing a bomb. The State contends that the trial court erred when it concluded that the phrase in section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) \u201ccontaining an explosive substance of over one-quarter ounce\u201d (720 ILCS 5/24 \u2014 1(a) (7) (iii) (West 1998)) was an element of the offense and therefore had to be included in the amended information. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.\nThe State\u2019s appeal requires us to construe section 24\u2014 l(a)(7)(iii), which provides:\n\u201c(a) A person commits the offense of unlawful use of weapons when he knowingly:\n(7) [s]ells, manufactures, purchases, possesses or carries:\n(iii) any bomb, bomb-shell, grenade, bottle or other container containing an explosive substance of over one-quarter ounce for like purposes, such as, but not limited to, black powder bombs and Molotov cocktails or artillery projectiles!.]\u201d 720 ILCS 5/24\u2014 1(a)(7)(iii) (West 1998).\nThe State initially charged defendant by complaint. The complaint alleged that defendant committed the offense of unlawful use of weapons in violation of section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) by knowingly manufacturing a pipe bomb.\nThe State later filed an information charging defendant with violating section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7) (iii) by knowingly manufacturing a pipe bomb that contained an explosive substance. Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the information asserting that it failed to allege the commission of an offense because it did not allege that the purported bomb contained an explosive substance \u201cof over one-quarter ounce.\u201d Following a hearing on the matter, the trial court dismissed the information and gave the State leave to file an amended information.\nThe State then filed an amended information charging defendant with committing the offense of the unlawful use of weapons by violating section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) in that he \u201cKNOWINGLY POSSESSED A BOMB.\u201d Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the amended information asserting that it failed to allege the commission of an offense because it did not allege that the purported bomb contained \u201can explosive substance of over one-quarter ounce.\u201d Defendant argued that the omitted phrase was an element of the offense. Following a hearing on the matter, the trial court dismissed the amended information. The State\u2019s timely notice of appeal and certification of impairment followed.\nOn appeal, the State contends that the trial court erred in dismissing the amended information. The State correctly posits that there is no statutory or other standard definition of the term \u201cbomb.\u201d Relying on various authorities, the State asserts that, for the purposes of construing section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii), \u201cbomb\u201d should be defined as an explosive device designed to cause damage to property or injury to persons. Based on this definition of \u201cbomb,\u201d the State asserts that the phrase \u201ccontaining an explosive substance of over one-quarter ounce\u201d is not an element of the offense applicable to the possession of a bomb. The State reasons that a bomb could have less than one-quarter ounce of an explosive substance, and, therefore, the legislature could not have intended the phrase \u201cover one-quarter ounce\u201d to be an element of the offense applicable to a bomb. The State argues that the phrase therefore is not required in a charging instrument alleging a violation of section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) by a person possessing a bomb.\nDefendant first responds by asserting that the language of the statute unambiguously shows that the phrase is an element of the offense that applies to each of the devices listed in the statute, including a bomb. In defendant\u2019s view, the phrase therefore must be included in a charging instrument alleging a violation of section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) by possession of a bomb. Alternatively, relying on various theories, defendant argues that, even if the statute is deemed to be ambiguous, the proper construction of the statute shows that the phrase is an element of the offense and is therefore required in a charging instrument.\nThe Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 provides that a criminal charge must allege the offense committed by \u201c[sjetting forth the nature and elements of the offense charged.\u201d 725 ILCS 5/111 \u2014 3(a)(3) (West 1998); People v. Smit, 312 Ill. App. 3d 150, 151 (2000). Where, as here, a defendant attacks the charging instrument before trial, the court determines whether the instrument strictly complies with the pleading requirements enumerated in section 111 \u2014 3(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, including setting out the elements of the offense. People v. Swanson, 308 Ill. App. 3d 708, 711 (1999). Our review of a challenge to the sufficiency of a charging instrument is de novo. Swanson, 308 Ill. App. 3d at 711.\nHere, in order to resolve the question of the sufficiency of the charging instrument, we must construe section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) of the Code to determine whether the phrase in question is an element of the offense applicable to a charge alleging possession of a bomb. We note that the phrase in question consists of two subphrases, i.e., \u201ccontaining an explosive substance\u201d and \u201cof more than one-quarter ounce.\u201d The focus of the dispute between the parties appears to center on whether the subphrase \u201cof more than one-quarter ounce\u201d is a necessary element of the offense of unlawful use of weapons based on an alleged violation of section 24 \u2014 1 (a)(7)(iii) by the possession of a bomb. We will use \u201cthe phrase\u201d when referring to the entire phrase and \u201cthe words\u201d when referring to one of the subphrases. Whether the phrase or either of the subphrases is a necessary element of the offense appears to be an issue of first impression.\nWell-established principles guide us in construing a statute. Our supreme court recently reiterated these principles as follows:\n\u201cIn the exercise of statutory construction, our primary task is to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the legislature. In interpreting a statute we may consider the reason and necessity for the law, the evils it was intended to remedy, and its ultimate aims. Also, we must assume that the legislature did not intend an absurd or unjust result. However, our inquiry must always begin with the language of the statute, which is the surest and most reliable indicator of legislative intent. The language of the statute must be given its plain and ordinary meaning, and where the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we have no occasion to resort to aids of construction. Nor, under the guise of statutory interpretation, can we \u2018correct\u2019 an apparent legislative oversight by rewriting a statute in a manner inconsistent with its clear and unambiguous language. [Citations].\u201d People v. Pullen, 192 Ill. 2d 36, 42 (2000).\nHere, each party asserts that the language of the statute supports its position. The State primarily relies on its argument that a bomb is a bomb and therefore the legislature could not have intended to require that a bomb contain a minimum amount of explosive substance. The State also cites Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 18.01 (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter IPI Criminal 4th No. 18.01), and argues that the instruction supports its construction of the statute. Defendant does not dispute that IPI Criminal 4th No. 18.01 tends to support the State\u2019s position. Rather, defendant argues that we are not required to agree with the instruction\u2019s implied construction of the statute because no court has construed the instruction in the context presented in this case. In defendant\u2019s view, the language of the statute shows unambiguously that the legislature intended the phrase to be a necessary element of the offense applicable to a bomb, and, therefore, the phrase must be included in a charging instrument alleging a violation of the statute by the possession of a bomb.\nWe agree with the parties that IPI Criminal 4th No. 18.01 implies that the phrase does not apply to a bomb. The pattern instruction appears to differentiate between a bomb, bombshell, or grenade and the other devices specified in the statute and suggests the use of the phrase only with respect to the other devices. However, we are not persuaded that the instruction requires us to adopt such a construction of section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7)(iii). The parties do not cite, and our research has not revealed, any case that has reviewed IPI Criminal 4th No. 18.01 in a context similar to the context in this case. Therefore, it has not been determined whether the instruction accurately states the law applicable to this case. See People v. Hester, 131 Ill. 2d 91, 104 (1989) (pattern jury instructions are approved or rejected only after being tested in courts). On the other hand, we believe that the untested instruction is sufficient authority to question whether the legislature\u2019s intent can be ascertained from the language of the statute. If the instruction was not a consideration, we would be inclined to agree with defendant that the language of the statute shows that the phrase is a necessary element of the offense applicable to any of the specified devices that section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) proscribes as an unlawful weapon, including a bomb. In view of the instruction, we will look beyond the language of the statute and use construction aids to ascertain the legislature\u2019s intent.\nAs an aid in construing the statute, the State cites and urges us to follow certain Illinois cases involving bombs. See People v. Green, 14 Ill. App. 3d 972 (1973); People v. Hayes, 133 Ill. App. 2d 114 (1970); People v. Benton, 126 Ill. App. 2d 386 (1970). The State correctly notes that none of the charging instruments in these cases specified the amount of explosive in the alleged bomb in question. The State maintains that these cases therefore support its argument that the amount of the explosive substance is not a necessary element in a charging instrument alleging a violation of section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) by possession of a bomb.\nWe are not persuaded by the State\u2019s argument. As defendant points out, the cases relied on by the State were all decided before the words \u201cof over one-quarter ounce\u201d were added to the precursor statute to section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7)(iii). See Pub. Act 79 \u2014 1029, approved September 18, 1975 (amending Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 38, par. 24 \u2014 1(a)(7)). Prior to the addition of these words, the statute did not contain language that addressed the amount of an explosive substance. Because the cases cited by the State were decided before the words \u201cof over one-quarter ounce\u201d were added to the statute, those cases were not required to address the question at issue here, i.e., whether the words describe an element of the offense and therefore must be included in a charging instrument. Therefore, the State\u2019s reliance on those cases is misplaced.\nDefendant\u2019s main construction argument is that, if the State\u2019s argument is accepted, a person could be charged with possession of a bomb containing any amount of an explosive substance either under section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii), a felony offense, or under the Fireworks Use Act (425 ILCS 35/0.01 et seq. (West 1998)), a misdemeanor offense. Defendant argues that the legislature must have intended that the phrase be an element of the offense applicable to a bomb in order to distinguish the felony possession of a bomb under section 24\u2014 1(a) (7) (iii) from the misdemeanor possession of a bomb under the Fireworks Use Act.\nThe Fireworks Use Act, with certain specified exceptions, prohibits the possession, sale, or use of fireworks. 425 ILCS 35/2 (West 1998). Violators are guilty of a misdemeanor offense. 425 ILCS 35/5 (West 1998). A \u201cfirework\u201d is defined as \u201cany explosive composition, or any substance or combination of substances, or article prepared for the purpose of producing a visible or audible effect of a temporary exhibitional nature by explosion, combustion, deflagration or detonation.\u201d 425 ILCS 35/1 (West 1998). Among the various devices included in this definition are \u201cbombs.\u201d 425 ILCS 35/1 (West 1998). Thus, theoretically at least, the State could charge a person who possessed a bomb with an offense either under section 24 \u2014 1(a) (7) (iii) or under the Fireworks Use Act.\nDefendant\u2019s argument has merit insofar as it suggests that the legislature may have intended the phrase to be an element of the offense applicable to a bomb in order to indicate exactly what kind of bomb section 24 \u2014 1(a) (7) (iii) applies to, i.e., a bomb containing an explosive substance of over one-quarter ounce. However, we are not convinced that the inclusion of the term \u201cbombs\u201d in the Fireworks Use Act is sufficient to show the legislative intent urged by defendant regarding the term \u201cbomb\u201d in section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7)(iii). Both usages plainly could encompass a device containing an explosive substance. But a firework, by its statutory definition, is used to produce an effect of a temporary exhibitional nature which appears to be a use that is different from the use of a bomb that is prohibited as an unlawful weapon by section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7)(iii). Thus, the meaning of \u201cbomb\u201d in the two statutes could be distinguished by the use of the bomb even though the bomb in question contained an explosive substance.\nAlthough not cited for this purpose by defendant, we believe that our supreme court\u2019s discussion of section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7) in People v. Greene, 96 Ill. 2d 334 (1983), aids in ascertaining the legislature\u2019s intent as to whether the phrase is an element of the offense that applies to a bomb. In Greene, the police found what they believed was a homemade bomb in the defendant\u2019s house. The State charged the defendant with the unlawful use of a weapon by knowingly possessing a bomb which contained an explosive substance of more than one-quarter ounce in violation of section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7) (111. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 24 \u2014 1(a)(7)), the statute that contained the language now found in section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii).\n' The defendant in Greene challenged the constitutionality of section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7) on the ground that there was a disparity in punishments for a violation of section 24 \u2014 1(a)(3) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 24 \u2014 1(a)(3)), a statute that prohibited conduct similar to that prohibited by section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7). The defendant noted that both statutes used the term \u201cbomb\u201d and argued that they therefore related to the same offense. Section 24 \u2014 1(a)(3) prohibited a person from carrying \u201ca tear gas gun projector or bomb or any object containing noxious liquid gas or substance.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 24\u2014 1(a)(3).\nIn its analysis, the Greene court determined that the legislature intended to use the term \u201cbomb\u201d in section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7) differently from its use in section 24 \u2014 1(a)(3). The court stated that \u201cthe reference in section 24 \u2014 1(a)(7) to \u2018explosive substance\u2019 indicates that it was the intent of the legislature in adopting this particular section to cover devices such as bombs, bombshells, grenades or bottles containing explosive substances\u201d and that \u201cthe devices intended to be prohibited by this provision of the statute are those containing explosive material.\u201d Greene, 96 Ill. 2d at 338. The court added:\n\u201cThe words \u2018containing an explosive substance\u2019 serve notice that the type of bomb referred to is an explosive device containing an explosive substance. The words \u2018such as, but not limited to, black powder bombs and Molotov cocktails or artillery projectiles\u2019 are, as pointed out above, additional guidance to the kind of explosive device prohibited \u2014 one primarily designed to cause unlawful destruction or injury when detonated.\u201d Greene, 96 Ill. 2d at 339.\nThe analysis in Greene shows that the legislature intended the words \u201ccontaining an explosive substance\u201d in section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) to be a necessary element of the offense when the alleged violation of the section involves the possession of a bomb. The words are a necessary element because they notify an accused of the type of bomb he is accused of possessing. Unless the type of bomb is specified, an accused charged with violating section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) might be able to claim that he was subject to prosecution for identical conduct under different statutes with disparate sentences.\nBecause the words \u201ccontaining an explosive substance\u201d are a necessary element of the offense, it follows that the words \u201cof over one-quarter ounce\u201d are also a necessary element. This is apparent from the plain language of the statute. Nothing in the language suggests that the words \u201cof over one-quarter ounce\u201d do anything but modify the preceding words in the phrase \u201ccontaining an explosive substance.\u201d Before the legislature amended the statute to add the words \u201cof over one-quarter ounce,\u201d the statute was silent with respect to whether there was a minimum amount of an explosive substance required to bring a device within the statute. When the legislature amends a statute, it is presumed that the legislature intended to effect some change in the law. People v. Swartwout, 311 Ill. App. 3d 250, 264 (2000). Here, the effect of the amendment to the statute is plainly to require that an alleged unlawful weapon contain over one-quarter ounce of an explosive substance in order to be encompassed by the statute\u2019s prohibitions.\nWe recognize that the State\u2019s position that a person could possess a bomb containing less than one-quarter ounce of an explosive substance is troubling. However, although we might question the wisdom of the one-quarter ounce requirement, we are nonetheless obliged to adhere to it. The responsibility for the wisdom or justice of legislation rests with the legislature, and a court may not rewrite a statute to make it consistent with its idea of orderliness or public policy. People v. Wright, 194 Ill. 2d 1, 29 (2000).\nIn sum, Greene shows that the words \u201ccontaining an explosive substance\u201d describe a necessary element of the offense of unlawful use of weapons based on a violation of section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) by possessing a bomb. The plain language of the statute shows that the words \u201cof over one-quarter ounce\u201d also describe a necessary element. Thus, the phrase \u201ccontaining an explosive substance of over one-quarter ounce\u201d describes a necessary element of the offense when the alleged offense involves possession of a bomb.\nThe amended information in this case charged defendant with committing the offense of unlawful use of weapons in violation of section 24 \u2014 l(a)(7)(iii) by possessing a bomb but did not contain the phrase \u201ccontaining an explosive substance of over one-quarter ounce.\u201d Because the phrase defines a necessary element of the offense, the trial court correctly ruled that the charging was insufficient.\nAccordingly, the judgment of the circuit court of De Kalb County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nRAPP and CALLUM, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE GEOMETER" } ], "attorneys": [ "Timothy W. Johnson, State\u2019s Attorney, of Sycamore (Martin E Moltz and Gregory L. Slovacek, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.", "Jack C. Slingerland, of Gallagher & Brady, of Sycamore, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PHILLIP ROBINSON, Defendant-Appellee.\nSecond District\nNo. 2 \u2014 00\u20140242\nOpinion filed March 22, 2001.\nTimothy W. Johnson, State\u2019s Attorney, of Sycamore (Martin E Moltz and Gregory L. Slovacek, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.\nJack C. Slingerland, of Gallagher & Brady, of Sycamore, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0459-01", "first_page_order": 477, "last_page_order": 485 }