{ "id": 1527762, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. RICHARD DeSANTIS, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. DeSantis", "decision_date": "2000-12-22", "docket_number": "No. 1 \u2014 99\u20141256", "first_page": "795", "last_page": "809", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "319 Ill. App. 3d 795" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "627 N.E.2d 710", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "255 Ill. App. 3d 635", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2991403 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "640" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/255/0635-01" ] }, { "cite": "509 N.E.2d 168", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "155 Ill. App. 3d 741", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3465160 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "744-45" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/155/0741-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 Ill. App. 3d 448", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3629944 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/119/0448-01" ] }, { "cite": "298 Ill. App. 3d 379", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 150157 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "458" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/281/0447-01" ] }, { "cite": "599 N.E.2d 941", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "149 Ill. 2d 423", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5599731 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "440" }, { "page": "443" }, { "page": "442-43" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/149/0423-01" ] }, { "cite": "465 U.S. 420", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11336129 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "430" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "1143-44" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/465/0420-01" ] }, { "cite": "463 U.S. 1121", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6203910 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1125" }, { "page": "1279" }, { "page": "3520" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/463/1121-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 436", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12046400 ], "weight": 12, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "445" }, { "page": "707" }, { "page": "1612" }, { "page": "444" }, { "page": "706" }, { "page": "1612" }, { "page": "444" }, { "page": "706" }, { "page": "1612" }, { "page": "458" }, { "page": "714" }, { "page": "1619" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0436-01" ] }, { "cite": "727 N.E.2d 1003", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "191 Ill. 2d 37", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 229707 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "50" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/191/0037-01" ] }, { "cite": "517 U.S. 690", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11746351 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/517/0690-01" ] }, { "cite": "559 N.E.2d 942", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "\"the fifth amendment right against self-incrimination may only be exercised where the witness has reasonable cause to suspect the possibility of subsequent prosecution from a direct answer\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "202 Ill. App. 3d 336", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2587845 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "341", "parenthetical": "\"the fifth amendment right against self-incrimination may only be exercised where the witness has reasonable cause to suspect the possibility of subsequent prosecution from a direct answer\"" }, { "page": "341" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/202/0336-01" ] }, { "cite": "630 N.E.2d 1224", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "259 Ill. App. 3d 825", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2873087 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "829" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/259/0825-01" ] }, { "cite": "669 N.E.2d 655", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "283 Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1544500 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "959" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/286/0954-01" ] }, { "cite": "514 N.E.2d 998", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 214", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3188309 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "226" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/118/0214-01" ] }, { "cite": "669 N.E.2d 1331", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "283 Ill. App. 3d 520", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 182680 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "524" }, { "page": "524" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/283/0520-01" ] }, { "cite": "701 N.E.2d 76", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "299 Ill. App. 3d 76", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 221463 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "84" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/299/0076-01" ] }, { "cite": "645 N.E.2d 923", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "163 Ill. 2d 414", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477692 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "421" }, { "page": "423-24" }, { "page": "441" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/163/0414-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 Ill. App. 3d 448", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3629944 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/119/0448-01" ] }, { "cite": "163 Ill. 2d 414", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477692 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/163/0414-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1279, "char_count": 35627, "ocr_confidence": 0.759, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.57967707899841e-08, "percentile": 0.48873698814100747 }, "sha256": "ead6720a9a585128388c55771231f253ad5505b87ebfbad4a7492a7aae996656", "simhash": "1:2bc431ae70572358", "word_count": 5973 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:43:10.227950+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. RICHARD DeSANTIS, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE QUINN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Richard DeSantis, was charged with two counts of obstructing justice for leaving Illinois and concealing himself with the intention of obstructing the prosecution of Frank Caruso, Victor Jasas and Michael Kwidzinski, who were each charged with attempted murder, aggravated battery and hate crimes for the beating of a black child, Lenard Clark. Defendant filed a motion to suppress written and oral statements he made to police during the investigation into the Clark beating. Defendant claimed that he was unable to knowingly waive his fifth amendment right to counsel because he was unaware that his attorney was at the police station attempting to communicate with him. After a hearing on defendant\u2019s motion to suppress, the trial court found that the interrogation was not custodial and the statements were given voluntarily. The trial court denied the motion to suppress as to oral statements made by defendant before his attorney arrived, but granted the motion as to the written statement taken and signed by defendant after his attorney arrived, relying on the holding in People v. McCauley, 163 Ill. 2d 414, 645 N.E.2d 923 (1994). The State appeals from that portion of the trial court\u2019s ruling granting defendant\u2019s motion to suppress the written statement. For the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand.\nAt the suppression hearing, defendant testified that at about 1 p.m. on Saturday, March 22, 1997, his sister told him that two detectives had come to their house looking for him and she gave him the business card they had left. While at Hey Bud\u2019s restaurant at 56th and Pulaski, defendant called the number on the business card. Defendant testified that the officer told him to wait at the restaurant until he could come and pick him up. Defendant stated that he did not call his lawyer after receiving the business card from the police or after calling the police. Approximately 15 minutes later, two officers arrived. Defendant testified that the officers told him to come outside with them, read him his rights, handcuffed him, placed him in the back of their car, and took him to Area One police headquarters.\nAt Area One, defendant stated that his handcuffs were removed and, over the course of several hours, he was moved to several different rooms within the building. Defendant stated that, throughout the evening, he was questioned by police officers about the Clark beating, which had occurred in Armor Park on the previous evening. Defendant testified that he denied any knowledge of the incident and stated that he requested his attorney on several occasions. Defendant admitted that he spoke to an assistant State\u2019s Attorney at the time that he signed the written statement, but claimed that he did not speak to her between the time they were introduced and the time that he signed the written statement. He stated that most of the statement was incorrect but acknowledged that the personal information and the statements regarding his friendship with Caruso, Jasas, and Kwidzinski were true.\nDefendant stated that he was placed in a lineup and afterward was again interviewed by the police. After he had been in the lineup room approximately nine hours, he recognized the voice of John O\u2019Malley, his attorney. Defendant heard O\u2019Malley mention his name and ask for him, but the police would not permit O\u2019Malley to speak with him. Defendant claimed that he signed the statement shortly thereafter because the police told him they would let him go if he signed the statement and that he would be charged with a crime if he did not sign the statement.\nJohn O\u2019Malley testified that he was an attorney and longtime friend of the DeSantis family. He stated that on March 23, 1997, defendant\u2019s mother came to his home and told him she thought defendant was at the police station. O\u2019Malley testified that he arrived at the station at about 9:20 a.m. He stated that he was directed to the detective unit, where he identified himself as an attorney and asked to see defendant. O\u2019Malley repeated his request approximately 10 minutes later and was told that a detective would be out to speak with him. O\u2019Malley testified that Detective Stanley Turner saw him a few minutes later and told him that he was not sure whether defendant was going to be a witness or suspect, but he would not allow O\u2019Malley to see him. O\u2019Malley continued waiting and asking to see his client. After waiting for some time, O\u2019Malley testified that he again saw Detective Turner and asked him why he could not see defendant. He stated that Detective Turner merely told him he was tired and left. O\u2019Malley testified that he waited at the station for approximately two hours before he was allowed to see defendant in the lineup room.\nSergeant David Jarmusz of the Chicago police testified that Detective Glen Mathews asked Jarmusz to drive him to the restaurant to pick up defendant, a witness to a crime. Only Mathews spoke to defendant in the restaurant, and Jarmusz did not recall what Mathews said. Jarmusz stated that he did not handcuff defendant, no one told defendant he was under arrest, and defendant traveled with them in the police car to the station. During the ride, Jarmusz and Mathews did not speak to defendant. Jarmusz testified that when they arrived at Area One defendant was placed in the lineup room and was never placed in a smaller room. He testified that the lock on the lineup room door is never utilized and that he did not have a key.\nDetective Glen Mathews testified that he first learned of defendant early in the afternoon of March 22, from an anonymous caller who said that Jasas, Michael Cutler, and defendant were involved in the Clark beating. However, several other witnesses Mathews had spoken to about the beating had not named defendant. He testified that he and Jarmusz went to pick up defendant at Hey Bud\u2019s, where defendant had suggested they meet. At the restaurant, Mathews asked defendant if he would return to the station with them to help them. Mathews stated that defendant agreed to go with them and was not handcuffed.\nMathews testified that defendant was taken to the lineup room, but he was not handcuffed and he was not told he was under arrest. Mathews asked defendant where he had been the previous evening and defendant responded that he had been with his girlfriend. Mathews stated that defendant was then placed in a lineup as a filler and that the subject of the lineup was Caruso. Mathews said that defendant remained in the lineup room after the lineup, but the door was unlocked. Mathews left defendant in the room alone and had a telephone conversation with defendant\u2019s girlfriend and her mother.\nMathews testified that he returned to the lineup room at 2 a.m., with Jarmusz. At that time, Mathews advised defendant of his rights under Miranda and told defendant that he knew defendant was lying to him because his girlfriend did not corroborate his story. Mathews stated that defendant then admitted that he saw Caruso strike the smaller of the two black children, then saw Caruso chase them. According to Mathews\u2019 testimony, defendant also said that Jasas and Kwidzinski chased Clark, but defendant did not say that he had personally laid a hand on the victim. Mathews reentered the lineup room after 5:40 a.m. to bring defendant breakfast.\nMathews stated that defendant was never handcuffed, placed in a holding cell, or fingerprinted. He stated that he did not fill out an arrest report or obtain a central booking number for defendant. He stated that defendant was never placed under arrest and went home sometime after he gave a handwritten statement. Mathews testified that he never threatened or promised anything to defendant, and defendant never requested to call his lawyer.\nDetective Stanley Turner testified that defendant was not a suspect when he was picked up at the restaurant. He stated that one of the victims of the beating, Clevon Nicholson, viewed the lineup in which defendant was a filler, identified Caruso as one of the individuals who beat him, and identified defendant as the person who stopped Caruso, Kwidzinski, and Jasas from beating him. Turner stated that another witness to the lineup identified defendant as one of the crowd present at the beating, but he did not say defendant harmed anyone. Turner said that he spoke to defendant a couple of times in the lineup room. He asserted that defendant was never handcuffed, told he was under arrest, or fingerprinted. Turner also stated that he never prepared an arrest report for defendant. Turner said he did not threaten or promise defendant anything, and defendant never requested an attorney.\nTurner testified that he was present at 9:40 a.m., when Assistant State\u2019s Attorney (ASA) Kari Mason took a written statement from defendant. He stated that Mason explained who she was, advised defendant of his rights, had defendant read and sign a portion of the statement, and asked defendant questions to which defendant gave answers. Mason wrote down everything in the statement in front of defendant, and when she was done writing she asked defendant to read it. Defendant read the statement and then Mason read it back to him. Turner stated that corrections were made to the statement and defendant, Mason and Turner initialed the corrections. Turner and defendant signed each page, and defendant placed his signature beneath the portion of the statement advising defendant of his rights under Miranda. Turner testified that he never told defendant to sign the statement and he did not tell defendant he could go home if he signed it. Turner testified that he did not speak to defendant again and that he did not speak to defendant\u2019s attorney at all that day.\nASA Kari Mason testified that she spoke to defendant, who was not handcuffed, in the lineup room sometime after midnight. Mason\u2019s description of the process of taking defendant\u2019s statement largely reflected that of Detective Turner and will not be repeated here. Mason testified that the entire process of taking the written statement could have taken as much as three hours to complete. Mason said that she never saw defendant handcuffed, he was always in the lineup room, and he was not charged with any offense on March 22 or March 23. She also stated that she never met O\u2019Malley.\nCharles Burns testified that he was the supervisor of the felony review unit of the Cook County State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office on March 23, 1997. Burns testified that he arrived at Area One between 12:30 and 1 p.m. that day. While there, Burns spoke to O\u2019Malley in the lineup room. Burns testified that O\u2019Malley informed him that he had spoken with defendant. Burns informed O\u2019Malley that defendant was to appear before the grand jury the next day, and if he did not appear defendant would be subpoenaed. Burns testified that O\u2019Malley did not appear upset and he did not complain that he had not been allowed to see defendant. To Burns\u2019 knowledge, defendant was not under arrest at any time, and he did not recall seeing Detective Turner at the station that day.\nAt the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court made several findings. The court found that the credible evidence was that defendant was not seized or arrested when he called the police and agreed to meet with them on March 22, 1997. The court found that defendant chose the place and time to meet the police, he was not handcuffed, and he agreed to go to the station with the detectives and cooperate with them. The court also pointed out that no arrest procedures took place and that there was no processing or fingerprinting of defendant upon his arrival at Area One or later. The court found that, later in the evening, the police believed defendant\u2019s statement that he had no knowledge of the incident was not truthful, and defendant was advised of his rights under Miranda at 2 a.m. The trial court found that defendant waived those rights and chose to continue speaking with the police at that time.\nThe trial court found that defendant\u2019s testimony that he continually asked for an attorney was not credible. The court found it was credible, however, that after defendant became aware that the statements of other witnesses showed that he was present at the incident, he admitted his presence to the police. The court found that defendant voluntarily gave the oral and handwritten statements to the police and ASA Mason, and defendant was not coerced or threatened.\nThe court found that defendant\u2019s attorney was present at Area One and seeking to speak to defendant at the time the statement was being written and that defendant and ASA Mason were unaware the attorney was present. Consequently, the court found that defendant\u2019s waiver of his rights for the written statement was voluntary, but not knowing, because defendant was not informed that his attorney was at the station asking to see him. The court ruled that defendant\u2019s oral statements made prior to the attorney\u2019s arrival would not be suppressed, but that the written statement made after the attorney\u2019s arrival would be suppressed, even though defendant was not seized or under arrest. At a subsequent court hearing, the trial court reiterated that defendant \u201cwas not a custodial suspect\u201d at the time of the interviews.\nWe will first address the issue of standing, as the State asserts that defendant had no standing to move to suppress his statements. The law is clear that a defendant has no standing to raise an alleged violation of a witness\u2019 fifth amendment rights. People v. Oovea, 299 Ill. App. 3d 76, 84, 701 N.E.2d 76 (1998); People v. Adams, 283 Ill. App. 3d 520, 524, 669 N.E.2d 1331 (1996). This is so because the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is a personal privilege. Adams, 283 Ill. App. 3d at 524.\nOur supreme court in People v. James, 118 Ill. 2d 214, 226, 514 N.E.2d 998 (1987), held that \u201c[i]t is a fundamental principle that a claim to suppress the product of a fourth amendment violation can be asserted \u2018only by those whose rights were violated by the search or seizure itself.\u2019 \u201d As defendant asserts that his personal rights were violated, we find that, under the circumstances of this case, defendant has standing to move to suppress his statements. See People v. Barton, 286 Ill. App. 3d 954, 959, 677 N.E.2d 476 (1997).\nOn appeal, defendant concedes that, had he attended the trials of the individuals charged with the beating of Lenard Clark, he could not have moved to suppress his statements as the statements do not incriminate him and that he could not have invoked his fifth amendment rights to protect a third party from prosecution. See People v. Cassell, 283 Ill. App. 3d 112, 119, 669 N.E.2d 655 (1996); People v. Gossitt, 259 Ill. App. 3d 825, 829, 630 N.E.2d 1224 (1994); People v. Cooper, 202 Ill. App. 3d 336, 341, 559 N.E.2d 942 (1990) (\u201cthe fifth amendment right against self-incrimination may only be exercised where the witness has reasonable cause to suspect the possibility of subsequent prosecution from a direct answer\u201d).\nOn appeal, the State argues that defendant\u2019s written statement should not have been suppressed because defendant was not in custody when the statement was given and signed by him. As a result, the State asserts, defendant did not have a right to counsel under the fifth amendment because defendant was never subjected to a custodial interrogation. Defendant counters that the written statement was properly suppressed because he was deprived of his right to counsel by the failure of police to inform him of the presence of his attorney at the station.\nWe first address the applicable standard of review. The Supreme Court has held that, when an appellate court reviews rulings on a motion to suppress involving questions of probable cause, they are reviewed de novo. Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 134 L. Ed. 2d 911, 116 S. Ct. 1657 (1996). Our supreme court recently analyzed the applicability of Ornelas to motions to suppress statements. The court held that reviewing courts are to accord great deference to the trial court\u2019s factual findings, reversing those findings only when they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. However, the ultimate question of whether the statement was voluntary is to be reviewed de novo. In re G.O., 191 Ill. 2d 37, 50, 727 N.E.2d 1003 (2000).\nIn Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 445, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 707, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 1612 (1966), the Supreme Court addressed \u201cthe admissibility of statements obtained from a defendant questioned while in custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.\u201d The Court held that \u201cthe prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination.\u201d Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444, 16 L. Ed. 2d at 706, 86 S. Ct. at 1612. The Supreme Court defined custodial interrogation as \u201cquestioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.\u201d Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444, 16 L. Ed. 2d at 706, 86 S. Ct. at 1612. The ultimate inquiry is whether there is a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest. California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1275, 1279, 103 S. Ct. 3517, 3520 (1983).\nThe Supreme Court clearly stated that its intention was to \u201cdispel the compulsion inherent in custodial surroundings.\u201d Miranda, 384 U.S. at 458, 16 L. Ed. 2d at 714, 86 S. Ct. at 1619. Furthermore, the Supreme Court has consistently held that the safeguards laid out in Miranda do not apply outside the context of the inherently coercive custodial interrogations for which they were designed. Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 430, 79 L. Ed. 2d 409, 421, 104 S. Ct. 1136, 1143-44 (1984).\nIn determining whether an interrogation is custodial, courts consider several factors, including: (1) the time and place of the confrontation; (2) the number of police officers present; (3) the presence or absence of family or friends; (4) any indicia of a formal arrest procedure, such as physical restraint, the show of weapons or force, booking or fingerprinting; and (5) the manner by which the individual arrived at the place of the interrogation. People v. Melock, 149 Ill. 2d 423, 440, 599 N.E.2d 941 (1992). The trial court\u2019s finding on the issue of custody is a question of fact, and we will not disturb that finding unless it is manifestly erroneous. People v. Wheeler, 281 Ill. App. 3d 447, 458, 667 N.E.2d 158 (1996).\nDefendant argues that the police believed him to be a suspect and asserts that this court should look to defendant\u2019s and the police officers\u2019 subjective perspectives as well as the police officers\u2019 intentions to determine whether defendant was in custody. We disagree.\nThe United States Supreme Court in Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 319-23, 128 L. Ed. 2d 293, 296-98, 114 S. Ct. 1526, 1527-29 (1994), reaffirmed its holdings regarding custody and the applicability of the protections of Miranda:\n\u201cOur decisions make clear that the initial determination of custody depends on the objective circumstances of the interrogation, not on the subjective views harbored by either the interrogating officers or the person being questioned.\u201d Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 323, 128 L. Ed. 2d 293, 298, 114 S. Ct. 1526, 1529 (1994).\nThus, the determination of custody involves an objective analysis of the circumstances surrounding the interview as a reasonable and innocent person in the defendant\u2019s position would perceive them. People v. Goyer, 265 Ill. App. 3d 160, 167, 638 N.E.2d 390 (1994). In this case, defendant chose the time to contact the police and the location at which they would meet. Defendant stated that he was cooperating with the police officers, and the trial court found that he agreed to go to the police station with them. Defendant rode to the station in the back of the police car, but the court found that he was not handcuffed at any time. No arrest procedures ever took place, and defendant was not processed or fingerprinted. The court also found that defendant was not coerced or threatened by the police at any time. Citing these factors, the trial court held that defendant was not under arrest and was not a custodial suspect. In light of the deferential standard of review as well as the factors that support the trial court\u2019s finding, we conclude that the trial court\u2019s finding that defendant was not in custody is not manifestly erroneous.\nThe fifth amendment right to counsel applies only to custodial interrogations. McNeil v. Wisconsin, 501 U.S. 171, 178, 115 L. Ed. 2d 158, 168, 111 S. Ct. 2204, 2209 (1991); Melock, 149 Ill. 2d at 443. If a defendant is not in custody, even a clear and unequivocal request for an attorney does not implicate any constitutionally protected right, and the police are not required to end an interview. Goyer, 265 Ill. App. 3d at 168. Furthermore, the sixth amendment right to counsel \u201cattaches only at the initiation of adversary criminal proceedings, [citation], and before proceedings are initiated a suspect in a criminal investigation has no constitutional right to the assistance of counsel.\u201d Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 456-57, 129 L. Ed. 2d 362, 369-70, 114 S. Ct. 2350, 2354 (1994).\nDefendant asks us to distinguish Goyer from this case on its facts because the defendant in Goyer was not interviewed in a police station. However, other cases have held interviews that took place in police stations did not involve custodial interrogations and consequently the fifth amendment right to counsel did not apply. See Melock, 149 Ill. 2d at 442-43; People v. Patterson, 146 Ill. 2d 445, 455, 588 N.E.2d 1175 (1992); People v. Willoughby, 250 Il. App. 3d 699, 718-19, 620 N.E.2d 617 (1993). Because defendant was not in custody, his fifth amendment right to counsel had not attached at the time he gave his written statement to ASA Mason at the police station.\nDefendant urges us to affirm the trial court\u2019s ruling based on our supreme court\u2019s ruling in People v. McCauley, 163 Ill. 2d 414, 645 N.E.2d 923 (1994). In McCauley, as here, an attorney retained by the family of the defendant arrived at the police station where the defendant was being interrogated and was refused permission to see his Ghent. \u201e\nThe same factual situation was addressed by the United States Supreme Court in Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 89 L. Ed. 2d 410, 106 S. Ct. 1135 (1986). The Court concluded that events occurring outside the presence of a suspect and entirely unknown to him have no bearing on the suspect\u2019s capacity to comprehend and knowingly waive a constitutional right. The Court declared that \u201c[o]nce it is determined that a suspect\u2019s decision not to rely on his rights was uncoerced, that he at all times knew he could stand mute and request a lawyer, and that he was aware of the State\u2019s intention to use his statements to secure a conviction, the analysis is complete and the waiver is valid as a matter of law.\u201d Moran, 475 U.S. at 422-23, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 422, 106 S. Ct. at 1141.\nOur supreme court in McCauley declined to follow Moran, relying on the proposition that state constitutional protections may be broader than federal constitutional protections. McCauley, 163 Ill. 2d at 421. Article I, section 10, of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a7 10) provides that \u201c[n]o person shall be compelled in a criminal case to give evidence against himself nor be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.\u201d\nIn holding that the police action in McCauley violated the defendant\u2019s state constitutional rights, the majority said:\n\u201cThe day is long past in Illinois, however, where attorneys must shout legal advice to their clients, held in custody, through the jailhouse door. In this case, we determine that our State constitutional guarantees afforded defendant a greater degree of protection. Our State constitutional guarantees simply do not permit police to delude custodial suspects, exposed to interrogation, into falsely believing they are without immediately available legal counsel and to also prevent that counsel from accessing and assisting their clients during the interrogation. (See Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a7\u00a7 2, 10.)\u201d (Emphasis added.) McCauley, 163 Ill. 2d at 423-24.\nIn holding that the actions of the police in McCauley violated the defendant\u2019s due process rights, the majority said:\n\u201cIn Illinois, due process of law requires that an accused shall be given the benefit of counsel. (See United States ex rel. Hall v. Ragen (N.D. Ill. 1945), 60 F. Supp. 820, 821.) Due process also requires that an accused is entitled to counsel during any custodial interrogation. (See 11A Ill. L. & Prac. Constitutional Law \u00a7 477, at 410 (1981).) The State due process guarantee (article I, section 2) provides the general basis for an accused\u2019s right to the assistance as well as presence of counsel during any custodial interrogation.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) McCauley, 163 Ill. 2d at 441.\nIn the instant case, the trial court found, and we agree, that defendant was not \u201cheld in custody\u201d or subject to \u201ccustodial interrogation.\u201d The evidence also supports the State\u2019s position that defendant was not a \u201csuspect\u201d or an \u201caccused.\u201d Prior to defendant admitting his presence at the scene of the attack, the police had developed information from lineups and interviews with witnesses that defendant had attempted to aid Lenard Clark. Defendant\u2019s statements also indicated that he was only a witness.\nDefendant argues that we should apply the holding of McCauley to defendant as the police clearly failed to tell defendant of the presence of his attorney. The State argues that we should hold that McCauley does not apply to witnesses. We decline to do either.\nWe hold that McCauley does not require suppression of defendant\u2019s statements as they were not given during a custodial interrogation. Therefore, defendant\u2019s state constitutional rights were not violated. We also hold that, as defendant was never an accused, the defendant\u2019s state due process rights were not violated.\nAs to whether the holding in McCauley would require suppression of defendant\u2019s statements if the trial court or we found that those statements were the result of a custodial interrogation, we do not express an opinion. In McCauley, our supreme court condemned police actions identical to the ones taken here. The trial court based its ruling on our supreme court\u2019s strong condemnation of this interference with an attorney\u2019s efforts to see his client. While our analysis of the applicable law leads us to reverse the trial court\u2019s order of suppression, the actions of the police were indefensible.\nThe dissent primarily relies upon section 103 \u2014 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/103 \u2014 4 (West 1998)) which is entitled \u201cRight to Consult with Attorney.\u201d The dissent asserts that this statute was applicable to defendant as he was \u201crestrained of his liberty.\u201d It would appear that the trial court\u2019s findings that defendant was not in custody would preclude the application of this statute. Further, the committee comments read in part: \u201cParagraph 103 \u2014 4 says (an accused) has a right to consult with counsel at any time after being taken into custody.\u201d 725 ILCS 5/103 \u2014 4, Committee Comments\u2014 1963, at 56 (West 1998). Again, defendant was not an accused at the time of his interrogation, nor was he in custody.\nBy way of analogy, section 4 \u2014 5 of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 requires police officers who take a minor into custody to immediately make a reasonable attempt to notify the minor\u2019s parents or guardian and also to take the minor without unnecessary delay to the nearest juvenile police officer. 705 ILCS 405/4 \u2014 5(2) (West 1998). Courts have held that pursuant to this statute, where an officer questioning a juvenile learns of a person\u2019s presence in the station, the officer has an affirmative duty to stop the questioning and allow the parent to confer with the minor. People v. Brown, 182 Ill. App. 3d 1046, 1053, 538 N.E.2d 909 (1989). However, \u201c(f)ailure to comply with this judicial directive, though a significant factor in the determination of voluntariness, does not compel a finding that the confession was involuntary.\u201d People v. McNeal, 298 Ill. App. 3d 379, 391 (1998).\nApplying this principle to our case, even if we were to find that the police violated section 103 \u2014 4, this would only be one factor to consider in determining whether the defendant\u2019s written statement should have been suppressed.\nFinally, we note that in People v. Finklea, 119 Ill. App. 3d 448 (1983), cited by the dissent, the appellate court affirmed the denial of the defendant\u2019s motion to suppress statements as he was not in custody at the time of the interrogation.\nIn its findings, the trial court opined that defendant could \u201carguably\u201d have been charged with obstruction of justice after the police had broken his alibi. Defendant asks us to consider this fact as being a basis for defendant invoking his right against self-incrimination. This argument is similar to that raised by the witnesses in Gossitt and Cooper. In those cases, the witnesses asserted that their fear of being charged with perjury was a valid basis for invoking their rights under the fifth amendment. This court did not agree with that argument in those cases and we reject it again here.\nWe note that at the time defendant gave his written statement to police, he did not have \u201creasonable cause to suspect the possibility of subsequent prosecution from a direct answer\u201d (Cooper, 202 Ill. App. 3d at 341) and, therefore, under our holding in Cooper, the fifth amendment right against self-incrimination did not apply. Defendant is not being prosecuted because of his answers to the authorities. He is being prosecuted because he allegedly, possessing knowledge material to the prosecution of Frank Caruso, Victor Jasas, and Michael Kwidzinski, and with the intent to obstruct the prosecution of those individuals, knowingly left the State of Illinois and concealed himself in violation of section 31 \u2014 4(c) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/31 \u2014 4(c) (West 1996)). If we were to accept defendant\u2019s argument that, because he is now charged with a criminal offense, he had a fifth amendment right to counsel at the time of his interviews with police, it would encourage similarly situated witnesses who are reluctant to testify to flee the state.\nAs previously stated, we find that the trial court\u2019s determination that defendant was not in custody at the time the written statement was taken and signed was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Therefore, as a matter of law, we reverse the trial court\u2019s ruling suppressing the written statement as defendant was not in custody and may not invoke a fifth amendment right to counsel.\nIn addition, defendant contends that his written and oral statements should be suppressed as the product of an unlawful arrest under the fourth amendment. Defendant argues that he was unlawfully seized without probable cause when he was taken to the police station and that both the written and oral statements given by him should have been suppressed by the trial court as the product of an unconstitutional seizure.\nIn effect, defendant seeks to cross-appeal from that part of the interlocutory ruling that was not in his favor. Whatever the merits of his attack on the trial court\u2019s ruling, that attack is not properly before this court. It is well settled that there is no basis for a defendant to appeal interlocutorily the order of a trial court denying in whole or in part a motion to suppress. People v. Busija, 155 Ill. App. 3d 741, 744-45, 509 N.E.2d 168 (1986). This is so even where the State appeals a trial court\u2019s order suppressing evidence pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 604(a)(1) (145 Ill. 2d R. 604(a)(1)). People v. Bielawski, 255 Ill. App. 3d 635, 640, 627 N.E.2d 710 (1994). Therefore, at this pretrial stage of the case, we consider only the State\u2019s challenges to the propriety of the court\u2019s order.\nFor the foregoing reasons, we reverse the order of the circuit court suppressing defendant\u2019s written statement and remand this matter to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.\nReversed and remanded.\nHARTMAN, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE QUINN" }, { "text": "JUSTICE GREIMAN,\ndissenting:\nThe majority states that \u201cthe actions of the police were indefensible.\u201d 319 111. App. 3d at 806. Here the police took the defendant to the police station a little after 1 p.m., placed him in a lineup, questioned him in several different rooms by several different police officers about the tragic beating of Lenard Clark and kept him at the station approximately 21 hours before he was allowed to talk with his attorney. When his attorney arrived on the nineteenth hour, he was refused an audience with defendant and he was advised by the police that they were not sure whether defendant was \u201cgoing to be a witness or suspect.\u201d\nWhile I recognize the distinction urged by the majority between a person being questioned as a witness and a person detained as a suspect to be charged, it is difficult for me to imagine that a defendant or his attorney has any idea of what his status is when the police are unable to sort out whether he is a witness or suspect.\nThe philosophy of People v. McCauley, 163 Ill. 2d 414 (1994), is certainly broad enough to encompass a person held or restrained under this hazy status. It should be noted that, to the extent that the police refuse to permit an attorney to communicate with the defendant at the station, that is relevant in determining whether defendant is in police custody or not. People v. Finklea, 119 Ill. App. 3d 448 (1983). Additionally, it should be noted that the Illinois General Assembly since 1927 has been concerned with the rights of a party to consult with an attorney. Accordingly, section 103 \u2014 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/103 \u2014 4 (West 1998)) provides:\n\u201c103 \u2014 4. Right to Consult with Attorney. Any person committed, imprisoned or restrained of his liberty for any cause whatever and whether or not such person is charged with an offense shall, except in cases of imminent danger of escape, be allowed to consult with any licensed attorney at law of this State whom such person may desire to see or consult, alone and in private at the place of custody, as many times and for such period each time as is reasonable.\u201d\nIf this statute means anything, it means that this defendant, perhaps a witness, perhaps a suspect, but certainly \u201crestrained of his liberty for any cause whatever\u201d should have been allowed to talk with counsel at the police station.\nAccordingly, I would affirm the thoughtful trial judge who declined to suppress matter that was expressed before counsel\u2019s appearance on the scene and suppressed defendant\u2019s written statement given after counsel\u2019s efforts to talk to his client.", "type": "dissent", "author": "JUSTICE GREIMAN," } ], "attorneys": [ "Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Kenneth T. McCurry, and Jon J. Walters, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.", "Law Offices of James J. Cutrone, of Chicago (James J. Cutrone, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. RICHARD DeSANTIS, Defendant-Appellee.\nFirst District (5th Division)\nNo. 1 \u2014 99\u20141256\nOpinion filed December 22, 2000.\nRehearing denied March 29, 2001.\nRichard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Kenneth T. McCurry, and Jon J. Walters, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.\nLaw Offices of James J. Cutrone, of Chicago (James J. Cutrone, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "0795-01", "first_page_order": 813, "last_page_order": 827 }