{ "id": 1527751, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CARL GIVENS, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Givens", "decision_date": "2001-04-05", "docket_number": "No. 4 \u2014 99\u20140852", "first_page": "910", "last_page": "915", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "319 Ill. App. 3d 910" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "599 N.E.2d 913", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "924" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "149 Ill. 2d 467", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5599591 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "492" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/149/0467-01" ] }, { "cite": "224 U.S. 616", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3668643 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1912, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "629" }, { "page": "923" }, { "page": "588" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/224/0616-01" ] }, { "cite": "523 U.S. 224", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11503479 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "243-44" }, { "page": "368" }, { "page": "1230-31" }, { "page": "244" }, { "page": "368" }, { "page": "1231" }, { "page": "248" }, { "page": "371" }, { "page": "1233" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/523/0224-01" ] }, { "cite": "664 N.E.2d 76", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "84", "parenthetical": "Class X sentencing under section 5 - 5-3(c)(8) of the Unified Code is mandatory" }, { "page": "85" }, { "page": "84" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "171 Ill. 2d 207", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 57342 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "222", "parenthetical": "Class X sentencing under section 5 - 5-3(c)(8) of the Unified Code is mandatory" }, { "page": "224" }, { "page": "222" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/171/0207-01" ] }, { "cite": "705 N.E.2d 67", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "71-72" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "184 Ill. 2d 441", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 926965 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "448" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/184/0441-01" ] }, { "cite": "539 N.E.2d 1221", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1224" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "128 Ill. 2d 448", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3229022 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "454" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/128/0448-01" ] }, { "cite": "686 N.E.2d 584", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "586" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "177 Ill. 2d 389", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 317111 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "393" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/177/0389-01" ] }, { "cite": "530 U.S. 466", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9413911 ], "weight": 12, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "490" }, { "page": "455" }, { "page": "2362-63" }, { "page": "488" }, { "page": "454" }, { "page": "2361-62" }, { "page": "488" }, { "page": "453" }, { "page": "2361" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/530/0466-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 584, "char_count": 10541, "ocr_confidence": 0.756, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.1504130970094127e-07, "percentile": 0.5812587915357227 }, "sha256": "f007bce76925e61f0cdb11132149f24cd1ad6401cd2186f97f4ab139dd05d8e0", "simhash": "1:64281221e9a49ebe", "word_count": 1770 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:43:10.227950+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CARL GIVENS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE KNECHT\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIn February 1997, the State charged defendant, Carl Givens, with one count of burglary, a Class 2 felony (720 ILCS 5/19 \u2014 1 (West 1996)). In July 1999, a jury found defendant guilty as charged. In September 1999, the trial court found defendant eligible for Class X sentencing under section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code of Corrections (Unified Code) (730 ILCS 5/5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) (West 1996) (effective until June 1, 1997)) and sentenced defendant to 18 years\u2019 imprisonment. On appeal, defendant argues section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code is unconstitutional. We affirm.\nI. BACKGROUND\nOn January 24, 1997, Keith Wilson, the victim and owner of Wilson\u2019s Body Shop (Shop), arrived at the Shop and parked his truck across the street, leaving it unlocked. Later, Wilson noticed defendant standing by his truck. Wilson noticed defendant had something in his hands and thought defendant had the cellular phone he kept in his truck. Wilson began walking toward his truck, and as he approached, defendant began running. Wilson went to the truck and discovered some cigarettes and his cellular phone were missing. Wilson got in his truck and proceeded to look for defendant.\nAbout one block away from the Shop, a neighbor informed Wilson he had seen a man go behind a house near the city garage. Wilson then saw defendant near the city garage, got out of his truck, approached defendant, and asked for his cellular phone. Defendant denied having Wilson\u2019s cellular phone and told Wilson he had business at the city garage. Wilson stated he would wait for defendant to finish his business, but defendant did not go to the city garage. Instead, defendant started running, and Wilson followed him. As Wilson was pursuing defendant, he saw a police officer and signaled the officer to apprehend defendant.\nDanville police officers Joseph Crippin and Richard Dicken responded to the burglary call. Employees of the Shop informed Officer Dicken of Wilson\u2019s pursuit of the suspected burglar. Officer Crippin drove to the area where Wilson was last seen and saw Wilson chasing defendant. Officer Crippin apprehended defendant as Officer Dicken arrived at the scene.\nAfter talking with Wilson, the officers traced the path of the chase and found a cellular phone, two packs of cigarettes, and a cigarette lighter. Wilson identified all those items as having been taken from his track. John Bunting, a forensic scientist with the Illinois State Police crime lab, found no fingerprints suitable for comparison on the cellular phone.\nIn February 1997, the State charged defendant with burglary, and in August 1997, a jury found defendant guilty as charged. In September 1997, the trial court sentenced defendant to 10 years\u2019 imprisonment, and defendant appealed. This court reversed defendant\u2019s conviction and remanded the case to the trial court. People v. Givens, No. 4 \u2014 97\u20141072 (March 10, 1999) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). In July 1999, a jury found defendant guilty of burglary. Because of his criminal record, the trial court found defendant eligible for sentencing as a Class X offender as provided in section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code and sentenced him to 18 years\u2019 imprisonment. In October 1999, the trial court denied defendant\u2019s posttrial motion, and this appeal followed.\nII. ANALYSIS\nWhile this case was pending on appeal, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000). Defendant argues Apprendi renders section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code unconstitutional because it does not require notice of the State seeking to sentence the defendant as a Class X offender and does not provide for a jury determination beyond a reasonable doubt as to whether the qualifying facts of section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) exist. The State argues defendant has waived, i.e., forfeited, this issue on appeal because he failed to raise it in a posttrial motion. See People v. Reed, 177 Ill. 2d 389, 393, 686 N.E.2d 584, 586 (1997).\nWe first address the State\u2019s forfeiture argument. Because Apprendi was decided while defendant\u2019s case was pending on appeal, defendant could not have raised Apprendi in a posttrial motion. Furthermore, a defendant can raise a constitutional challenge to a statute at any time. People v. Bryant, 128 Ill. 2d 448, 454, 539 N.E.2d 1221, 1224 (1989). Accordingly, we address the constitutional challenge raised by defendant. We review the constitutionality of a statute de novo. People v. Fisher, 184 Ill. 2d 441, 448, 705 N.E.2d 67, 71-72 (1998).\nSection 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5 \u2014 5\u2014 3(c)(8) (West 1996) (effective until June 1, 1997)) provides, in relevant part:\n\u201cWhen a defendant, over the age of 21 years, is convicted of a Class 1 or Class 2 felony, after having twice been convicted of any Class 2 or greater Class felonies in Illinois, and such charges are separately brought and tried and arise out of different series of acts, such defendant shall be sentenced as a Class X offender. This paragraph shall not apply unless (1) the first felony was committed after the effective date of this amendatory Act of 1977; and (2) the second felony was committed after conviction on the first; and (3) the third felony was committed after conviction on the second.\u201d\nThus, under section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) (730 ILCS 5/5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) (West 1996) (effective until June 1, 1997)), a trial court must sentence a defendant as a Class X offender when a defendant has prior felony convictions satisfying the statutory requirements. See People v. Thomas, 171 Ill. 2d 207, 222, 664 N.E.2d 76, 84 (1996) (Class X sentencing under section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code is mandatory). Section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code does not elevate the class of the crime but merely sets forth criteria under which a defendant will be sentenced according to the guidelines for a Class X felony. People v. Thomas, 171 Ill. 2d 207, 224, 664 N.E.2d 76, 85 (1996).\nIn Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 455, 120 S. Ct. at 2362-63, the United States Supreme Court held \u201c[ojther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d (Emphasis added.) In support of the prior-crimes exception, the Supreme Court quoted its earlier holding in Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 243-44, 140 L. Ed. 2d 350, 368, 118 S. Ct. 1219, 1230-31 (1998), where the Court explained \u201c \u2018recidivism *** is a traditional, if not the most traditional, basis for a sentencing court\u2019s increasing an offender\u2019s sentence,\u2019 \u201d and emphasized \u201c \u2018the fact that recidivism \u201cdoes not relate to the commission of the offense ...\u201d \u2019 \u201d (Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 488, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 454, 120 S. Ct. at 2361-62, quoting Almendarez-Torres, 523 U.S. at 244, 140 L. Ed. 2d at 368, 118 S. Ct. at 1231, quoting Graham v. West Virginia, 224 U.S. 616, 629, 56 L. Ed. 917, 923, 32 S. Ct. 583, 588 (1912)). Furthermore, prior convictions have been entered pursuant to proceedings with substantial procedural safeguards of their own. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 488, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 453, 120 S. Ct. at 2361.\nThose same reasons for the recidivism exception recognized in Apprendi apply here. The prior convictions providing the basis of defendant\u2019s enhanced sentence under section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) were obtained through proceedings with substantial procedural safeguards. Additionally, the dates of the actions underlying those convictions can be ascertained from those proceedings. Moreover, the factual findings required by section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code do not relate to the commission of the underlying offense. Accordingly, we find Apprendi does not render section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code unconstitutional.\nEven if Apprendi applied, the error would have been harmless error. Under section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code, a defendant\u2019s sentence is enhanced based entirely on objective, historical criteria, one\u2019s record of criminal convictions, and no limitations or restrictions are placed on its application based on mental state or any other subjective matter. Thomas, 171 Ill. 2d at 222, 664 N.E.2d at 84. At trial, defendant did not dispute he was more than 21 years old and his convictions meet the section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) requirements. The evidence in the record was overwhelming both as to defendant\u2019s age and the dates of the commission of the prior felonies. Thus, the failure to ask the jury to determine defendant\u2019s age and the dates the prior felonies were committed was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.\nIn the alternative, defendant argues should this court find Apprendi does not apply, we should still find section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8) of the Unified Code unconstitutional because the statute does not require the trial court to make findings beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant contends Almendarez-Torres requires sentencing determinations that bear significantly on the severity of the sentence should be subject to a heightened standard of proof. Contrary to defendant\u2019s assertion, the Supreme Court in Almendarez-Torres, 523 U.S. at 248, 140 L. Ed. 2d at 371, 118 S. Ct. at 1233, stated: \u201c[W]e express no view on whether some heightened standard of proof might apply to sentencing determinations that bear significantly on the severity of sentence.\u201d\nFurthermore, the Supreme Court of Illinois in People v. Williams, 149 Ill. 2d 467, 492, 599 N.E.2d 913, 924 (1992), held a higher standard of proof of beyond a reasonable doubt should not be imposed for sentencing factors when a trial court finds a defendant eligible for Class X sentencing under section 5 \u2014 5\u20143(c)(8). We fail to see why that holding would not also apply to factors imposing Class X sentencing under the same statute.\nIII. CONCLUSION\nAccordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Vermilion County.\nAffirmed.\nMYERSCOUGH and COOK, JJ, concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE KNECHT" } ], "attorneys": [ "Charles M. Schiedel and Lawrence Bapst (argued), both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.", "Frank Young, State\u2019s Attorney, of Danville (Norbert J. Goetten, Robert J. Biderman, and Perry L. Miller (argued), all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CARL GIVENS, Defendant-Appellant.\nFourth District\nNo. 4 \u2014 99\u20140852\nArgued March 20, 2001.\nOpinion filed April 5, 2001.\nCharles M. Schiedel and Lawrence Bapst (argued), both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.\nFrank Young, State\u2019s Attorney, of Danville (Norbert J. Goetten, Robert J. Biderman, and Perry L. Miller (argued), all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0910-01", "first_page_order": 928, "last_page_order": 933 }