{ "id": 132510, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CHARLES C. DRUM, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Drum", "decision_date": "2001-05-01", "docket_number": "No. 4\u201498\u20140803", "first_page": "1005", "last_page": "1013", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "321 Ill. App. 3d 1005" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "591 N.E.2d 449", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "451" }, { "page": "453" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "148 Ill. 2d 32", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3283258 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "37-38" }, { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/148/0032-01" ] }, { "cite": "666 N.E.2d 872", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "877", "parenthetical": "construing the statute; giving no deference to trial court" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "281 Ill. App. 3d 799", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 150169 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "807-08", "parenthetical": "construing the statute; giving no deference to trial court" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/281/0799-01" ] }, { "cite": "699 N.E.2d 1039", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1043-44" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "298 Ill. App. 3d 751", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1073599 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "758" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/298/0751-01" ] }, { "cite": "711 N.E.2d 1160", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1165", "parenthetical": "\"[T]he admissibility of evidence is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial judge, whose decision will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "305 Ill. App. 3d 197", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1208062 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "204", "parenthetical": "\"[T]he admissibility of evidence is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial judge, whose decision will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/305/0197-01" ] }, { "cite": "633 N.E.2d 635", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "644" }, { "page": "644" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "158 Ill. 2d 275", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 780288 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "296" }, { "page": "296" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/158/0275-01" ] }, { "cite": "645 N.E.2d 896", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "898" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "163 Ill. 2d 498", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477773 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "502" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/163/0498-01" ] }, { "cite": "730 N.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "3" }, { "page": "3" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "191 Ill. 2d 251", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 229700 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "255" }, { "page": "255" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/191/0251-01" ] }, { "cite": "711 N.E.2d 1135", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1140" }, { "page": "1140-41" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "304 Ill. App. 3d 369", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 564604 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "376" }, { "page": "375" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/304/0369-01" ] }, { "cite": "701 N.E.2d 1174", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1178" }, { "page": "1177-79" }, { "page": "1178" }, { "page": "1178" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "299 Ill. App. 3d 818", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 221457 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "822" }, { "page": "822-24" }, { "page": "823" }, { "page": "823" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/299/0818-01" ] }, { "cite": "743 N.E.2d 44", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Drum II" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "194 Ill. 2d 485", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1096298 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Drum II" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/194/0485-01" ] }, { "cite": "718 N.E.2d 302", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Drum I" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "307 Ill. App. 3d 743", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 173571 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Drum I" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/307/0743-01" ] }, { "cite": "743 N.E.2d 44", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "48" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "194 Ill. 2d 485", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1096298 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "492-93" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/194/0485-01" ] }, { "cite": "718 N.E.2d 302", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "309-10" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "307 Ill. App. 3d 743", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 173571 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "751-53" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/307/0743-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 801, "char_count": 17924, "ocr_confidence": 0.78, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0606696842923746e-07, "percentile": 0.556984982522147 }, "sha256": "5f879db99af3fff86bd2be970829c40329a19d22337b179f418bcb955893f4d7", "simhash": "1:87b8e421bb96bce4", "word_count": 2949 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:50:01.734981+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CHARLES C. DRUM, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE STEIGMANN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIn January 1997, the State charged defendant, Charles C. Drum, with first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9\u20141(a)(1) (West 1996)). In September 1998, the trial court denied the State\u2019s pretrial motion to admit certain hearsay statements at defendant\u2019s trial, pursuant to section 115\u201410.2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.2 (West 1998)), and the State brought an interlocutory appeal from that order (145 Ill. 2d R. 604(a)(1)).\nIn October 1999, this court dismissed the State\u2019s appeal on the ground that we lacked jurisdiction to hear it. People v. Drum, 307 Ill. App. 3d 743, 718 N.E.2d 302 (1999) (Drum I). The Supreme Court of Illinois granted the State\u2019s petition for leave to appeal, reversed our decision to dismiss the State\u2019s appeal, and remanded this case to us for further proceedings. People v. Drum, 194 Ill. 2d 485, 743 N.E.2d 44 (2000) (Drum II).\nAfter further consideration in accordance with the supreme court\u2019s directive, we vacate the trial court\u2019s order and remand for further proceedings.\nI. BACKGROUND\nIn January 1997, the State filed first degree murder charges against defendant, his brother, Thomas Drum, and their friend, Marcus Douglas, alleging that the three men had killed Shane Ellison. Thomas and Marcus were tried separately in August 1997 and February 1998, respectively. Each testified in his own defense and acknowledged their involvement in Ellison\u2019s death. However, they each attempted to characterize their involvement as minimal and claimed that defendant was the primary aggressor. Marcus testified in Thomas\u2019 trial but Thomas refused to testify in Marcus\u2019 trial. Juries convicted both men of first degree murder.\nIn April and May 1998, the State filed two pretrial motions in defendant\u2019s case, entitled \u201cMotion For Admission of Tom Drum\u2019s Testimony at the Trial of Charles Drum\u201d and \u201cMotion for the Admission of Marcus Douglas\u2019 Testimony at the Trial of Charles Drum,\u201d in which the State asked the trial court to find that Thomas\u2019 and Marcus\u2019 prior testimony met the requirements for the then-new statutory residual hearsay exception contained in section 115\u201410.2 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.2 (West 1998)). In September 1998, the court conducted a hearing on the State\u2019s motions and denied them, finding that Thomas\u2019 and Marcus\u2019 testimony lacked sufficient trustworthiness to be admissible under section 115\u201410.2. The State\u2019s appeal of that denial is now before us.\nII. ANALYSIS\nA. Motions In Limine\nIn People v. Owen, 299 Ill. App. 3d 818, 822, 701 N.E.2d 1174, 1178 (1998), this court noted that although motions in limine are most frequently used to bar or limit evidence, they may also be used by the proponent of evidence, such as the State in this case, to obtain a pretrial ruling that the evidence at issue will be admitted at the appropriate point in trial. Thus, although the State in this case styled its pretrial evidentiary motions as motions \u201cfor admission of *** testimony,\u201d they clearly were motions in limine in both purpose and effect (see Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 1033 (7th ed. 1999)).\nRegardless of how they are used, motions in limine always ask a trial court to make a trial ruling outside the normal trial context. McMath v. Katholi, 304 Ill. App. 3d 369, 376, 711 N.E.2d 1135, 1140 (1999) , rev\u2019d on other grounds, 191 Ill. 2d 251, 255, 730 N.E.2d 1, 3 (2000) ; Owen, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 822-24, 701 N.E.2d at 1177-79. A trial court considering a party\u2019s motion in limine therefore must rely upon counsel\u2019s representations or offers of proof to determine what the context for the evidentiary ruling will likely be at trial. Owen, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 823, 701 N.E.2d at 1178. For that reason, a trial court has discretion not to address a motion in limine at all and may instead wait for the evidentiary issue to arise in the normal course of events at trial. Owen, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 823, 701 N.E.2d at 1178. Conversely, when the court does address a motion in limine on the merits, its ruling is always subject to reconsideration during trial. Illinois State Toll Highway Authority v. Heritage Standard Bank & Trust Co., 163 Ill. 2d 498, 502, 645 N.E.2d 896, 898 (1994); McMath, 304 Ill. App. 3d at 375, 711 N.E.2d at 1140-41, rev\u2019d on other grounds, 191 Ill. 2d 251, 255, 730 N.E.2d 1, 3, (2000). In either case, the court\u2019s final ruling takes place at trial, not before.\nWhen a trial court addresses a motion in limine that seeks to admit evidence rather than exclude it, events at trial may very well cause the court to reconsider its preliminary ruling. For example, even if the court grants a motion in limine to admit evidence, the proponent must still lay the proper foundation at trial or the evidence will not be admitted. If, on the other hand, the court denies the motion, the party opposing the evidence may nevertheless \u201copen the door\u201d at trial to its admission. Events at trial can also affect (1) the court\u2019s initial understanding of the probative value of the evidence, (2) the risk of unfair prejudice to the party opposing the evidence, or (3) its trustworthiness. As the supreme court wrote in People v. Childress, 158 Ill. 2d 275, 296, 633 N.E.2d 635, 644 (1994), \u201cThe decision whether to admit evidence cannot be made in isolation. The trial judge must consider a number of circumstances that bear on that issue, including questions of remoteness and prejudice.\u201d\nB. Appellate Review of Evidentiary Rulings\nReviewing courts sometimes state, as a blanket rule, that all evidentiary rulings are reviewed deferentially. See, e.g., Hilgenberg v. Kazan, 305 Ill. App. 3d 197, 204, 711 N.E.2d 1160, 1165 (1999) (\u201c[T]he admissibility of evidence is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial judge, whose decision will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion\u201d). However, as the Childress court correctly stated, the abuse-of-discretion standard is only a general rule (Childress, 158 Ill. 2d at 296, 633 N.E.2d at 644), and important exceptions exist. Statutes and common-law principles governing the admission of evidence often combine purely legal requirements and discretionary decisions.\nFor example, section 115\u201410.1 of the Code creates a statutory hearsay exception for prior inconsistent statements of a witness in a criminal case under certain circumstances (725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.1 (West 1998)). That section provides that a prior inconsistent statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if (1) the statement is inconsistent with the witness\u2019 testimony at trial; (2) the witness is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement; (3) the statement describes an event of which the witness had personal knowledge; and (4) the statement is proved to have been accurately recorded (725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.1 (West 1998)). The question of whether the out-of-court statement was inconsistent with the witness\u2019 in-court testimony depends on the context in which the statement is offered at trial. A trial court\u2019s finding in this regard is reviewed deferentially, as is the court\u2019s determination that the statement describes an event of which the witness had personal knowledge. People v. Barker, 298 Ill. App. 3d 751, 758, 699 N.E.2d 1039, 1043-44 (1998). However, questions of whether the statement was recorded within the meaning of the statute, or whether the witness is subject to cross-examination, do not involve the trial court\u2019s discretion and accordingly are reviewed de nova. See People v. Kinsloe, 281 Ill. App. 3d 799, 807-08, 666 N.E.2d 872, 877 (1996) (construing the statute; giving no deference to trial court).\nAnother example of an evidentiary ruling being reviewed de nova is found in People v. Keith, 148 Ill. 2d 32, 37-38, 591 N.E.2d 449, 451 (1992), where the trial court ruled that section 11\u2014501.2 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95V2, par. 11\u2014501.2) required the State to demonstrate, as part of its foundation for admitting breathalyzer test results in a reckless homicide prosecution, that its breathalyzer operator complied with all applicable Illinois Department of Public Health regulations. The supreme court, reviewing the trial court\u2019s decision de nova, held that the court had misconstrued the statute. Keith, 148 Ill. 2d at 41, 591 N.E.2d at 453.\nC. The Timing of the Trial Court\u2019s Ruling at Issue\nIn this case, the State\u2014and not defendant\u2014filed a motion in limine, seeking to admit hearsay testimony pursuant to the residual hearsay exception contained in section 115\u201410.2 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.2 (West 1998)). That section provides, in relevant part, as follows:\n\u201c(a) A statement not specifically covered by any other hearsay exception[,] but having equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness, is not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable ***.\n* * *\n(c) Unavailability as a witness is limited to the situation in which the declarant persists in refusing to testify concerning the subject matter of the declarant\u2019s statement despite an order of the court to do so.\u201d 725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.2(a), (c) (West 1998).\nSection 115\u201410.2 places various procedural burdens on the proponent of the hearsay testimony sought to be introduced. These procedural burdens, in turn, render motions in limine unwieldy vehicles through which the proponent of the hearsay testimony seeks a pretrial ruling. Comparing issues presented by an effort to render hearsay testimony admissible under section 115\u201410.2 to other issues frequently raised in motions in limine should make this point clear.\nTrial courts are commonly confronted with two types of motions in limine: (1) the State seeks to introduce other-crimes evidence and (2) the defendant seeks to bar evidence of prior convictions. In both instances, the parties routinely seek pretrial rulings regarding these potentially prejudicial matters by filing motions in limine, and, within the limitations discussed earlier, those rulings typically\u2014and appropriately\u2014are forthcoming. Motions pursuant to section 115\u201410.2 of the Code, however, are unique.\nIn cases involving the admission of a defendant\u2019s prior convictions or other-crimes evidence, the issue is ripe when the trial court makes its in limine ruling. Here, on the other hand, section 115\u201410.2 of the Code allows for the admission of the hearsay statements only when \u201cthe declarant persists in refusing to testify *** despite an order of the court to do so.\u201d (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.2(c) (West 1998). That precondition can be satisfied only at trial.\nHere, the State sought admission of the statements based only on the representations of Thomas\u2019 and Marcus\u2019 attorneys that their clients intended not to testify if called upon to do so at defendant\u2019s trial. Specifically, Thomas\u2019 attorney stated as follows:\n\u201cI think it would be fair to say, Judge, at this point[,] that [Thomas] does not intend to testify ***.\nHowever, he would want to be *** faced with that particular situation before he would make that decision, so there is definitely some uncertainty to his position at this time.\u201d\nMarcus\u2019 attorney stated as follows:\n\u201c[A]t this point, my client does not know what he will be doing. He certainly has no desire to shield [defendant] from anything, but I think the [c]curt is well aware my client is looking at a fairly substantial minimum sentence in the Department of Corrections. [Defendant] has been a regular at [the] Department of Corrections. My client fears for his safety.\nI think two things\u2014well, I think he is entitled to make that decision up until the time he needs to make that decision to take the time, but also I believe before he makes that decision, he does have the right to be admonished by the [c]curt as to what he is facing if he [decides] in a way that would cause the State to ask that he be held in contempt.\u201d\nThe State\u2019s assumption that Thomas and Marcus would refuse to testify if ordered to do so was just that\u2014an assumption. Both Thomas\u2019 and Marcus\u2019 attorneys expressed uncertainty regarding their clients\u2019 positions. Further, even if no question existed that Thomas and Marcus had a present intent to disobey a court order to testify, experienced attorneys and trial judges know that a person\u2019s will to resist court orders often withers when sitting in the courtroom, facing an insistent judge and imminent contempt sanctions. Thomas\u2019 and Marcus\u2019 attorneys both apparently understood as much when they each urged the court not to assume their clients would commit contemptuous conduct until actually faced with the decision at trial.\nBecause a declarant\u2019s hearsay statements can be admissible under section 115\u201410.2 of the Code only when \u201cthe declarant persists in refusing to testify *** despite an order of the court to do so\u201d (725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.2(c) (West 1998)), we hold that the trial court erred by making a pretrial ruling that the hearsay statements at issue were not admissible. The issue in this case was not yet ripe and would not become ripe until and unless either declarant at trial persisted in refusing to testify despite an order of the court to do so. Accordingly, we vacate the trial court\u2019s order in which it ruled the declarants\u2019 hearsay statements inadmissible under section 115\u201410.2 of the Code and remand for further proceedings.\nIII. CONCLUSION\nFor the reasons stated, we vacate the trial court\u2019s order and remand for further proceedings.\nVacated and remanded for further proceedings.\nMcCullough, j., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE STEIGMANN" }, { "text": "JUSTICE MYERSCOUGH,\ndissenting:\nI respectfully disagree with the majority. I find it curious that the court raises an issue of ripeness that was neither raised nor recognized by the parties, the trial court, or the Supreme Court of Illinois. The majority pointedly raised this ripeness issue in its previous decision in Drum I, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 751-53, 718 N.E.2d at 309-10, yet the supreme court did not address that issue, instead remanding this case for us to address the merits (Drum II, 194 Ill. 2d at 492-93, 743 N.E.2d at 48): whether the trial court\u2019s decision, that the prior testimony of Thomas and Marcus did not meet the requirements of the statutory residual hearsay exception, was against the manifest weight of the evidence. We should do so and find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.\nThe statute requires the trial court to make several findings before prior statements are inadmissible:\n\u201c(a) A statement not specifically covered by any other hearsay exception[,] but having equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness, is not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as defined in subsection (c) and if the court determines that:\n(1) the statement is offered as evidence of a material fact; and\n(2) the statement is more probative on the point for which it is offered than any other evidence which the proponent can procure through reasonable efforts; and\n(3) the general purposes of this [s]ection and the interests of justice will best be served by admission of the statement into evidence.\n(b) A statement may not be admitted under this exception unless the proponent of it makes known to the adverse party sufficiently in advance of the trial or hearing to provide the adverse party with a fair opportunity to prepare to meet it, the proponent\u2019s intention to offer the statement, and the particulars of the statement, including the name and address of the declarant.\n(c) Unavailability as a witness is limited to the situation in which the declarant persists in refusing to testify concerning the subject matter of the declarant\u2019s statement despite an order of the court to do so.\u201d 725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.2(a) through (c) (West 1998)).\nEquivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness, evidence of a material fact more probative than other evidence, interests of justice, and advance notice may be determined, or should be, prior to trial. I agree with the majority that the actual determination of unavailability cannot be made in most circumstances until trial. As with any hearsay statement under sections 115\u201410, 115\u201410.1, 115\u2014 10.3, and 115\u201410.4 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115\u201410, 115\u201410.1, 115\u2014 10.3 (West 1998); 725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.4 (West Supp. 1999)), or with evidence of prior sexual offenses under section 115\u20147.3 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115\u20147.3 (West 1998)), section 115\u201410.2 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.2 (West 1998)) requires notification of the intent to use the evidence and, either explicitly or by inference, requires the trial court to rule on admissibility prior to the witness or defendant taking the stand.\nIf the evidence is found inadmissible because the trial court has found that the evidence does not possess sufficient \u201ccircumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness\u201d (725 ILCS 5/115\u201410.2(a) (West 1998)), the inquiry stops there. If the evidence is ruled admissible, the issue of unavailability only arises if the individual does not testify. Clearly, the parties should not be faced with a lengthy hearing on all of the issues of admissibility in the middle of trial. This certainly would impair the State\u2019s ability to prosecute the case and the defendant\u2019s ability to defend the case.\nFor example, as in the instant case, when aware in advance of a witness\u2019 potential reluctance to testify, the State can grant immunity to encourage testimony or uncover other evidence to bolster the case if the evidence is inadmissible. I would, therefore, affirm the trial court.", "type": "dissent", "author": "JUSTICE MYERSCOUGH," } ], "attorneys": [ "C. Steve Ferguson, State\u2019s Attorney, of Charleston (Norbert J. Goetten and Robert J. Biderman, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.", "Charles M. Schiedel and Stephen R. Ryan, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CHARLES C. DRUM, Defendant-Appellee.\nFourth District\nNo. 4\u201498\u20140803\nOpinion filed May 1, 2001.\nMYERSCOUGH, J., dissenting.\nC. Steve Ferguson, State\u2019s Attorney, of Charleston (Norbert J. Goetten and Robert J. Biderman, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.\nCharles M. Schiedel and Stephen R. Ryan, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellee." }, "file_name": "1005-01", "first_page_order": 1023, "last_page_order": 1031 }