{ "id": 256344, "name": "In re MARRIAGE OF MARK BEYER, Petitioner-Appellant, and NANCY PARKIS, f/k/a Nancy Beyer, Respondent-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "In re Marriage of Beyer", "decision_date": "2001-06-29", "docket_number": "No. 1 \u2014 99\u20141676", "first_page": "305", "last_page": "322", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "324 Ill. App. 3d 305" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "284 Ill. App. 3d 642", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1260417 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "645", "parenthetical": "a reviewing court will not consider evidence not before trial court" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/284/0642-01" ] }, { "cite": "304 Ill. App. 3d 1030", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 564552 ], "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/304/1030-01" ] }, { "cite": "240 Ill. App. 3d 314", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5136792 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "338-39" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/240/0314-01" ] }, { "cite": "313 Ill. App. 3d 521", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 186547 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/313/0521-01" ] }, { "cite": "252 Ill. App. 3d 506", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2965135 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "508", "parenthetical": "In awarding attorney fees under the Dissolution Act, trial judge may rely on his or her own knowledge and experience when deciding value of services provided" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/252/0506-01" ] }, { "cite": "241 Ill. App. 3d 500", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2436599 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "506" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/241/0500-01" ] }, { "cite": "238 Ill. App. 3d 1086", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5154973 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/238/1086-01" ] }, { "cite": "294 Ill. App. 3d 356", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 35419 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "360", "parenthetical": "In dissolution proceedings, the state is a third party, representing the public interest in the institution of marriage" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/294/0356-01" ] }, { "cite": "287 Ill. App. 3d 1073", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 521027 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1084-85" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/287/1073-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 Ill. 2d 469", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 147590 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/173/0469-01" ] }, { "cite": "317 Ill. App. 3d 931", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1025991 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/317/0931-01" ] }, { "cite": "294 Ill. App. 3d 755", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 35385 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "762" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/294/0755-01" ] }, { "cite": "191 Ill. 2d 421", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 229704 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "434" }, { "page": "434" }, { "page": "434" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/191/0421-01" ] }, { "cite": "292 Ill. App. 3d 634", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1725042 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "643" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/292/0634-01" ] }, { "cite": "277 Ill. App. 3d 832", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1172365 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/277/0832-01" ] }, { "cite": "193 Ill. 2d 455", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 963718 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "469" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/193/0455-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 Ill. B.J. 410", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Ill. B.J.", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "410-11" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "302 Ill. App. 3d 607", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1352905 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "612" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/302/0607-01" ] }, { "cite": "313 Ill. App. 3d 107", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 186516 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "113" }, { "page": "111", "parenthetical": "The decision of whether to allow attorney fees in dissolution actions is within the trial court's discretion" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/313/0107-01" ] }, { "cite": "157 Ill. 2d 162", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 778585 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "167-69" }, { "page": "176-77" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/157/0162-01" ] }, { "cite": "301 Ill. App. 3d 826", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 257111 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "836" }, { "page": "836" }, { "page": "836" }, { "page": "836" }, { "page": "836" }, { "page": "837" }, { "page": "837" }, { "page": "837" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/301/0826-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 Ill. 2d 169", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 821398 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "173" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/181/0169-01" ] }, { "cite": "292 Ill. App. 3d 848", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1725031 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "852" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/292/0848-01" ] }, { "cite": "192 Ill. 2d 36", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 453249 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "42" }, { "page": "42" }, { "page": "42" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/192/0036-01" ] }, { "cite": "306 Ill. App. 3d 131", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1336059 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "136" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/306/0131-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1303, "char_count": 41478, "ocr_confidence": 0.787, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.437100848179827e-07, "percentile": 0.9450367569692287 }, "sha256": "bb119ce2cc955e76119536020db3ddb12fd51a27ea28318644d12ee29acdfb39", "simhash": "1:aad50df26f491e6d", "word_count": 6727 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:56:29.143572+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "In re MARRIAGE OF MARK BEYER, Petitioner-Appellant, and NANCY PARKIS, f/k/a Nancy Beyer, Respondent-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE TULLY\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPetitioner, Mark Beyer, appeals from the circuit court\u2019s order holding him in indirect civil contempt and subjecting him to a period of incarceration for refusing to pay $19,000 in interim attorney fees to respondent, Nancy Beyer, in violation of the circuit court\u2019s order. The circuit court granted respondent\u2019s petition for fees, pursuant to section 501(c \u2014 1) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Dissolution Act) (750 ILCS 5/501(c \u2014 1) (West 1998)), in the course of an action brought by respondent to vacate a judgment for dissolution of marriage. In reaching its determination, the court relied upon information contained in the petition, response and attached affidavits, but did not hold an evidentiary hearing. On appeal, petitioner contends the circuit court was without statutory authority to award fees under section 501(c \u2014 1) because this provision applies exclusively to predissolution decree proceedings, while section 508(a) (750 ILCS 5/508(a) (1998)), which allows for an evidentiary hearing prerequisite to an award of fees, is the only mechanism to obtain fees in a postdecree proceeding. In the alternate, petitioner contends that the application of section 501(c \u2014 1) to postdecree proceedings is unconstitutional and that respondent\u2019s petition for fees was insufficient to support an interim award. This court has jurisdiction pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 304(b)(5) (155 Ill. 2d R. 304(b)(5)), which allows for the appeal of orders of contempt imposing monetary or other penalties. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the circuit court\u2019s order granting the petition for fees and vacate the circuit court\u2019s order holding petitioner in contempt.\nBackground\nOn December 15, 1998, respondent Nancy Beyer (Nancy) filed a motion to vacate a judgment for dissolution of marriage, entered on July 22, 1993, pursuant to section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1401) (West 1998)). In her petition, Nancy alleged the marriage settlement agreement, incorporated into the dissolution judgment, was procured by fraud, in that Mark Beyer (Mark) failed to disclose certain assets of the marriage, namely, an ownership interest in two gas stations and lottery proceeds totaling $289,000, which were not considered in determining Nancy\u2019s maintenance and support for the parties\u2019 two minor children. On October 2, 1998, Nancy filed a petition, pursuant to section 501(c \u2014 1), seeking interim attorney fees from Mark in an amount comparable to the fees Mark paid to his own attorney. In an attached affidavit, Nancy represented she was without any financial resources to pay attorney fees to pursue the action, while Mark had access to vast sources of income derived from the sale of one gas station, the operation of another gas station, and extensive lines of credit with financial institutions based on these assets. In an attached affidavit, Nancy\u2019s counsel represented that Nancy had incurred $13,701.25 in attorney fees in connection with the action to vacate the judgment, would likely incur an additional $15,000 in fees, because substantial discovery and depositions were necessary, and was without the financial ability to pay either her outstanding or prospective fees. Attached to the petition was also a financial disclosure affidavit setting forth Nancy\u2019s and the children\u2019s income and expenses. Mark moved to dismiss the petition pursuant to section 2 \u2014 615 of the Code, on the basis the petition failed to set forth sufficient facts to support an award of fees, which motion the court denied. Mark thereafter filed a response to the petition, representing that he had paid his attorney $18,977.50 in fees and costs, but neither admitting nor denying his ability to pay fees, demanding strict proof thereof. Mark did not present a counteraffida-vit or financial disclosure statement with his response. On February 3, 1999, after a hearing at which counsel for both parties appeared and argued, the circuit court granted Nancy\u2019s petition and ordered Mark to pay $19,000 of her attorney fees. In reaching its determination, the court stated it relied upon the allegations in the petition and the response, in relation to the relevant factors set forth under section 501(c \u2014 1)(1). On February 23, 1999, Nancy filed a petition for rule to show cause why Mark should not be held in contempt of court because of his continuing refusal to pay the interim fees. On March 18, 1999, Mark brought a motion to reconsider the judgment granting the interim fees, arguing the circuit court lacked authority to award fees under section 501(c \u2014 1), which the circuit court denied. On April 9, 1999, Nancy filed a second petition for rule to show cause why Mark should not be held in contempt of court. On May 18, 1999, the circuit court found Mark in contempt for failing to pay the fees and sentenced Mark to a period of incarceration not to exceed 180 days. Upon posting a bond, Mark obtained a stay of judgment pending appeal.\nDiscussion\nPetitioner initially contends that a plain reading of section 501(c \u2014 1) reveals the legislature intended this provision to apply only in predissolution decree proceedings, while a plain reading of section 508(a) indicates this provision was intended as the exclusive means to recover attorney fees in a postdissolution decree proceeding. Alternately, petitioner maintains that even if section 501(c \u2014 1) applies in postdecree litigation, its application in that context is unconstitutional. Because resolution of this appeal hinges on issues of statutory construction and constitutionality, our standard of review is de nova. E&E Hauling, Inc. v. Ryan, 306 Ill. App. 3d 131, 136 (1999).\n\u20221 In construing a statute, the goal of the court is to effectuate the legislature\u2019s intent. People v. Pullen, 192 Ill. 2d 36, 42 (2000). To this end, a court may consider the reason and necessity for the statute and the evils it was intended to remedy, and will assume the legislature did not intend an absurd or unjust result. Pullen, 192 Ill. 2d at 42. Any inquiry into legislative intent, however, must begin with the language of the statute, which is the surest and most reliable indicator of legislative intent. Pullen, 192 Ill. 2d at 42. Under the guise of construction, a court may not supply omissions, remedy defects, annex new provisions, substitute different provisions, add exceptions, limitations, or conditions, or otherwise change the law so as to depart from the plain meaning of language employed in the statute. Superior Structures Co. v. City of Sesser, 292 Ill. App. 3d 848, 852 (1997). If the language of the statute is clear, its plain and ordinary meaning must be given effect without resorting to other aids of construction. In re Marriage of Mitchell, 181 Ill. 2d 169, 173 (1998).\n\u20222 On June 1, 1997, the legislature amended the Dissolution Act, thereby creating a new regime governing the award of attorney fees. See Pub. Act 89 \u2014 712, eff. June 1, 1997. Prior to amendment, section 508 alone governed attorney fee awards, including \u201ctemporary\u201d fee awards, and provided in pertinent part:\n\u201c(a) The court from time to time, after due notice and hearing, and after considering the financial resources of the parties, may order any party to pay a reasonable amount for *** attorney\u2019s fees necessarily incurred or, for the purpose of enabling a party lacking sufficient financial resources to obtain or retain legal representation, expected to be incurred by any party, which award shall be made in connection with the following:\n* * *\n(4) The maintenance or defense of a petition brought under Section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure seeking relief from a final order or judgment under this Act.\u201d 750 ILCS 5/508(a) (West 1994).\nAlthough section 501 recognized certain forms of \u201ctemporary relief\u2019 that could be obtained through the submission of petitions and affidavits, in the absence of an evidentiary hearing, and without prejudice to later modification, attorney fees were not one of these. 750 ILCS 5/501 (West 1996). In order to obtain attorney fees under the \u201cold\u201d version of section 508, therefore, an evidentiary hearing was necessary.\nThe 1997 amendments changed this, however, introducing a separate, independent provision to govern \u201ctemporary\u201d or \u201cinterim\u201d fee awards, section 501(c \u2014 1), and reconfiguring section 508(a) into an umbrella provision that links the separate statutes on attorney fees under the Dissolution Act. As amended, section 508(a) now reads:\n\u201c(a) The court from time to time, after due notice and hearing, and after considering the financial resources of the parties, may order any party to pay a reasonable amount for his own or the other party\u2019s costs and attorney\u2019s fees. Interim attorney\u2019s fees and costs may be awarded from the opposing party, in accordance with subsection (c \u2014 1) of Section 501. At the conclusion of the case, contribution to attorney\u2019s fees and costs may be awarded from the opposing party in accordance with subsection (j) of Section 503. Fees and costs may be awarded to counsel from a former client in accordance with subsection (c) of this Section-. Awards may be made in connection with the following.\n^ ^\n(4) The maintenance or defense of a petition brought under Section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure seeking relief from a final order or judgment under this Act.\u201d (Emphasis added.) 750 ILCS 5/508(a) (West 1998).\nAs amended, section 501, in turn, provides:\n\u201cTemporary Relief. In all proceedings under this Act, temporary relief shall be as follows:\n* *\n(c \u2014 1) As used in this subsection (c \u2014 1), \u2018interim attorney\u2019s fees and costs\u2019 means attorney\u2019s fees and costs assessed from time to time while a case is pending, in favor of the petitioning party\u2019s current counsel, for reasonable fees and costs either already incurred or to be incurred, and \u2018interim award\u2019 means an award of interim attorney\u2019s fees and costs. Interim awards shall be governed by the following:\n(1) Except for good cause shown, a proceeding for (or relating to) interim attorney\u2019s fees and costs shall be nonevidentiary, summary in nature, and expeditious. When a party files a petition for interim attorney\u2019s fees and costs supported by one or more affidavits that delineate relevant factors, the court (or hearing officer) shall assess an interim award after affording the opposing party a reasonable opportunity to file a responsive pleading. A responsive pleading shall set out the amount of each retainer or other payment or payments, or both, previously paid to the responding party\u2019s counsel by or on behalf of the responding party. In assessing an interim award the court shall consider all relevant factors, as presented, that appear reasonable and necessary, including:\n(A) the income and property of each party, including alleged marital property within the sole control of one party and alleged non-marital property within access to a party,\n(B) the needs of each party;\n(C) the realistic earning capacity of each party;\n(D) any impairment to present earning capacity of either party, including age and physical and emotional health;\n(E) the standard of living established during the marriage;\n(F) the degree of complexity of the issue, including custody, valuation or division (or both) of closely held businesses, and tax planning, as well as reasonable need for expert investigations or expert witnesses, or both;\n(G) each party\u2019s access to relevant information;\n(H) the amount of the payment or payments made or reasonably expected to be made to the attorney for the other party; and\n(I) any other factor that the court expressly finds to be just and equitable.\n(2) Any assessment of an interim award (including one pursuant to an agreed order) shall be without prejudice to any final allocation and without prejudice as to any claim or right of either party or any counsel of record at the time of the award. Any such claim or right may be presented by the appropriate party or counsel at a hearing on contribution under subsection (j) of Section 503 or a hearing on counsel\u2019s fees under subsection (c) of Section 508. Unless otherwise ordered by the court at the final hearing between the parties or in a hearing under subsection (j) of Section 503 or subsection (c) of Section 508, interim awards, as well as the aggregate of all other payments by each party to counsel and related payments to third parties, shall be deemed to have been advances from the parties\u2019 marital estate. Any portion of any interim award constituting an overpayment shall be remitted back to the appropriate party or parties, or, alternatively, to successor counsel, as the court determines and directs, after notice.\n(3) In any proceeding under this subsection (c \u2014 1), the court (or hearing officer) shall assess an interim award against an opposing party in an amount necessary to enable the petitioning party to participate adequately in the litigation, upon findings that the party from whom attorney\u2019s fees and costs are sought has the financial ability to pay reasonable amounts and that the party seeking attorney\u2019s fees and costs lacks sufficient access to assets or income to pay reasonable amounts. In determining an award, the court shall consider whether adequate participation in the litigation requires expenditure of more fees and costs for a party that is not in control of assets or relevant information. Except for good cause shown, an'interim award shall not be less than payments made or reasonably expected to be made to the counsel for the other party. If the court finds that both parties lack financial ability or access to assets or income for reasonable attorney\u2019s fees and costs, the court (or hearing officer) shall enter an order that allocates available funds for each party\u2019s counsel, including retainers or interim payments, or both, previously paid, in a manner that achieves substantial parity between the parties.\n(4) The changes to this Section 501 made by this amendatory Act of 1996 apply to cases pending on or after June 1, 1997, except as otherwise provided in Section 508.\n(d) A temporary order entered under this Section:\n(1) does not prejudice the rights of the parties or the child which are to be adjudicated at subsequent hearings in the proceeding;\n(2) may be revoked or modified before final judgment, on a showing by affidavit and upon a hearing; and\n(3) terminates when the final judgment is entered or when the petition for dissolution of marriage or legal separation or declaration of invalidity of marriage is dismissed.\u201d (Emphasis added.) 750 ILCS 5/501 (West 1998).\nIn amending sections 508(a) and 501(c \u2014 1), the legislature also amended section 102 of the Dissolution Act, which sets forth the purpose and rules of construction under the Act. Prior to amendment, section 102 provided, in pertinent part:\n\u201cThis Act shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes, which are to:\n* * *\n(5) make reasonable provisions for spouses and minor children during and after litigation ***.\u201d 750 ILCS 5/102(5) (West 1996).\nAs amended, section 102 now reads:\n\u201cThis Act shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes, which are to:\n$ $ ^\n(5) make reasonable provision for spouses and minor children during and after litigation, including provision for timely awards of interim fees to achieve substantial parity in parties\u2019 access to funds for litigation caste[.]\u201d (Emphasis added.) 750 ILCS 5/102(5) (West 1998).\nAs an indication that section 501(c \u2014 1) was intended to apply only in predissolution decree proceedings, petitioner points out that several of the factors listed under section 501(c \u2014 1)(1) are applicable only in a predissolution decree setting, most notably, section 501(c \u2014 1)(1)(A), the parties\u2019 access to \u201calleged marital property\u201d and \u201calleged non-marital property.\u201d As further indicia of this intent, petitioner notes the language of section 501(c \u2014 1)(2) creates a presumption that \u201cinterim awards *** shall be deemed to have been advances from the parties\u2019 marital estate\u201d (750 ILCS 5/501(c \u2014 1)(2) (West 1998)), a presumption that can only operate prior to the entry of a dissolution decree.\n\u20223 The problem with this proposed construction is that it ignores the plain language of the statute and concentrates only on limited language excised from the context of the statute as a whole. The most compelling evidence that the legislature intended section 501(c \u2014 1) to apply in postdecree proceedings, however, is the express language of section 501 itself, which indicates that \u201ctemporary relief,\u201d including \u201cinterim attorney\u2019s fees,\u201d is available in \u201call proceedings\u201d under the Dissolution Act. 750 ILCS 5/501 (West 1998). Further, section 501(c \u2014 1) must reasonably be understood in view of the concomitant changes to section 508(a). Section 508(a), when read as an integrated whole, expressly indicates that \u201c[i]nterim attorney\u2019s fees and costs\u201d may be awarded \u201cin accordance with subsection (c \u2014 1) of Section 501\u201d and in connection with \u201cthe maintenance or defense of a petition brought under Section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure seeking relief from a final order or judgment under this Act.\u201d 750 ILCS 5/508(a) (West 1998). This construction, we note, further agrees with the amended language of section 102(5), which defines the goal of interim awards broadly as \u201csubstantial parity in parties\u2019 access to funds for litigation costs\u201d both \u201cduring and after litigation.\u201d 750 ILCS 5/102(5) (West 1998).\nAlthough petitioner is correct that some of the factors listed under section 501(c \u2014 1)(1) would be irrelevant in a postdecree proceeding, we note the statute does not mandate consideration of each and every factor listed, only the \u201crelevant factors, as presented, that appear reasonable.\u201d 750 ILCS 5/50l(c \u2014 1)(1) (West 1998). Similarly, although the language of section 501(c \u2014 1)(2) creates a presumption that \u201cinterim awards\u201d are to be deemed \u201cadvances from the parties\u2019 marital estate,\u201d this presumption is qualified with the prefatory language, \u201c[ujnless otherwise ordered by the court at the final hearing between the parties or in a hearing under subsection (j) of section 503 or subsection (c) of Section 508.\u201d 750 ILCS 5/501(c \u2014 1)(2) (West 1998). Ideally, any judicial inquiry into legislative intent should begin and end with a plain reading of the statute. Such a situation is presented here, as the plain language of section 501(c \u2014 1), as well as section 508(a), is unambiguous. Under a plain reading of the statute, we conclude the legislature intended section 501(c \u2014 1) to apply in postdecree proceedings.\nHaving determined that section 501(c \u2014 1) applies in postdecree proceedings, we still must address whether its application in that context is constitutional. While petitioner\u2019s brief is unclear as to whether his constitutional attack on section 501(c \u2014 1) is brought under substantive due process or procedural due process, petitioner appears to contend that in a postdecree proceeding section 501(c \u2014 1): (1) violates substantive due process because it is an overly broad restraint on nonmarital property, and (2) violates procedural due process because it does not afford a party the right of an evidentiary hearing before taking nonmarital property.\n\u20224 In evaluating a substantive due process claim concerning non-fundamental rights, the court applies the \u201crational basis test.\u201d Kaufman, Litwin & Feinstein v. Edgar, 301 Ill. App. 3d 826, 836 (1998). Under this test, the court must determine whether the legislation has a reasonable relationship to the public interest sought to be protected and whether the means the legislature adopted to achieve its goals reasonably related to such goals. Kaufman, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 836. Previously, in Kaufman, this court examined the constitutionality of section 501(c \u2014 1), under the rubric of substantive due process. Applying the rational basis test, the court found section 501(c \u2014 1) to be facially constitutional, rejecting plaintiffs claim the statute violated substantive due process by depriving lawyers of the right to keep fees they had earned. Kaufman, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 836. Still, the court noted its holding would not preclude a later finding that section 501(c \u2014 1) was unconstitutionally applied under particular circumstances. Kaufman, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 836. In this case, because we are presented with a constitutional attack on a different aspect of the statute than was presented in Kaufman, we engage in an independent analysis under substantive due process.\nHere, the crux of petitioner\u2019s substantive due process claim is that section 501(c \u2014 1), as it applies in postdecree proceedings, is analogous to the statute at issue in Messenger v. Edgar, 157 Ill. 2d 162 (1993), which the Illinois Supreme Court found unconstitutional under a substantive due process analysis. In Messenger, the statute in question was section 501.1(a)(1) of the Dissolution Act, which created an automatic stay prohibiting spouses from transferring or disposing of any property, both marital and nonmarital property, upon the filing of a dissolution action. Messenger, 157 Ill. 2d at 167-69. Applying the rational basis test, the supreme court found that the statute was not a rational means of accomplishing its stated goal, preventing the dissipation and concealment of marital assets, because it imposed an automatic stay restraining not only martial property, but also non-marital property, which the other spouse could in no way lay claim to. Messenger, 157 Ill. 2d at 176-77.\n\u20225 Contrary to petitioner\u2019s assertion, we do not find section 501(c \u2014 1) shares the same constitutional infirmity as the statute in Messenger. In enacting section 501(c \u2014 1), the legislature\u2019s goal was to level the playing field by equalizing the parties\u2019 litigation resources where it is shown that one party can pay and the other party cannot. In re Marriage of DeLarco, 313 Ill. App. 3d 107, 113 (2000). Essentially the same goal underlies section 508(a): to equalize the relative positions of the parties before the court by shifting liability for attorney fees, thereby diminishing the advantage one party may have over the other in the presentation of a case due to a disparity in their respective financial resources. Lee v. Lee, 302 Ill. App. 3d 607, 612 (1998). Here, petitioner acknowledges section 508(a), in permitting liability for attorney fees to be reallocated between the parties in postdecree actions, is a means rationally related to a legitimate public objective. Petitioner\u2019s attack on section 501(c \u2014 1) is therefore directed primarily against the means adopted, rather than the legitimacy of the statute\u2019s public purpose.\nAs distinguished from section 508(a), section 501(c \u2014 1) streamlines the method by which a financially disadvantaged party may obtain attorney fees during the pendency of litigation. By eliminating the hurdle of an evidentiary hearing in most cases, section 501(c \u2014 1) limits the ability of a party in a financially advantageous position to use the other party\u2019s lack of adequate funds as a tactical tool and allows an economically disadvantaged party to retain counsel in a timely fashion. See A General Explanation of the \u201cLeveling the Playing Field\u201d in Divorce Litigation Amendments, 11 \u2014 SEP CBA Rec. 32 (1997). Section 501(c \u2014 1), unlike section 508(a), also presumes to equalize the parties\u2019 access to litigation resources, creating a rebuttable presumption that \u201can interim award shall not be less than payments made or reasonably expected to be made to the counsel for the other party.\u201d 750 ILCS 501(c \u2014 1)(3) (West 1998). Still, this presumption can only come into play once the party seeking fees demonstrates an inability to pay fees and the ability of the other party to do so; this being the same burden a party seeking fees must sustain when bringing a petition under section 508(a). By allowing interim awards pursuant to summary procedures, yet also allowing for the modification of awards before a final hearing, section 501(c \u2014 1) attempts to effect an equitable compromise between two competing concerns. On the one hand, by permitting underlying claims to proceed toward a determination on the merits, without a protracted subtrial on fees at the outset, section 501(c \u2014 1) prohibits a financially advantaged party from \u201cstringing out\u201d the litigation so as to force a financially disadvantaged party into ceding valid claims. See A General Explanation of the \u201cLeveling the Playing Field\u201d in Divorce Litigation Amendments, 11 \u2014 SEP CBA Rec. 32 (1997); see also D. Hopkins, \u201cLeveling the Playing Field\u201d in Divorce: Questions and Answers About the New Law, 85 Ill. B.J. 410, 410-11 (1997). On the other hand, in recognition that interim awards are truly a form of \u201ctemporary relief,\u201d and that facts and circumstances change and develop in the course of litigation, section 501(c \u2014 1) still allows for the modification or revocation of any award. 11 \u2014 SEP CBA Rec. at 32-33.\nUnlike the statute in Messenger, which imposed a sweeping restraint on all nonmarital assets for purposes of preventing the dissipa-tian of marital assets, however, section 501(c \u2014 1) specifically avoids the problem of over breadth by providing that any overpayment of fees, whether derived from marital or nonmarital property, can be ordered to be remitted back to a party. See 2 H. Gitlin, Gitlin on Divorce \u00a7 19 \u2014 8, at 92 (2d ed. Supp. 1997). Further, unlike the statute in Messenger, section 501(c \u2014 1) does not operate indiscriminately or automatically to restrain all nonmarital property. Rather, for a party to be compelled to give up nonmarital assets to pay another party\u2019s fees, a genuine disparity in the parties\u2019 respective access to financial assets first must be demonstrated, as would prevent one party from participating equally in pending litigation. Any restraint on nonmari-tal property resulting under section 501(c \u2014 1), moreover, remains a product of judicial discretion, rather than the mechanical application of the statute, as a judge familiar with the case must ultimately determine what if any award is necessary to allow both parties to participate equally. Further, in a given case, it is the judge, too, who must determine whether expedited summary procedures are even appropriate or whether an evidentiary hearing is necessary to making an informed determination.\nStatutes carry a strong presumption of constitutionality, and the party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of rebutting that presumption. Lulay v. Lulay, 193 Ill. 2d 455, 469 (2000). Whether a statute is wise is a different question from whether a statue is constitutional. Village of Schaumburg v. Doyle, 277 Ill. App. 3d 832 (1996). Here, we cannot say that the means adopted by the legislature to level the playing field during pending litigation, under section 501(c \u2014 1), are unreasonable or overly broad as applied in postdecree proceedings.\nPetitioner argues separately that section 501(c \u2014 1) as it applies in postdecree proceedings violates procedural due process because it allows the taking of nonmarital property without affording the right of an automatic evidentiary hearing. Again, it is not clear from petitioner\u2019s brief whether his constitutional attack is a facial attack on the statute or an attack on the statute as it applied to him in this case. Still, the record indicates that petitioner never requested an evidentiary hearing or argued there was good cause for a hearing and, therefore, waived that right. See In re Marriage of McHenry, 292 Ill. App. 3d 634, 643 (1997). Under these circumstances, we must assume petitioner\u2019s procedural due process attack on the statute is facial in nature.\n\u20226, 7 Procedural due process claims concern the constitutionality of the specific procedures employed to deny a person\u2019s life, liberty or property. Segers v. Industrial Comm\u2019n, 191 Ill. 2d 421, 434 (2000). Procedural due process is meant to protect persons from the mistaken or unjustified deprivation of life, liberty or property, not from the deprivation itself. Segers, 191 Ill. 2d at 434. To survive a facial challenge, the procedures a statute incorporates must at least be adequate to authorize the deprivation with respect to some of the persons subject to it. In re Perona, 294 Ill. App. 3d 755, 762 (1998). At a minimum, due process requires that a deprivation of property cannot occur without providing notice and an opportunity for a hearing appropriate to the nature of the case. City of Marseilles v. Union Bank, 317 Ill. App. 3d 931 (2000). In evaluating procedural due process claims, the court uses a three-part test, under which the court (1) asks the threshold question whether there exists a liberty or property interest that has been interfered with by the state, (2) examines the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such an interest through the procedures already in place, while considering the value of additional safeguards, and (3) addresses the effect the administrative burden would have on the state\u2019s interest. Segers v. Industrial Comm\u2019n, 191 Ill. 2d 421, 434 (2000).\nLooking to the first of the due process considerations above, it is clear that petitioner, and any person who is compelled to pay an opposing party\u2019s attorney fees pursuant to section 501(c \u2014 1), has his property interfered with by the state. As to the second element of the due process test, which requires us to examine the procedures already in place under the statute, we find the court\u2019s analysis in Kaufman to be pertinent. '\nIn Kaufman, the court was presented with a facial challenge to section 501(c \u2014 1) under procedural due process. There, plaintiff argued that section 501(c \u2014 1) violated procedural due process because a lawyer who had already earned fees could be forced to return fees to the marital estate without the opportunity of a fair hearing. Kaufman, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 836. The court rejected this argument, finding section 501(c \u2014 1) to be constitutional. Citing the Illinois Supreme Court\u2019s decision in Raintree Health Care Center v. Illinois Human Rights Comm\u2019n, 173 Ill. 2d 469 (1996), the court noted that nonevidentiary hearings have been held to be a procedurally proper means of deciding fee petitions, as long as the decision maker can determine, from the evidence presented in the petition and answer, what amount would be a reasonable award of fees and the opposing party has an opportunity to be heard. Kaufman, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 837. The court further observed that section 501(c \u2014 1) incorporates the basic protections of procedural due process by providing that a fee petition must be supported by affidavits and a party opposing a fee petition must be given a reasonable opportunity to file a responsive pleading, and it gives parties the opportunity of an evidentiary hearing on good cause shown. Kaufman, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 837. The court concluded that because an evidentiary hearing is still held if it is found necessary under section 501(c \u2014 1), there was no violation of procedural due process. Kaufman, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 837.\n\u20228 Applying the same reasoning as employed in Kaufman, we agree section 501(c \u2014 1) is facially sufficient to protect against the erroneous deprivation of property, be it nonmarital or marital. Section 501(c \u2014 1), like section 508(a), mandates that before any fees can be awarded, the party seeking fees must first demonstrate the inability to pay and the ability of the other party to meet both their obligations. In re Marriage of Minear, 287 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1084-85 (1997). Further, although an evidentiary hearing is not required under section 501(c \u2014 1), any interim award must nevertheless be supported by non-testimonial evidence, as submitted by the parties in the form of affidavits, financial disclosure statements, requests for judicial notice, etc. See D. Pasulka, Attorneys\u2019 Fees, in Illinois Family Law \u00a7 2.88 (Ill. Inst, for Cont. Legal Educ. 1998). Most significantly, however, and as emphasized by the court in Kaufman, section 501(c \u2014 1) does not foreclose the opportunity of an evidentiary hearing, but still allows for a hearing where good cause is shown. Considering the third element of the due process test, we further observe that mandating an evidentiary hearing in every postdecree proceeding would undermine the state\u2019s interest: to achieve substantial parity in the parties\u2019 access to funds for litigation, including the timely award of interim fees, in all proceedings under the Dissolution Act. Although a party arguably has a greater interest in nonmarital property than in marital property, in that the interest is not shared with another, this individual interest must be balanced against the state\u2019s public interest in the institution of marriage and, by extension, the state\u2019s interest in ensuring the fairness and integrity of all proceedings related to dissolution. West v. West, 294 Ill. App. 3d 356, 360 (1998) (In dissolution proceedings, the state is a third party, representing the public interest in the institution of marriage). As it applies in postdecree proceedings, section 501(c \u2014 1) does not violate procedural due process.\n\u20229 Petitioner alternately contends that even if section 501(c \u2014 1) applies in postdecree proceedings, the circuit court erred in granting the interim award because the petition: (1) failed to adequately establish petitioner\u2019s ability to pay fees and (2) failed to adequately establish that the fees requested were \u201creasonable.\u201d While petitioner frames his argument as an attack upon the facial sufficiency of the petition\u2019s allegations, his argument is essentially evidentiary in nature. A section 501(c \u2014 1) petition is unique in that it serves both as the claim for relief and the evidence on which any relief must be based. In substance, petitioner\u2019s claim here is that there was inadequate documentary evidence attached to the petition to substantiate that petitioner was able to pay fees and the fees sought were reasonable. We review the circuit court\u2019s decision to award attorney fees to determine if the court abused its discretion. In re Marriage of DeLarco, 313 Ill. App. 3d 107, 111 (2000) (The decision of whether to allow attorney fees in dissolution actions is within the trial court\u2019s discretion).\nFor purposes of a section 501(c \u2014 1) petition, the party seeking fees must demonstrate the inability to pay and the ability of the other party to pay both parties\u2019 fees. 750 ILCS 5/501(c \u2014 1)(3) (West 1998). Here, petitioner contends the circuit court erred in granting an interim award because the petition failed to adequately demonstrate his ability to pay Nancy\u2019s attorney fees. However, a review of Nancy\u2019s financial disclosure affidavit indicates the balance between her income and expenses established she was unable to pay her own fees. In her petition and affidavit, Nancy further alleged that petitioner had the ability to pay both her and his own attorney fees because he had access to vast sources of income from the operation of one gas station, the proceeds from the sale of a second gas station, and extensive lines of credit with financial institutions based on these assets and income. Nancy and her attorney further represented in affidavits that petitioner had thwarted discovery in the past and retained control of the relevant information pertaining to these assets. Petitioner now contends, however, that in order to establish his ability to pay it was incumbent upon Nancy to attach documents to substantiate the petition\u2019s allegations, including petitioner\u2019s current pay stub, savings and other bank account statements, and petitioner\u2019s current financial income and expense affidavit. The problem with this position is obvious, as petitioner, rather than respondent, was in control of the relevant information. Significantly, petitioner chose not to file a counteraffidavit or a financial disclosure statement and did not deny having the ability to pay, demanding strict proof thereof. Although the party seeking fees has the burden of showing the ability of the other party to pay, we note that waiver of a party\u2019s claim of inability to pay attorney fees may occur where a party refuses to present evidence of his own financial circumstances. See In re Marriage of Walters, 238 Ill. App. 3d 1086 (1992). Waiver aside, the trial judge, who was familiar with the case, was in a position to assess past hurdles in discovery and consider petitioner\u2019s and respondent\u2019s access to information as a factor relevant to a determination. 750 ILCS 5/50l(c \u2014 1)(1)(G) (West 1998). In sum, we cannot say that it was an abuse of discretion to grant the interim award, in view of the uncontradicted representations concerning petitioner\u2019s ability to pay.\nPetitioner also contends that the circuit court erred in granting the fee petition because the petition failed to set forth adequate information to substantiate that the fees sought were \u201creasonable.\u201d Specifically, petitioner maintains that in order to demonstrate the \u201creasonableness\u201d of the fees being sought under section 501(c \u2014 1), Nancy was required to provide an itemized billing statement of the services rendered by her attorney, a copy of the retainer agreement with her attorney, and her attorney\u2019s hourly rate. We disagree.\nThe preamble and text of section 501(c \u2014 1) specifically indicate that any interim award must reflect \u201creasonable attorney\u2019s fees and costs.\u201d It follows that a petition under section 501(c \u2014 1) must adequately address the element of \u201creasonableness\u201d prerequisite to an interim award. Subsection (1) of section 501(c \u2014 1) indicates, however, that a petition for fees need only be supported by affidavits which delineate the relevant statutory factors. Thus, contrary to petitioner\u2019s assertion, it is clear from the express language of the statute that itemized billing statements and a copy of a retainer agreement are not necessary to establish \u201creasonableness.\u201d Here, in an attached affidavit, Nancy\u2019s attorney represented that Nancy had incurred $13,701.25 in attorney fees in connection with the action to vacate the judgment, and would likely incur an additional $15,000 in fees, because substantial discovery and depositions would be necessary. Again, petitioner never contested the reasonableness of the fees being sought, instead taking the position the petition was legally insufficient because it lacked adequate documentary evidence. To the extent petitioner now urges the fees were unreasonable, he waived this issue by failing to raise it in the trial court. In re Marriage of LaTour, 241 Ill. App. 3d 500, 506 (1993). Even assuming the issue was not waived, the trial judge, who had presided over the case for more than a year, was in a position to assess the reasonableness of the fees, based on his own experience and knowledge of the procedural history of the case. See In re Marriage of Powers, 252 Ill. App. 3d 506, 508 (1993) (In awarding attorney fees under the Dissolution Act, trial judge may rely on his or her own knowledge and experience when deciding value of services provided). Under the circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion in granting the petition for interim fees.\n\u202210 Finally, petitioner requests this court to vacate the contempt order because his conduct was not contemptuous and did not hold the circuit court in disdain or subject it to scorn.\nIt is well settled that exposing one\u2019s self to a finding of contempt is an appropriate method of testing the validity of a court order. Buckholtz v. MacNeal Hospital, 313 Ill. App. 3d 521 (2000). Further, where a refusal to comply with the court\u2019s order constitutes a good-faith effort to secure an interpretation of an issue without direct precedent, it is appropriate to vacate a contempt citation on appeal. In re Marriage of Daniels, 240 Ill. App. 3d 314, 338-39 (1992).\nIn this case, the record indicates that petitioner asked to be held in contempt, so as to allow review of a novel issue of Illinois law. In the absence of a contempt order, the issue would not otherwise have been reviewable, as orders addressing interim attorney fee awards are not subject to interlocutory appeal. In re Marriage of Tetzlaff, 304 Ill. App. 3d 1030 (1999). The circuit court\u2019s order also reflects the court understood that petitioner\u2019s reason for refusing to pay the fees was to obtain appellate review. In light of this, we direct the circuit court to vacate the order of contempt against petitioner.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the circuit court\u2019s order compelling petitioner to pay interim fees is affirmed and the order of contempt is vacated.\nAffirmed; contempt order vacated.\nMcNULTY, EJ., and COHEN, J., concur.\nPetitioner has supplemented the record with his unsigned affidavit. However, the record is unclear as to whether this evidence was ever tendered or considered by the circuit court. Accordingly, it will not be considered on appeal. Palmros v. Barcelona, 284 Ill. App. 3d 642, 645 (1996) (a reviewing court will not consider evidence not before trial court).", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE TULLY" } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael D. Canulli, of Oak Brook, for appellant.", "Kathryn D. Farmer, of Rosenfeld, Rotenberg, Hafron & Shapiro, of Chicago, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "In re MARRIAGE OF MARK BEYER, Petitioner-Appellant, and NANCY PARKIS, f/k/a Nancy Beyer, Respondent-Appellee.\nFirst District (1st Division)\nNo. 1 \u2014 99\u20141676\nOpinion filed June 29, 2001.\nRehearing denied August 21, 2001.\nMichael D. Canulli, of Oak Brook, for appellant.\nKathryn D. Farmer, of Rosenfeld, Rotenberg, Hafron & Shapiro, of Chicago, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0305-01", "first_page_order": 323, "last_page_order": 340 }