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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 35353 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "536-37" }, { "page": "538-39" }, { "page": "539" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/294/0531-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 3152, "char_count": 97912, "ocr_confidence": 0.779, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.2926142300668728e-07, "percentile": 0.62030083607191 }, "sha256": "1a4611c0cc6fef2a972eb53ecffa550a7483831e290de9978a1a3dcc5b1b41b1", "simhash": "1:aa14b49c6de52544", "word_count": 16463 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:13:10.268443+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "RACHEL BARTON, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CHICAGO AND NORTH WESTERN TRANSPORTATION COMPANY, n/k/a The Union Pacific Railroad Company, et al., Defendants-Appellants." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE CAMPBELL\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff Rachel Barton filed suit against defendants Chicago & North Western Transportation Company, n/k/a the Union Pacific Railroad Company (CNW), and the Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation (NIRCRC), alleging that she was dragged by a train because defendants did not have a proper procedure to determine whether a passenger was caught in the train\u2019s doors before leaving a station. Following a jury trial in the circuit court of Cook County, defendants were found liable to plaintiff on the claims brought against each of them. The trial court denied defendants\u2019 posttrial motions. Defendants timely filed a notice of appeal to this court.\nThe record on appeal discloses the following facts. NIRCRC is a corporation maintained, supervised and directed by the Commuter Rail Board (CRB), the governing body of the Commuter Rail Division (CRD) of the Regional Transportation Agency (RTA) under the Regional Transportation Authority Act (RTA Act) (70 ILCS 3615/ 2.20(a)(xii), 3B.01, 3B.02 (West 2000)). Defendants\u2019 brief states that \u201c[t]he CRD/NIRCRC are known to the public through the service mark \u2018Metra.\u2019 \u201d\nThe CRB may provide public transportation by operating facilities or through purchase of service agreements (PSAs) with other transportation agencies. See 70 ILCS 3615/2.01, 2.03 (West 2000). The CRD and CNW entered into a PSA. Article II, section 2.04, of the PSA states in part that the CRD may, at any time, direct changes in contract standards. Article I of the PSA defines \u201cStandards\u201d as \u201cthe standards specified in Exhibit 2-C.\u201d Exhibit 2-C states in part as follows:\n\u201c1. SAFETY\nThe Contract Services shall be operated or provided by [CNW] in accordance with the applicable standards of safety established by any agency of the Federal Government or the State of Illinois, and any other standards established by the [RTA] pursuant to Section 2.04 of this Agreement. [CNW] shall maintain its existing practices and procedures *** for the safety of its passengers, employees and property used in providing the Contract Services ***.\u201d\nArticle W, section 4.01, of the PSA states in part that CNW is an independent contractor for the CRD and shall have managerial control with respect to the contract services. The PSA was in effect through December 31, 1998.\nPlaintiff Rachel Barton, born in October 1974, began playing the violin when she was 3V2 years old. By the time she was 11 years old, Barton was practicing eight hours daily and had joined the Civic Orchestra in Chicago, which trained people to be concert masters in professional orchestras. When Barton was a teenager, she would go dancing on Friday and Saturday nights; she began dating at age 14. Barton engaged in local, national and international violin competitions. Barton paid her living and musical expenses and would travel alone. When Barton\u2019s instruction ended at age 17, she spent more time with friends and family. She hoped eventually to get married and have children.\nAt age 18, Barton had left the Civic Orchestra and was playing with the Grant Park Symphony and the Lyric Opera Orchestra, as well as substituting for ill members of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Barton began giving violin lessons at the Music Center of the North Shore in Winnetka (MCNS). Barton\u2019s compact disc of Spanish classical music was released at the end of 1994.\nOn January 16, 1995, at 10:30 a.m., Barton boarded the last car of CNW northbound train No. 317 at the Ravenswood stop in Chicago. She was going to teach at MCNS. Barton was wearing jeans, a T-shirt, possibly a flannel shirt, a bulky sweater with shoulder pads, a puffy down coat with fashion shoulder pads, gym shoes, earmuffs and thin leather gloves.\nBarton was carrying a book bag, her purse and a food bag. Barton also was carrying a violin in a \u201ccushy case\u201d that insulated it from the cold. The violin was loaned to Barton by her patron and insured in the amount of $500,000. Barton testified that she was carrying these items on her shoulder. According to Barton, these items would not slip down her shoulder, due to the puffiness of her coat. Barton stated that she routinely carried her items in the following order: purse, violin, book bag, food bag.\nDuring the trip, Barton removed her gloves and worked on student reports. Barton testified that she noticed that the Winnetka stop was coming up, based on her knowledge of the prior stops. Barton stated that the train was still moving when she loaded up her belongings but had stopped by the time she reached the vestibule of the car. Dr. Caroline Clements, who was riding in the same car, heard Barton ask whether the stop was Winnetka.. Dr. Clements thought that Barton would not be able to exit the train in time, but stated that the train had not stopped when she entered the vestibule.\nBarton testified that her purse, violin case, briefcase and food bag were all on her left shoulder. As she tried to descend the stairs, the violin case became caught on one or two poles in the vestibule. According to Barton, while she tried to keep her belongings at her side, the violin case had \u201cjostled sort of in back of\u2019 her. Barton stated that she took a step back, reorganized her belongings, descended the stairs and stepped off the train.\nAs Barton stepped onto the platform, she could hear \u201cambient train noise.\u201d Barton testified that she did not see or hear the train doors close, but felt and heard a bump. Barton attempted to take another step, but was unable to complete it. Barton thought that her violin case had become caught again. Barton testified that it was as if her left shoulder was pinned to the train. Barton could not turn to the right, so she began to turn to the left. Barton stated that she was bowed backwards because her feet were on the edge of the platform. As she turned her head, Barton could not see her violin case and deduced that it must have been inside the train.\nBarton testified that based on her experience riding on Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) trains, she tried to spring open the train doors. Barton stated that it was difficult to get her right hand into the rubber where the doors met, given her body position. Barton could not see a door handle. Barton got a palm on the right door, but her hand slid down the door. Meanwhile, Barton was saying, \u201cHey, wait. Hey, open up the doors,\u201d thinking someone would hear her. Theresa Croghan, who was jogging on the opposite side of the train at the time, heard a very annoyed voice say, \u201cWait. Wait. Wait a minute. Wait a minute.\u201d Barton stated she had no sense of danger at this time, believing that a conductor would put his head out, see her and open the doors. Ten seconds elapsed before the train began to move.\nBarton testified that she could not have removed the strap from her shoulder with a flick of the wrist. Barton stated that she would have had several factors working against her, including: her gloved hand, her awkward angle, the weight of her belongings hanging from her left shoulder, and the puffiness of her coat.\nBarton testified that the train suddenly began to move northward while she was facing southward. Barton testified that she immediately stumbled and fell as the train pulled and she was pulled to the ground. Croghan testified that as the train started to move, she heard Barton saying, \u201cNo. Stop. No. Stop. No,\u201d in a very intense voice. Croghan testified that she knew this was not, as she had thought, someone who had missed a train, but that Barton was attached to the train or that there was a violent crime occurring on the platform.\nAs the jogging path was roughly three feet lower than the train tracks, Croghan began to look under the wheels of the train. Croghan kept hearing Barton say, \u201cOh, God.\u201d Croghan described it as the most bloodcurdling thing she had ever heard. Croghan testified that she then saw a brown coat in a horizontal position between wheels, which then flashed underneath and disappeared. Croghan began running and screaming to nearby people, \u201cStop the train. She is being dragged. Call 9-1-1.\u201d\nBarton testified that she was dragged in a half-sitting position, bumping along gravelly ground next to the wheels. Barton screamed at the top of her lungs. Barton thought she was probably going to die and had to choose between continuing to be dragged or trying to release herself from her straps. Barton stated that she thought either choice was likely to kill her; if she freed herself by pushing the bags off, she could flip herself under the wheels of the train.\nBarton testified that she decided to try to free herself. According to Barton, this was difficult, due to her gloved hand and the force pulling on her and her belongings. Barton testified that the violin strap was the third down, so she got her hand under the straps as a bunch, gave a push to get them over the lump of her coat, and flipped away from the train.\nBarton found herself in the gravelly area between the train tracks and the platform. Barton continued screaming because she wanted someone to hear her. Barton testified that she did not know so much pain could exist. Barton stated that all she could see \u201cwas like blood and [her] left leg was gone.\u201d Checking herself, Barton concluded that her internal organs and upper extremities were intact, at which point she thought she might live. Barton felt cold. Barton wanted to lie down and close her eyes, but thought that if she did, she would never awake. Barton decided she had to try to distract herself from thinking about her legs. At this point, people were coming toward her, one of whom was carrying something.\nBrian McCarthy, another passenger on train No. 317, testified that he was walking to the vestibule of the train to exit at the next stop when he heard loud, bloodcurdling screams. McCarthy entered the vestibule from the south; a lady entering from the north said something about a young lady and a violin. McCarthy saw a violin at an angle, near the bottom of the steps.\nMcCarthy pushed a signal button in the vestibule until the train began to slow down. When the train stopped, McCarthy used a pen to trigger the train doors to open, as he had seen conductors do. The violin tumbled out of the car onto the railroad ties. McCarthy looked behind the train, where he saw Barton in the gravelly area between the tracks and the platform.\nMcCarthy left the train, carrying the violin as he went toward Barton. McCarthy was the first person to reach Barton. McCarthy put the violin on the platform, approximately six to eight feet away. McCarthy could see that one of Barton\u2019s legs had been amputated, that the other leg was mutilated, and that blood was spurting out with her every heartbeat. McCarthy removed his belt and began to apply it as a tourniquet on her left leg.\nMcCarthy testified that Jim Tuck, one of his friends and neighbors, arrived shortly thereafter. Tuck\u2019s belt was applied as a tourniquet to Barton\u2019s other leg. According to McCarthy, Barton was alert and calm. McCarthy testified that Barton asked him something about the violin; McCarthy told her the violin was \u201cright here.\u201d McCarthy also obtained Barton\u2019s name and her mother\u2019s telephone number. McCarthy and Tuck held onto the tourniquets until paramedics relieved them.\nBarton testified that she kept talking while McCarthy was working, telling him her name, trying to remember her telephone number, and asking him to call her mother. Barton asked McCarthy what he was carrying, because she thought it might have been her violin. Barton stated that she kept repeating these sorts of statements, even after she was put into an ambulance, also asking about her purse and asking to have someone call her workplace, because she thought that if she stopped, she would have been \u201cfreaking out again.\u201d Barton recalled that her leg had been put next to her on the stretcher, like a jigsaw puzzle, or a broken Barbie doll.\nDr. Glen Reinhart, a board-certified orthopedic surgeon, testified that he was called to Evanston Hospital to treat Barton, who was already under anesthesia when he arrived. The lower part of Barton\u2019s left leg was attached only by a bridge of skin behind the knee. The front of Barton\u2019s right leg was missing most of the skin and soft tissue from mid-thigh to mid-leg. There was a large gap in the bone just below the right knee. The skin over the front half of Barton\u2019s right foot was torn away, exposing the bones of her toes.\nDr. Reinhart spent approximately eight hours operating on Barton that day. Barton\u2019s left leg below the knee was removed. Some of the removed tissue and bone was placed in the tissue bank for later reconstructive surgery. The toes on Barton\u2019s right foot had to be removed. Dr. Reinhart was deeply concerned as to whether Barton\u2019s right leg could be saved, in part because he knew that Barton ultimately was going to have an amputation of the left leg above the knee, which would require a bigger prosthesis that would require more energy to use. There was no muscle remaining around Barton\u2019s right knee, the lower part of which was smashed into small pieces.\nAccording to Dr. Reinhart, the surgeons could only close the wound on Barton\u2019s right thigh, as the skin on her shin was missing. Dr. Rein-hart stated that open fractures such as this present a risk of infection. Dr. Reinhardt knew that he was going to have to remove unhealthy or contaminated skin every 24 to 48 hours for the next 10 days.\nOn January 23, 1995, Barton\u2019s left leg was amputated above the knee. Dr. Reinhart testified that this surgery left enough skin to cover the bone. During this surgery, doctors also filled the gap below Barton\u2019s right knee with beads made from bone cement containing antibiotic powder. Later in January, Dr. Gerald Harris removed a strip of muscle from the front of Barton\u2019s abdomen, transplanted it to her leg, and transplanted skin grafts from Barton\u2019s thigh to cover the muscle.\nOn March 14, 1995, Dr. Reinhart and his colleagues began to try to rebuild the bone in Barton\u2019s right leg, using the bone graft harvested during the initial surgery. In May 1995, Barton\u2019s leg was placed in an external device, similar to a cage, to support walking; Barton wore this device for IV2 years. The medical team had intended to add more bone graft in May 1995, but discovered Barton\u2019s bone was infected. Dr. Reinhart was concerned that if the infection was severe, Barton\u2019s right leg would have to be amputated. Infection also makes later surgeries, such as a total knee replacement, riskier. On October 23, 1995, Barton had more infected material removed.\nThe infection reoccurred in January 1996, requiring surgery to remove the infected material. Due to the recurring infection, Barton\u2019s leg was left open to heal naturally, aided by the periodic addition of bone chips and bone substitute. The wound required daily care, including the use of cleansing solutions and antibiotics. The wound was open in varying degrees until December 1996.\nDr. David Stulberg, an orthopedic surgeon and a board member of the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago (RIC), helped found a program for performing artists at RIC in the 1980s. When Dr. Stulberg began seeing Barton in late 1996 or early 1997, Barton had no flexion in her right knee. Dr. Stulberg worked to improve the strength and motion in Barton\u2019s right knee through physical therapy and injections of synthetic joint lubricant.\nDr. Stulberg also recommended plastic surgery that could make her knee more pliable and prepare it for probable future procedures. Dr. Gregory Dumanian, a board-certified plastic surgeon, testified that Dr. Stulberg referred Barton to him for procedures (apparently in 1998) to expand the tissue on her right leg. The tissue expansion involved the surgical insertion of a balloon under the skin on Barton\u2019s right leg, which was periodically inflated with injections of a saline solution.\nDr. Alice G. Brandfonbrener, the founding director of the program for performing artists at RIG, examined Barton\u2019s left wrist when a problem arose as a result of having an intravenous feeding tube inserted there. This problem was resolved. Dr. Brandfonbrener also testified that a violinist does not use just her arms and fingers, but also uses her back and leg muscles.\nBarton testified that during the period of 1995-98, she had 25 surgeries, 223 medical appointments, 122 prosthetics appointments and 170 physical rehabilitation sessions. Her medical bills totaled $672,570.97.\nDr. Reinhart testified that, except for a few steps, Barton would always need the assistance of crutches or a walker to walk. Barton cannot climb or descend stairs. According to Dr. Reinhart, Barton may be able to eat and dress, but for things involving a lot of movement or lifting or carrying, she needs help or to stay in her wheelchair. Dr. Reinhart stated that as Barton matures, she will have less mobility; at some point, she will be in a wheelchair most of the time.\nDr. Stulberg testified that Barton would have to think about stump care issues on a daily basis, as her removable prosthesis depended on her skin for suction and various factors can cause her skin to change or break down. Dr. Brandfonbrener testified that Barton was having problems with skin breakdown. Barton testified that the skin breakdown was painful. Plaintiffs exhibit No. 176, a photograph of skin breakdown taken the day of Barton\u2019s testimony that she described as \u201cone of those embarrassing ones [with] the raw open stuff right in the bikini area,\u201d was shown to the jury.\nDr. Stulberg testified that Barton would eventually need a knee replacement, to regain substantial motion and address pain likely to be associated with Barton\u2019s progressive arthritis. Dr. Stulberg opined that Barton would probably require further surgery on the stump of her right foot and possibly her right ankle. Dr. Stulberg further testified that Barton would need supervised physical therapy four days a week, along with a daily program, for the rest of her life. Dr. Stulberg testified that Barton will require assisted care in her activities of daily living for the rest of her life. Dr. Stulberg also testified that as Barton gets older, she will need emotional support, ideally professional support. Dr. Stulberg expected that Barton would benefit from future developments in prosthetics and in knee surgery techniques.\nDr. Gary Yarkony, a board-certified specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation, prepared a future care plan for Barton at counsel\u2019s request that included attendant care for various daily activities from a certified nurse\u2019s assistant. Dr. Yarkony\u2019s plan also included a wheelchair-accessible van and periodic replacement prostheses and wheelchairs. Dr. Yarkony recommended that Barton travel by air in first class. Dr. Yarkony also testified regarding the special performance chair built for Barton by engineers at RIG.\nDr. Reinhart testified that Barton\u2019s right leg was forced to stick out from the wheelchair, increasing the risk that other people will run into it and potentially damage it. Barton cannot drive a normal vehicle. Traveling, especially by airplane, is difficult. Barton testified that she can only sit in one seat in coach class on an airplane \u2014 the bulkhead with the aisle to her right \u2014 to accommodate her right leg. She will board the airplane before most passengers, but this often results in others bumping into her right leg as they board.\nBarton testified that she has to travel with her companion. Barton cannot engage in her normal daily activities at a hotel, because she does not bring her wheelchair when she travels. Barton was not paying her companion and already felt beholden to him for carrying as many of her belongings as he does. Barton met her companion in 1995 through her church, initially striking up a friendship, but now living together. Barton stated that it was nice to have someone to hold her when she would experience \u201cphantom pain\u201d in her missing limb. The phantom pain can be anything from the feeling of an electrical shock, to itching, to the feeling that part of the limb is being slowly sliced or pierced by a million needles.\nBarton also testified regarding the difficulties and limitations she has regarding any sexual activity with her companion. Barton testified that her injuries, surgical scars, and flab (as she is no longer as physically active as she was) make her resemble \u201cone big Frankenstein\u2019s monster.\u201d Barton thought that her companion would eventually tire of her difficulties and limitations. Barton testified that even if she could find someone who was willing to be a stay-at-home husband, she did not think she would find someone who would want to take care of all of the domestic activities and care for her also. According to Barton, she is unable to care for herself to the degree that there was no possibility she could care for a child.\nGregory Larson, who was in charge of commuter service for the Union Pacific and formerly for GNTW\u00a1 testified that in the late 1950s or early 1960s, CNW adopted a fail-safe door light system. According to Larson, the train doors must close to create a connection that lights a green light signaling the engineer to proceed. Larson testified that one advantage of this system is that it does not depend on visibility; factors such as inclement weather or a curved track will not defeat the door light. Larson noted that a train may have up to 11 cars, each of which is 85 feet long. Another advantage is that if the door light goes out while the train is moving, the engineer can contact the conductors to investigate whether a door has been opened.\nIf the door light system malfunctions, a backup procedure known as the \u201csecond look system\u201d is used. According to Larson, under the \u201csecond look system,\u201d the conductor charged with closing the train doors closes all of the doors other than those at his or her location. That conductor then steps off or leans out of the train and looks up and down the length of the train. If the conductor does not see any passenger movement, the conductor closes his or her own door and uses a buzzer to signal the engineer to proceed.\nLarson also testified that the train doors are edged with two inches of rubber. According to Larson, this creates a four-inch distance that allows passengers who stick a hand, arm, leg, foot or package into closing doors to remove them. Larson further testified that the train at issue had an event recorder that showed the train had stopped in Winnetka for 27 or 29 seconds.\nJohn Deutch, a conductor for the Union Pacific Railroad, worked on the CNW train at issue on January 16, 1995. According to Deutch, the train at issue consisted of a locomotive and four cars, three of which were used for passengers. The front car was being used for mail delivery.\nDeutch testified that his job that day was to deliver company mail to the ticket agents up and down the line. Deutch did not look up and down the span of the train when reboarding the train because it was not his job. Deutch stated that the conductors assigned to the passenger cars, Mark Giocamara and Shawn White, also went onto the platform in Winnetka.\nGiocamara testified that he had been on the second car from the locomotive. When Giocamara was satisfied that the passengers had safely deboarded, he and White signaled each other to proceed. Giocamara testified that, as a matter of practice, he would look up and down the train; if he saw anyone other than White on the platform, he would give the signal to stop. Otherwise, Giocamara would reboard the train. According to Giocamara, White had the responsibility for closing the train\u2019s doors.\nWhite testified that he was assigned to the trailing passenger car on the day at issue; he and Giocamara would both work the middle passenger car. On January 16, 1995, the weather was a little cloudy; traffic was light. While on the Winnetka platform, White saw Deutch reboard the train but did not remember whether Deutch closed the door on the mail car.\nWhite testified that one or two seconds would pass between the time the conductors checked for passenger movement and the time it takes him to push the buttons that close the doors. Another one or two seconds might pass before the doors begin to close. According to White, it could take three or four seconds for the doors to close entirely.\nWhite testified that closing all of the doors would activate the door light signal for Perry Goosie, the train\u2019s engineer. White closed the doors on the trailing car, then the doors on Giocamara\u2019s car, then the doors in the middle car where White was located. White testified that he did not hear any voice outside the train after closing the doors. White believed that if he had looked up and down the exterior of the train before closing his doors, he would have seen someone exiting.\nWhite further testified that when the train stopped, he used the intercom to contact Goosie, who told him buzzers were going off and that he had lost air pressure in the last car. White rushed to the last car, where he saw that the doors had been opened. Passengers told him they had heard screaming. White left the train and headed toward Barton, who was being attended by a passenger.\nGoosie testified that there was a side mirror on the locomotive which he used to watch passengers and conductors on the platform, but it was not his primary responsibility to look in the mirror before leaving the station.\nBarton introduced testimony from 12 witnesses and the files of three claimants regarding prior substantially similar occurrences (SSOs) reported to CNW or Metra between April 1990 and July 1994, in which passengers had limbs and clothing become stuck in the closing doors of trains. In one case, a child became separated from its mother. Passengers were dragged in three of these incidents. Though some of the passengers were injured in these incidents, none suffered injuries of the magnitude Barton suffered, as the people involved were able to free themselves. Defendants elicited testimony that the train doors were open when the train began to move in some of these cases.\nCarl Biron, the former transportation superintendent for CNW, was responsible for the safe and on-time operation of three suburban train lines. Biron testified that prior to January 1995, he was not familiar with the details of any dragging incident. Biron admitted that he had known about an incident introduced into evidence involving Josephine Rose. Robert Szczecinski, who was CNW\u2019s special claims counsel and supervised CNW\u2019s claims operations for Illinois and Wisconsin from 1990-95, testified that he handled the Josephine Rose case. According to Szczecinski, in May 1990, Rose was dragged by a CNW train after her coat became caught in the train doors. Szczecinski testified that this was a serious event. Szczecinski also testified without objection that it was part of the train crew\u2019s responsibility to use the highest degree of care consistent with the mode of conveyance and the practical operation of a common carrier by rail to prevent such incidents.\nBiron was also questioned about an incident involving Ted Mizuno. Biron replied that he believed that name came up in his deposition; Biron\u2019s deposition testimony was that he did not recall the details, but if it happened, he was sure he knew about it. Mizuno testified that in February 1992, his right arm was trapped up to the shoulder when the doors closed as he was deboarding a CNW train. The train began to leave the station. Mizuno kept up with the train and was able to free his arm after approximately 30 or 40 feet.\nBiron testified that he recalled an incident that took place in Nor-wood Park. Anna Mae Gibson testified that on July 1, 1993, she boarded a CNW train at Norwood Park, along with Rita Pryska, who lived in her building. Gibson took an exterior handle as Pryska boarded the train.\nGibson had placed her right foot on the train stairs when the train began to move. Gibson stated that she was unable to get her left foot up into the train. Pryska grabbed Gibson\u2019s left hand. Gibson stated that she then fell between the platform and the wheels, Gibson testified that she was on her back, being dragged underneath the train. Gibson testified that she kept thinking, \u201cOh, please, God, don\u2019t let her let go of my arm,\u201d because Gibson thought that had Pryska let go, she would not have an arm. According to Gibson, she was dragged approximately 100 feet before she was pulled into the train by others. The back of Gibson\u2019s clothes were torn. Gibson testified that after the train came to a stop, she asked the conductors whether they could retrieve her shoes. Gibson testified that the doors were open during this incident; CNW claims investigator Mary Hart testified that there was a problem with the door light in that case. CNW\u2019s final report on this incident states in part that the cause of the accident was a \u201c[conductor using buzzer because of doors on Car #7860.\u201d Defendants\u2019 brief cites CNW\u2019s final report in stating that the second look system was in use at the time of the Gibson incident, but defendants\u2019 record citation does not support that statement.\nBiron further testified that CNW was responsible for developing its own rules and regulations. Biron testified that he had been involved in decisions to change safety rules prior to January 1995.\nLarson testified that a change in CNW\u2019s rules was not taken lightly and would generally involve input from a number of different departments. According to Larson, CNW had an \u201cOperating Safety Steering Committee\u201d (OSSC), which consisted of \u201cthe senior management of the operating department, vice president of operations, vice president of transportation, engineering, mechanical, the safety department, the rules department, the claims department, [and] the legal department.\u201d Larson testified that the OSSC would gather all of their collective information to determine whether a change was warranted. Larson did not believe the SSOs warranted a change in system.\nMark VanCleave, the former assistant vice president of CNW\u2019s commuter operations department, testified that others, including the claims department, had jobs that involved analyzing the frequency and severity of incidents that occurred in the operation of the railroad. According to VanCleave, he would be notified only when the severity of an incident warranted it or if there appeared to be an unsafe trend. VanCleave testified that \u201c[s]everity means where someone is physically harmed to a high degree.\u201d VanCleave testified that the prior incidents never came to his attention through the railroad\u2019s safety group, transportation group, or through his subordinates. VanCleave stated his belief that the people below him handled the SSOs properly.\nDennis Mogan, Metra\u2019s director of safety and rules, testified that Metra owns the cars and engines operated by its purchase-of-service carriers. Mogan also testified that lines operated by Metra used the second look system. When Metra took over the operation of the Illinois Central line (n/k/a the Metra Electric line), Metra required the second look system in addition to the existing door light system. Mogan testified that Metra and CNW had a cooperative effort on safety matters. Mogan stated that if he had been made aware of the SSOs, he would have conducted a safety audit. Mogan stated that a safety audit would have been conducted upon the first such complaint, regardless of whether the person was injured.\nRichard Tidwell, Metra\u2019s deputy executive director, testified that Metra had the power to make suggestions and recommendations to CNW. When asked whether using the second look system together with the door light system would be safer than using only one system, Tidwell testified that \u201cintuitively, it would sound that way, but I don\u2019t have anything to convince me of that.\u201d\nEconomist Charles Linke, Ph.D., testified regarding the net worth of CNW as of December 3, 1994, and the net worth of the Union Pacific Railroad as of December 31, 1997.\nJames Finan, a former railroad accident investigator for the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), testified for the plaintiff. Finan stated that his prior investigations had not involved door closings. In this case, Finan reviewed the passenger safety rules of the Long Island Railroad, CSX, and the MET Boston, as well as those of CNW and Metra. Finan spoke to friends who worked for New Jersey Transit and Metro North about the second look system. Finan also examined the train at issue shortly after the accident, along with representatives of CNW The jury was shown a videotape of the examination of the door light system on the train car at issue. According to Finan, the door light could be activated when the doors on the car at issue were open 9 to 12 inches. Finan opined that this was a cause of the 14 prior incidents introduced into evidence. Finan acknowledged that the time difference resulting from the 9- to 12-inch gap would be only a fraction of a second if someone was not stuck in the doors.\nFinan testified that there was no federal, state or industry rule or regulation mandating the second look system. Finan testified that, relative to the custom and practice of passenger railway systems, the second look system was the most prevalent. Finan also stated that the Metra system was his preference, but admitted that other commuter rail systems may have other preferences.\nFinan opined that Metra should have known the difference between its rules and CNW\u2019s rules, stating that it was like a parent not knowing what the child is doing. Finan also opined that \u201cthey have that degree of responsibility to rec \u2014 have the ability \u2014 have the hierarchy in place to recognize a problem,\u201d but it was not working. Finan further opined that CNW\u2019s failure to incorporate the second look system into its door-closing procedure was a cause of the accident. Finan opined that Metra failed to exercise the highest degree of care for Barton\u2019s safety by not recommending that CNW incorporate the second look system, stating that Metra \u201cha[s] a relationship to oversee their contractors, to make sure that their contractors are performing in a safe and efficient manner\u201d and was \u201cremiss in their duties as a parent company.\u201d\nGary Wolf, president of Rail Sciences, Incorporated, a consulting firm specializing in railway operational matters, testified for the defense. After reviewing 27 other commuter rail agencies, Wolf concluded that each had different door-operating systems. Wolf opined that both Metra and CNW had systems that met the applicable standard of care for a common carrier by rail and that the second look system was not required.\nWolf testified that there were no major similarities among the SSOs introduced into evidence. Wolf stated that there was no pattern in their timing and that none involved a significant injury. Wolf further stated that, based on statistics already introduced into evidence, 14 or 15 incidents out of approximately 224 million ingresses and egresses over the same five-year period meant that there was a six-millionths of 1% chance of such an incident, which was statistically insignificant.\nWolf was cross-examined regarding the procedures of the railroads he had reviewed. Wolf testified that there were five railroads that had door lights, but no second look system. Wolf also testified that \u201cit is safe to say, in all of these matters, there is some human side of it or some procedure.\u201d Wolf testified that the Calgary Transit System, which uses both a door light and a second look system, experienced a fatal dragging incident.\nJerry Purswell, a safety and ergonomics consultant, testified that testing of the train at issue showed that it took between 4.6 to 8 seconds to travel five feet from a stopped position. Purswell also conducted tests designed to replicate someone being caught in a strap in the manner Barton described, determining that it took approximately IV2 to 2 seconds to free oneself from a strap. Purswell opined that Barton should not have had any difficulty freeing herself from the strap as the train began to move, had she chosen to do so.\nPurswell admitted that he formed his opinions prior to learning of Croghan\u2019s testimony. Purswell also admitted that the coat used in his testing had less shoulder padding and was made of more slippery material than the coat used in plaintiffs demonstration to the jury, which he had not seen before. Purswell added that the violin case strap he used was shorter than the actual strap.\nFollowing jury instructions and closing arguments, the jury deliberated and returned a verdict in favor of Barton on March 1, 1999, in the following amounts: $9 million for disability; $8 million for disfigurement; $8 million for pain and suffering; $3 million in future pain and suffering; $20,250 in lost wages; $104,370 in future lost wages; $672,570.97 in medical expenses; and $1,293,018 for future medical expenses. The jury allocated 62.5% of the fault to CNW^ 33% of the fault to Metra, and 4.5% of the fault to Barton. After the 4.5% reduction, the total verdict was $28,736,149.57. The jury also awarded $900,000 in punitive damages, which were reduced 4.5% to $859,500. On March 3, 1999, the trial court entered a judgment on the verdict.\nOn March 10, 1999, plaintiff filed an emergency motion seeking to have the trial court quash subpoenas believed to have been issued for the deposition of jurors. On March 17, 1999, defendants\u2019 response alleged that a juror referred to as Ms. A gave false information on her juror information form and in response to questioning during voir dire as to whether she had ever been a party to any lawsuit, whether she was a party to any case now pending in the circuit court of Cook County, and whether she had ever been involved in an accident where people were injured.\nAs an exhibit to their response, defendants attached a copy of the voir dire transcript. Defendants also attached a copy of a complaint filed in the circuit court on December 10, 1998, naming Ms. A as the plaintiff. This complaint alleged that Ms. A injured her right index finger when she attempted to enter a Kohl\u2019s Department Store while a customer was attempting to exit the store through the same door, due to the alleged negligence of the store in controlling the door or the negligent failure to inspect or mark the door. Defendants also attached a record from the Illinois Industrial Commission showing that Ms. A filed a worker\u2019s compensation claim in December 1986. Defendants sought to depose Ms. A but were not seeking to depose the jury\u2019s foreman at that time.\nThe trial court held a hearing and decided that it would question Ms. A and the jury\u2019s foreman. The trial court allowed the parties to submit questions to be asked of the witnesses.\nOn March 24, 1999, the trial court conducted a hearing in which the trial judge questioned Ms. A and the jury\u2019s foreman. The trial court stated that it was not going to allow any of the questions submitted by the parties, but then stated that it might use parts of both parties\u2019 questions. When the trial court questioned Ms. A regarding her failure to state during voir dire that she was a party to a pending lawsuit, Ms. A responded that she had not remembered the suit at that time and did not remember it until it was raised in a telephone call from a reporter. After a colloquy with the parties\u2019 attorneys, the trial judge asked Ms. A about the answers on her juror information form. Ms. A responded she did not remember the lawsuit because in 1998, her company had gone bankrupt, her daughter was expecting a baby, and her husband had been diagnosed with cancer, which required her to take him places for care and to be trained to administer shots to him. Ms. A\u2019s husband died in October 1998. Ms. A testified that she had asked her daughter to handle the filing of the lawsuit. After a further colloquy with the attorneys, the trial court asked Ms. A when she had last spoken to her counsel about that lawsuit; Ms. A responded that it would have been before the case was filed. The trial court declined to ask Ms. A any further questions.\nThe trial court then questioned the jury\u2019s foreman, who testified that the jury deliberated for 17 hours and that all of the jurors participated. The foreman opined that, had Ms. A not been present, the other 11 jurors would have reached the same result. The foreman also opined that Ms. A did not have a greater influence than any other juror. The foreman thought the jury followed the jury instructions. The trial court then ended the questioning, stating that the court was \u201cnot interested in what exactly each juror said,\u201d adding that \u201cas long as it was a unanimous vote, that does it.\u201d\nThe trial court also denied defendants leave to subpoena other jurors and members of the media. On April 29, 1999, the trial court scheduled the filing and hearing of posttrial motions.\nOn May 17, 1999, defendants filed their posttrial motion, which included issues relating to Ms. A\u2019s jury service. Defendants attached an affidavit by Summer Heil, an associate with one of the defense firms in this case. The affidavit states that on March 29, 1999, Heil contacted three jurors to discuss statements regarding Ms. A\u2019s jury service that were attributed to jurors in articles published by the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times. Two of the jurors declined to speak to Heil. The third, Martha Mueller, told Heil that she agreed with statements attributed to juror Charlene Wright that Ms. A \u201cwas very one-sided\u201d and wanted \u201cmore money for Rachel.\u201d According to Heil, Mueller stated that Ms. A was \u201cstrong-willed,\u201d \u201cknew her mind,\u201d \u201cstated her mind,\u201d and was not easily swayed. Mueller declined to execute a sworn affidavit on the matter.\nOn June 14, 1999, following a hearing on the matter, the trial court denied defendants\u2019 posttrial motion. Defendants filed a timely notice of appeal to this court.\nI\nDefendants first argue that they are entitled to a new trial, claiming that they were denied due process of law because they were not tried before a properly constituted jury. The standard of review is whether the trial court abused its discretion in granting or denying the motion for a new trial. Pekelder v. Edgewater Automotive Co., 68 Ill. 2d 136, 138, 368 N.E.2d 900, 901 (1977). An abuse of discretion occurs when the judge\u2019s ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or when no reasonable person would take the same view. People v. Illgen, 145 Ill. 2d 353, 364, 583 N.E.2d 515, 519 (1991). An application of impermissible legal criteria also justifies reversal. Boatmen\u2019s National Bank of Belleville v. Martin, 155 Ill. 2d 305, 314, 614 N.E.2d 1194, 1199 (1993).\nThe Illinois Constitution guarantees the right to trial by a jury of 12 members. See Hartgraves v. Don Cartage Co., 63 Ill. 2d 425, 427, 348 N.E.2d 457, 458 (1976). Plaintiffs and defendants alike have the right to an impartial jury. Smithers v. Henriquez, 368 Ill. 588, 598, 15 N.E.2d 499, 504 (1938). Voir dire protects the right to an impartial jury by exposing possible biases of potential jurors. McDonough Power Equipment, Inc. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 554, 78 L. Ed. 2d 663, 670, 104 S. Ct. 845, 849 (1984). A new trial is required where the movant establishes that: (1) a juror answered falsely on voir dire-, and (2) prejudice resulted therefrom. Pekelder, 68 Ill. 2d at 139, 368 N.E.2d at 901.\nAs to the first prong of the Pekelder test, \u201c[wjhether intentional or not,\u201d Ms. A falsely answered questions on her form and during voir dire. Pekelder, 68 Ill. 2d at 140-41, 368 N.E.2d at 902. Plaintiff argues that intentional dishonesty is required, based on the court\u2019s statement in People v. Olinger, 176 Ill. 2d 326, 354-55, 680 N.E.2d 321, 335 (1997), that \u201cdefendant [had] failed to demonstrate that the juror lied during her voir dire examination.\u201d However, the Olinger court so stated because the defendant had claimed the juror lied; the court also noted that the record did not \u201cdemonstrate any falsity in the juror\u2019s voir dire testimony.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Olinger, 176 Ill. 2d at 354, 680 N.E.2d at 335. Plaintiff also cites McDonough, in which the Supreme Court stated that to obtain a new trial, a party must demonstrate that \u201ca juror failed to answer honestly a material question on voir dire.\u201d McDonough, 464 U.S. at 556, 78 L. Ed. 2d at 671, 104 S. Ct. at 850. However, five Justices in McDonough also opined that dishonesty is relevant, but not required in all cases. See McDonough, 464 U.S. at 556-57, 78 L. Ed. 2d at 672, 104 S. Ct. at 850 (Blackmun, J., concurring, joined by Stevens and O\u2019Connor, JJ.); 464 U.S. at 557-59, 78 L. Ed. 2d at 672-74, 104 S. Ct. at 850-52 (Brennan, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Marshall, J.).\nAs for the second prong of the Pekelder test, defendants claim they have shown prejudice per se because having pending litigation in the same court is sufficient cause for challenging a potential juror under the Jury Act (705 ILCS 305/14 (West 1998)). The Pekelder court was not required to address that argument. Pekelder, 68 Ill. 2d at 141, 368 N.E.2d at 902. However, the Pekelder court noted that this court had rejected similar claims. Pekelder, 68 Ill. 2d at 140, 368 N.E.2d at 902, discussing Kuzminski v. Waser, 314 Ill. App. 438, 41 N.E.2d 1008 (1942), and Maher v. New York, Chicago & St. Louis R.R. Co., 290 Ill. App. 267, 8 N.E.2d 512 (1937).\nMore recently, in Diaz v. Kelley, 275 Ill. App. 3d 1058, 657 N.E.2d 657 (1995), a juror stated that he had never been a party to a lawsuit, but was a defendant in two collection actions for medical bills. This court held that the plaintiff had failed to show actual prejudice in favor of the defendant medical provider, regardless of whether the litigation was pending. Diaz, 275 Ill. App. 3d at 1065, 657 N.E.2d at 663. In Mathieu v. Venture Stores, Inc., 144 Ill. App. 3d 783, 797, 494 N.E.2d 806, 814 (1986), a juror told the court that, after being sworn, he had been served with a summons as a defendant in a civil suit; this court refused to reverse based on section 14 of the Jury Act, absent a showing of prejudice. It is true that in Mathieu, the statutory condition arose after voir dire, but that fact should not matter if the condition created bias per se.\nDefendants note that McDonough held that a new trial is warranted when \u201ca correct response would have provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause.\u201d McDonough, 464 U.S. at 556, 78 L. Ed. 2d at 671, 104 S. Ct. at 850. However, when read in context, that condition is linked to a finding of dishonesty. That a true response on voir dire would have been a valid basis for a challenge for cause may be insufficient to warrant a new trial in cases of mistake or forgetfulness.\nIn this case, the trial court ruled that Ms. A\u2019s posttrial testimony was truthful. Defendants argue that this ruling was an abuse of discretion because Ms. A persisted in giving false answers. The record shows that Ms. A did not deny past or pending litigation when questioned after the trial. Defendants also argue that Ms. A gave \u201cfacile and inconsistent post-trial excuses.\u201d The transcript shows that Ms. A did not give facile answers; her grammar was consistent with plaintiff\u2019s counsel\u2019s description of Ms. A having an immigrant background. Nor were Ms. A\u2019s answers inconsistent, when read in context. Defendants further argue that \u201c[mjedia accounts make plain that Ms. A has demonstrated an over-active penchant for notoriety.\u201d However, defendants have not identified evidence showing that Ms. A sought out the media, rather than vice versa. Thus, defendants have failed to show that the trial court\u2019s finding was arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable.\nNevertheless, even without a finding of dishonesty, there are cases where a presumption of prejudice may arise. See People v. Porter, 111 Ill. 2d 386, 404, 489 N.E.2d 1329, 1336 (1986); see McDonough, 464 U.S. at 556-57, 78 L. Ed. 2d at 672, 104 S. Ct. at 850 (Blackmun, J., concurring, joined by Stevens and O\u2019Connor, JJ.); 464 U.S. at 557-59, 78 L. Ed. 2d at 672-74, 104 S. Ct. at 850-52 (Brennan, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Marshall, J.). The test is whether the probability of prejudice is such that due process would be deemed inherently lacking. See People v. Holmes, 69 Ill. 2d 507, 514, 372 N.E.2d 656, 559 (1978).\nDefendants cite federal cases presuming bias where the prospective juror has been in a similar situation or has pending similar litigation. See, e.g., Hunley v. Godinez, 975 F.2d 316, 319 (7th Cir. 1992); Consolidated Gas & Equipment Co. of America v. Carver, 257 F.2d 111, 115-16 (10th Cir. 1958). However, Illinois courts are generally not bound to follow federal case law. E.g., People v. Eyler, 133 Ill. 2d 173, 225, 549 N.E.2d 268, 291 (1989). Indeed, the Carver court noted that Kuzminski and Maher reached a conclusion contrary to its position. Carver, 257 F.2d at 115.\nIn sum, this court has never held that circumstances such as those presented here create a presumption of prejudice. Instead, this court has consistently ruled that a party seeking relief based on a juror\u2019s unintentional failure to disclose prior or pending litigation must show actual prejudice.\nDefendants argue that the trial court precluded them from showing actual prejudice. An opportunity to show actual prejudice is required by due process concerns, but there are few Illinois cases addressing the proper procedures for a hearing on juror bias. It is clear that the burden was on the defendants to support their allegations of bias; a mere suspicion of bias is not sufficient. Porter, 111 Ill. 2d at 404, 489 N.E.2d at 1336.\nDefendants chiefly rely on cases involving juror exposure to extraneous information. A juror may testify as to whether such information was brought to the jury\u2019s attention without threatening the jury secrecy courts generally seek to protect. Holmes, 69 Ill. 2d at 516, 372 N.E.2d at 660. A juror\u2019s statement that he or she was not influenced is not conclusive. People v. Hryciuk, 5 Ill. 2d 176, 184, 125 N.E.2d 61, 65 (1954). The inquiry may extend to asking jurors whether they were exposed to extraneous information by others and, if so, what information was exchanged. Van Hattem v. K mart Corp., 308 Ill. App. 3d 121, 130-31, 719 N.E.2d 212, 220-21 (1999).\nDefendants also cite federal cases, such as United States v. Boney, 68 F.3d 497 (D.C. Cir. 1995), which held that the district court held an inadequate hearing after a juror failed to disclose his prior felony convictions. As is the case in Illinois, the Boney court noted that review of such inquiries tends to be case-specific. See Boney, 68 F.3d at 501. In a given case, examination by counsel may be necessary to probe for a juror\u2019s concealed bias. See Boney, 68 F.3d at 502. The Boney court ruled that the juror should have been asked more probing questions, such as whether he disclosed his prior felony convictions to the jury, information he learned from his prosecution and sentencing, or any attitudes he acquired thereby. See Boney, 68 F.3d at 500, 502-03. The Boney court also found error in the trial court\u2019s refusal to allow counsel to question the juror, subject to the authority of the trial judge to hear objections. Boney, 68 F.3d at 500, 503.\nIn this case, the testimony permitted the trial court to infer that Ms. A had not referred to her pending litigation or finger injury during the jury deliberations. The Heil affidavit does not suggest otherwise. Moreover, unlike Boney, the trial court questioned the suspect juror and the foreman.\nThe fact that the court\u2019s inquiry could have been more searching does not require a new trial. See Porter, 111 III. 2d at 403, 489 N.E.2d at 1336. Defendants note that they were precluded from asking Ms. A and the jury foreman whether they agreed that Ms. A was very one-sided in the deliberations and had wanted more money for the plaintiff. However, even assuming arguendo that the Heil affidavit\u2019s contents were true, the question would remain as to whether Ms. A\u2019s positions were subconsciously influenced by her alleged finger injury or were the product of the evidence presented at trial. See Porter, 111 Ill. 2d at 405, 489 N.E.2d at 1337. Defendants raise no specific objections to the court\u2019s refusal to ask the other questions they submitted, none of which seem designed to uncover a subconscious bias. The trial court was not required to permit counsel to ask questions that were irrelevant to this issue. Nor was the court required to act as defense counsel by asking the questions defendants could have properly requested. Thus, the trial court, which was in a position to observe the witnesses and their demeanor, could reasonably conclude that defendants failed to carry their burden of showing a probability, rather than a suspicion, of subconscious bias.\nDefendants argue that the trial court\u2019s analysis of prejudice was solely based on whether the jury would have reached the same verdict without Ms. A, which they claim was error under Van Hattem and Hryciuk, which involved alleged juror exposure to extraneous information. As noted above, the trial court could infer that Ms. A did not disclose such information. Moreover, the transcript shows that the trial court also used the foreman\u2019s testimony as a check against the court\u2019s assessment of Ms. A\u2019s testimony, the truthfulness of which was clearly relevant to the issue of bias.\nIn sum, defendants have failed to show that the trial court\u2019s refusal to grant a new trial based on Ms. A\u2019s failure to disclose prior or pending litigation was an abuse of discretion.\nII\nDefendants next argue that the trial court erred in not granting them judgment notwithstanding the verdict (judgment n.o.v.) on plaintiffs claim of punitive damages to the jury. A motion for judgment n.o.v. should be entered only when all of the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the opponent, so overwhelmingly favors the movant that no contrary verdict could ever stand. Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R. Co., 37 Ill. 2d 494, 511, 229 N.E.2d 504, 513-14 (1967). Defendants also argue that the jury instruction defining willful and wanton conduct was improper.\n\u201cIt has long been established in this State that punitive or exemplary damages may be awarded when torts are committed with fraud, actual malice, deliberate violence or oppression, or when the defendant acts willfully, or with such gross negligence as to indicate a wanton disregard of the rights of others ***.\u201d Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc., 74 Ill. 2d 172, 186, 384 N.E.2d 353, 359 (1978). As there was no evidence of a deliberate intention to harm Barton, Illinois Pattern Jury\nInstructions, Civil, No. 14.01 (3d ed. 1993) (hereinafter IPI Civil 3d) was given to the jury in the following form:\n\u201cWhen I use the expression \u2018willful and wanton conduct\u2019 I mean a course of action which shows an utter indifference to or conscious disregard for a person\u2019s own safety.\u201d\nSee IPI Civil 3d No. 14.01, Notes on Use at 14-3. Defendants argue that Ziarko v. Soo Line R.R. Co., 161 Ill. 2d 267, 641 N.E.2d 402 (1994), \u201cstands for the proposition that punitive damages cannot be recovered upon a jury finding rendered in response to the abbreviated form of IPI 14.01,\u201d but only for intentional willful and wanton conduct. (Emphasis added.)\nDefendants concede in their brief that \u201cZiarko did not involve a question of punitive damages.\u201d Defendants fail to note that Ziarko produced only a plurality opinion. Poole v. City of Rolling Meadows, 167 Ill. 2d 41, 48, 656 N.E.2d 768, 771 (1995). While the Poole court adhered to the ultimate holding in Ziarko, drawing a distinction between intentional and reckless willful and wanton misconduct for the purposes of analyzing principles of contribution and comparative fault, it did not refer to the language in the Ziarko plurality opinion that defendants read as suggesting that punitive damages can only be awarded in cases of intentional willful and wanton conduct. See Poole, 167 Ill. 2d at 48, 656 N.E.2d at 771. Our supreme court has continued to state that punitive damages may be awarded for gross negligence showing a wanton disregard for the rights of others. Cirrincione v. Johnson, 184 Ill. 2d 109, 115-16, 703 N.E.2d 67, 70 (1998). Thus, the jury instruction was properly given.\nThe question remains as to whether the trial court should have granted judgment n.o.v. Whether punitive damages can be awarded for a particular cause of action is a matter of law, but the question of whether a defendant\u2019s conduct was sufficiently willful or wanton to justify imposing punitive damages is generally for the jury to decide. Cirrincione, 184 Ill. 2d at 116, 703 N.E.2d at 70.\nEvidence of SSOs is admissible to show a conscious disregard for the safety of others. Loitz v. Remington Arms Co., 177 Ill. App. 3d 1034, 1063, 532 N.E.2d 1091, 1109 (1988), rev\u2019d on other grounds, 138 Ill. 2d 404, 563 N.E.2d 397 (1990). Defendants rely on the supreme court\u2019s decision in Loitz, which discussed the probative value of SSOs as notice to a defendant in assessing the propriety of an award of punitive damages. The Loitz court considered the following factors: the ratio of prior SSOs to the total number of products sold and the number of products in use; the ratio of SSOs to the frequency of the product\u2019s use; and the product\u2019s inherent dangers. See Loitz, 138 Ill. 2d at 419-20, 563 N.E.2d at 404. The Loitz court ruled that notice of 94 shotgun-barrel explosions similar to the one that injured the plaintiff was insufficient to notify Remington of an alleged defect, given that Remington made 3 million such barrels and the estimated number of times such shotguns would have been fired. See Loitz, 138 Ill. 2d at 420, 563 N.E.2d at 404; see also Kopczick v. Hobart Corp., 308 Ill. App. 3d 967, 721 N.E.2d 769 (1999) (hand injuries sustained in using a meat-cutting saw); Dunn v. Illinois Central Gulf R.R. Co., 215 Ill. App. 3d 190, 574 N.E.2d 902 (1991) (railroad\u2019s failure to install flashing lights or crossing gates at a crossing).\nDefendants believe that the supreme court\u2019s decision in Loitz applies here, where the evidence shows that the 14 or 15 SSOs out of approximately 224 million ingresses and egresses were statistically insignificant. Defendants stress that this case is the first to result in a serious injury.\nLoitz and its progeny involve inherently dangerous products or situations. As the supreme court noted, \u201c[g]uns are inherently dangerous instrumentalities, and the mere occurrence of other explosions does not, without more, establish outrageous misconduct or some other basis sufficient to warrant the imposition of punitive damages.\u201d Loitz, 138 Ill. 2d at 419, 563 N.E.2d at 404. Even Dunn involved a railroad crossing, not a passenger attempting to deboard a train stopped at a station. Railroad crossings are inherently dangerous (Hunter v. Chicago & North Western Transportation Co., 200 Ill. App. 3d 458, 466, 558 N.E.2d 216, 221 (1990)), but defendants cite no authority stating that deboarding a commuter train stopped at a station is inherently dangerous. Thus, the trial court did not err in admitting the evidence of SSOs to show a conscious disregard for the safety of others.\nDefendants also note that in Loitz, Remington knew of the SSOs, but claimed that they were all caused by the use of high-pressure shells; the plaintiff did not present any evidence that cast doubt on Remington\u2019s good faith in investigating the SSOs. Loitz, 138 Ill. 2d at 426-27, 563 N.E.2d at 407. Defendants claim that this case is similar. However, defendants also suggest that four of the SSOs here were cases where the door light was malfunctioning. Defendants state that the second look system was used in the incident involving Gibson, but their assertion is not supported by their citation to the record. Moreover, defendants have not identified evidence in the record that CNW\u2019s agents concluded that the SSOs were solely caused by factors other than reliance on the door light system.\nDefendants further claim in passing that James Finan\u2019s testimony that \u201cinformation was stuck in the pipeline\u201d shows an inadvertent failure to correct a problem, not willful and wanton conduct. Defendants\u2019 unstated premise is that CNW is not liable for punitive damages unless officials as senior as Larson and VanCleave were aware of SSOs. However, defendants have failed to cite authority in support of such a proposition, thus waiving the issue on appeal. 177 Ill. 2d R. 341(e)(7).\nIn this case, Biron, who was responsible for the safe operation of CNW\u2019s suburban train lines and had been involved in CNW\u2019s rule-making process, testified that he knew of at least three of the SSOs. Indeed, Biron did not deny that his department had \u201cactual or paperwork knowledge\u201d of all of them. Szczecinski, who supervised CNW\u2019s claims operations for Illinois and Wisconsin, personally handled one of the SSOs, which he described as a serious event of the sort CNW has a duty to prevent. Yet VanCleave testified that he believed that the people below him handled the SSOs properly and Larson stated that he did not believe the SSOs warranted a rule change.\nViewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, CNW knew that the door light system was not fail-safe. Responsible CNW officials knew of the SSOs and did nothing, even though adding the second look system would have cost nothing. Other high-level CNW officials approved of their subordinates\u2019 failure to notify them of a problem. CNW\u2019s officials approved of a system defining the severity of the SSOs in terms of the injuries actually suffered, rather than the injuries that were reasonably foreseeable from such incidents. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, there was evidence of a conscious disregard of passenger safety.\nIn sum, defendants have failed to show that the trial court erred in respect to the jury instruction or in submitting the claim to the jury. Defendants are not entitled to judgment n.o.v.\nIll\nDefendants also argue that Metra owed Barton no duty of care because Metra was not a common carrier as to Barton. Whether the undisputed facts establish the relationship of common carrier and passenger is a question of law for the court to determine. Burns v. Regional Transportation Authority, 112 Ill. App. 3d 464, 469, 445 N.E.2d 348, 352 (1982), rev\u2019d on other grounds, Stack v. Regional Transportation Authority, 101 Ill. 2d 284, 461 N.E.2d 969 (1984). In this case, Mogan testified that Metra owned the train cars and engines operated by its purchase-of-service providers. Metra admitted in its pleadings that it owned the train at issue. Metra admitted in its fourth amended answer that it is a common carrier, but now argues that it was not a common carrier as to Barton because CNW was operating Metra\u2019s train.\nIllinois law has rejected similar arguments for over a century. E.g., Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Peyton, 106 Ill. 534 (1883); see also Cobb v. Marshall Field & Co., 22 Ill. App. 2d 143, 153-54, 159 N.E.2d 520, 524-25 (1959) (elevator owner is considered a common carrier, even when the elevator is operated by an independent contractor). A common carrier by rail cannot exonerate itself of its duties by entering into a contract with another. Peyton, 106 Ill. at 540; see also Gordon v. Chicago Transit Authority, 128 Ill. App. 3d 493, 501, 470 N.E.2d 1163, 1169 (1984) (common carrier\u2019s duty to passengers is nondelegable). A common carrier may voluntarily place its engine and cars under the control of employees of another road, but this merely means that those employees are also deemed to be the servants of the first common carrier. Peyton, 106 Ill. at 540-41. There is no rule precluding joint liability in such a case. Peyton, 106 Ill. at 541-42.\nMoreover, this court has held that Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) ticketholders had a contractual relationship not only with the CTA, but also with the Regional Transportation Authority (RTA), where the RTA was statutorily authorized to enter into financial grant agreements with the CTA and had the authority to determine fares. Burns, 112 Ill. App. 3d at 470, 445 N.E.2d at 352, rev\u2019d on other grounds, Stack v. Regional Transportation Authority, 101 Ill. 2d 284, 461 N.E.2d 969 (1984). In this case, the record shows that the defendants have a similar relationship as existed in Burns. In addition, Mogan testified that Metra and CNW had a cooperative safety effort.\nThe record also shows that the train cars and the uniforms of the train crews bore Metra insignia. The ticket Barton held was a Metra ticket. Defendants assert that plaintiff avoided any claim of apparent agency, due to Metra\u2019s claim of statutory immunity (which is discussed below). However, the issue of duty is separate from that of immunity. Defendants have not explained why these undisputed facts are not relevant to show that Metra was a common carrier as to Barton.\nThe cases defendants cite in their brief on the question of duty are inapposite. Most of them do not involve common carriers; none overrule Peyton and its progeny. Thus, we conclude that Metra was a common carrier as to Barton and was bound to exercise a high degree of care toward her, including the responsibility to prevent injuries that could have been reasonably foreseen and avoided. E.g., Letsos v. Chicago Transit Authority, 47 Ill. 2d 437, 441, 265 N.E.2d 650, 653 (1970).\nDefendants next argue that Metra is immune from liability under section 5.03 of the RTA Act (70 ILCS 3615/5.03 (West 1998)) for acts or omissions of CNW as a result of Metra having a PSA with CNW. Section 5.03 immunizes Metra against vicarious liability for claims such as those at issue in Goertz v. Chicago & North Western Ry. Co., 19 Ill. App. 2d 261, 267-68, 153 N.E.2d 486, 489-90 (1958), which held that the servants in charge of the train were required to exercise due care to know that a passenger was attempting to deboard the train before they started it. Metra relies on Rascher v. City of Champaign, 262 Ill. App. 3d 592, 596, 634 N.E.2d 1121, 1123 (1994), which rejected a plaintiffs attempt to avoid the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Tort Immunity Act) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 85, par. 2 \u2014 105) by pleading that a duty to warn of hazards discovered during an inspection was separate from the duty to inspect. In this case, Metra\u2019s liability does not result from omissions by CNW but from Metra\u2019s independent failure to establish the second look system on the CNW line as it had on the lines it operated directly.\nDefendants argue that the trial court erred in denying Metra leave to amend its answer to claim that its failure to recommend the second look system was a policy decision or discretionary act protected by the Tort Immunity Act. See 745 ILCS 10/2 \u2014 109, 2 \u2014 201 (West 1998). Generally, at any time prior to final judgment, amendments may be allowed to add new defenses on just and reasonable terms. 735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 616(a) (West 1998). Whether to allow an amendment is within the discretion of the trial court. Carlisle v. Harp, 200 Ill. App. 3d 908, 915, 558 N.E.2d 318, 322 (1990). Where the facts sought to be alleged are known to the party at the time of a prior pleading and no good reason is offered for failing to amend at that time, leave to amend is properly denied. See Carlisle, 200 Ill. App. 3d at 915, 558 N.E.2d at 322. An untimely pleaded defense cannot be considered, even if the evidence suggests it exists. Carlisle, 200 Ill. App. 3d at 916, 558 N.E.2d at 323.\nThe trial court ruled that Metra had waived the Tort Immunity Act defense, as it was first raised postverdict. Metra argues that it was responding to plaintiffs fifth amended complaint, which was filed on the day the jury returned its verdict. However, Barton\u2019s third amended complaint, filed in October 1998, alleged that Metra failed to adopt the second look system. The Tort Immunity Act could have been asserted at that time. Thus, there was no abuse of discretion.\nIV\nDefendants also seek a new trial, contending that the verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence. A judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence when an opposite conclusion is apparent or when the findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary or not based upon the evidence. Rhodes v. Rlinois Central Gulf R.R., 172 Ill. 2d 213, 242, 665 N.E.2d 1260, 1274 (1996). In an appeal from a jury verdict, a reviewing court may not reweigh the evidence and substitute its judgment for that of the jury. Rhodes, 172 Ill. 2d at 242, 665 N.E.2d at 1274.\nDefendants assert that \u201cplaintiff necessarily had to have held the doors open as she descended\u201d for the accident to occur, but they point to no testimony or evidence in the record to this effect.\nDefendants claim that the jury\u2019s allocation of fault was against the manifest weight of the evidence because the strap on the violin case was 45V2 inches long. Defendants\u2019 brief asserts that \u201c[i]t is uncontroverted that the strap could readily have been removed,\u201d but this assertion is blatantly false, given Barton\u2019s testimony as recited above. Defendants also state that Barton\u2019s counsel acknowledged there was \u201cevidence of \u2018sufficient slack.\u2019 \u201d The record shows that during a sidebar, Barton\u2019s counsel accepted that defendants\u2019 expert had so opined, which is not a stipulation or judicial admission that there was in fact sufficient slack on the strap for Barton to free herself. The expert testimony may have raised a question of fact, but given Barton\u2019s testimony and the demonstrative evidence, we cannot conclude that the verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nThe same rule applies to defendants\u2019 assertion that Barton had sufficient time to free herself before the train started moving, but chose not to free herself because she did not want to let go of the violin. Defendants\u2019 experts opined that Barton had time to free herself. The record disclosed the value of the violin. The record discloses that when McCarthy and Tuck arrived to aid Barton, she asked about the violin. The record contains testimony from an emergency room doctor that Barton said that she went back to get her violin (and that she was alert when she said it).\nHowever, Barton also testified as to what she did before the train started moving and why she did not feel endangered at that time. Barton testified that after the incident, she kept talking, asking people to call MCNS to say she would not be coming, and so forth, in order to remain calm. McCarthy, who the record shows had the presence of mind to stop the train, open its doors and rush to Barton\u2019s aid, testified that he brought the violin with him. Neither party explains why McCarthy did so. The jury also heard evidence of the Anna Mae Gibson incident, in which, after Gibson was pulled into the train, she asked the conductors if they could retrieve her shoes. The parties do not appear to have focused on the value of Gibson\u2019s shoes.\nThe jury heard this evidence. The jury could reasonably have concluded that the evidence showed that in traumatic episodes like these incidents, the people involved may do or say things which, in hindsight, seem odd. The jury could reasonably have concluded that the victims in such incidents may focus on things that seem unimportant in hindsight, but represent an attempt to regain control over their circumstances or to fend off hysteria. Barton\u2019s comment to the emergency room doctor that she \u201cwent back\u201d to get her violin implies that it was left behind, which was obviously not the case at the point where Barton was attached to the train. Defendants point to no evidence that she had left the violin case and reboarded the train to retrieve it. Barton\u2019s comment might refer to her initial difficulty when the violin case became caught on poles at the top of the vestibule, but such speculation only demonstrates the ambiguity that confronted the jury.\nIn sum, the jury weighed opposing evidence and concluded that Barton was 4.5% at fault. That verdict reflects the jury\u2019s judgment that while Barton bore some responsibility, her injuries were not primarily the result of a desire to hang on to the violin case. Given the record in this case, defendants have failed to show that the jury\u2019s conclusion was unreasonable, arbitrary or not based upon the evidence in this respect. The cases defendants cite wherein Illinois courts have found the allocation of fault against the manifest weight of the evidence are factually distinguishable, even from the descriptions provided in defendants\u2019 brief. See, e.g., Johnson v. O\u2019Neal, 216 Ill. App. 3d 975, 987, 576 N.E.2d 486, 495 (1991) (allocation of 72.6% of fault to passenger for failing to leave a speeding vehicle was untenable in light of driver\u2019s negligence).\nDefendants claim that the allocation of fault must be attributed to trial error. Defendants claim that Barton\u2019s expert was not qualified. Defendants cite Jones v. O\u2019Young, 154 Ill. 2d 39, 607 N.E.2d 224 (1992), and its progeny, but those cases involve the qualification of medical experts, particularly the \u201cschool of medicine\u201d rule, which is not at issue here. An expert witness is a person who, because of education, training or experience, possesses specialized knowledge beyond that of the average person on a factual matter material to a claim or defense in the litigation. Lee v. Chicago Transit Authority, 152 Ill. 2d 432, 459, 605 N.E.2d 493, 504 (1992). Whether a witness is qualified to testify as an expert rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. Schaffner v. Chicago & North Western Transportation Co., 129 Ill. 2d 1, 36, 541 N.E.2d 643, 658 (1989).\nThe record shows that Finan was a former NTSB accident investigator and was currently certified by the Federal Railroad Administration as an operating practices inspector. Finan testified that he investigated accidents on a number of systems, including the CTA, the New York subway system, and others that the record shows are commuter rail services. Finan had never investigated a door-closing incident, but this court has not required the degree of specificity in expertise that defendants suggest. See, e.g., Patel v. Brown Machine Co., 264 Ill. App. 3d 1039, 1056, 637 N.E.2d 491, 502 (1994). Finan\u2019s prior lack of familiarity with door-closing standards goes to the weight of his testimony, not his competency. See Buford v. Chicago Housing Authority, 131 Ill. App. 3d 235, 244, 476 N.E.2d 427, 435 (1985).\nDefendants claim that Finan offered no testimony regarding the applicable standards of care and their alleged breach. The record shows that Finan offered such opinions. Indeed, the record shows that the defendants objected to many of them, when directed toward Metra.\nFor example, defendants assert that Finan improperly testified that Metra was like a parent that needed to instruct its child, or was the parent company of CNW Defendants objected at trial, based on Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213 (177 Ill. 2d R. 213), which generally requires that, upon written interrogatory, a party must disclose the subject matter, conclusions, opinions, qualifications and reports of a witness who will offer any opinion testimony. Department of Transportation v. Crull, 294 Ill. App. 3d 531, 536, 690 N.E.2d 143, 146 (1998). Rule 213 establishes stricter standards regarding disclosure than did the now-repealed Rule 220, which formerly governed expert witnesses. Crull, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 538-39, 690 N.E.2d at 148. However, elaborating on a disclosed opinion does not automatically violate Rule 213, where the testimony states logical corollaries to the opinion, rather than new reasons for it. See Seef v. Ingalls Memorial Hospital, 311 Ill. App. 3d 7, 23, 724 N.E.2d 115, 127-28 (1999). The trial court\u2019s ruling admitting the evidence will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Seef, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 22, 724 N.E.2d at 126.\nFinan\u2019s testimony that Metra had \u201ca relationship to oversee their contractors, to make sure that their contractors are performing in a safe and efficient manner,\u201d may not be an opinion; Mogan testified that Metra conducted safety audits in cooperation with CNW. Finan\u2019s reference to a parent-child relationship, when read in context, refers to the fact that Metra owns and operates many lines, yet has a PSA with CNW as to this particular line. Finan elsewhere referred to the lines as sisters. Defendants failed to object to Finan\u2019s testimony that Metra was \u201cremiss in [its] duties as the parent company\u201d in their posttrial motion, thus waiving the argument. 155 Ill. 2d R. 366(b)(2)(iii).\nDefendants claim that prior to trial, Finan opined only that the door light procedure was unsafe and that the prior incidents should have alerted defendants that there was a problem. However, Finan\u2019s May 21, 1998, report notes his test of the train at issue, which showed that the doors could be open as much as a foot when the door light was activated. Finan\u2019s report also states that defendants were aware of the SSOs. Finan\u2019s report states that Metra should have known of the difference in door-closing procedures. Finan found it \u201cdifficult to believe\u201d that Metra and CNW waited until after the Barton incident to install the second look system, which Finan opined was the industry custom and standard. Finan\u2019s report concluded that defendants had failed to take reasonable measures to ensure passenger safety, because it was known that CNW\u2019s procedure was producing injury, yet defendants failed to act.\nGiven this report, it could be inferred that Finan believed that the SSOs were caused by reliance on the door light system, both in theory and as tested on the train car at issue. It could also be inferred that Finan believed that both defendants had a duty to recognize the problem and breached their duty of care by not implementing the second look system. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Finan\u2019s testimony.\nDefendants object to the admission of videotape, along with stills taken therefrom and Finan\u2019s explanatory testimony, of the inspection of the train at issue. Defendants argue that the evidence lacked foundation, because Barton could not show that the train was in the same condition as it was at the time of her injury. At trial, the court overruled the objection, subject to Barton tying up later. Larson later testified that, barring some reported event, he would expect that the train was in the same condition it was at the time of the injury.\nDefendants also objected that evidence showing that the door light went on while the doors were open 9 to 12 inches was irrelevant to show causation because the testimony showed that the doors were closed for 10 seconds before the train started to move. However, such evidence was relevant to show whether the defendants breached their duty by relying on the door light system.\nDefendants objected to evidence of the SSOs and CNW\u2019s responses to them, which was introduced to support the claim for punitive damages. As the trial court did not err in submitting that claim to the jury, the evidence was properly admitted, with one exception. Evidence that neither defendant disclosed Croghan as a witness is \u201cnot proper grist for an award of punitive damages.\u201d Kopczick, 308 Ill. App. 3d at 978, 721 N.E.2d at 779. However, Kopczick did not reverse the punitive damage award based on the introduction of evidence of discovery violations. Given the record here, defendants have not shown reversible error. See, e.g., Lee, 152 Ill. 2d at 472, 605 N.E.2d at 510; LoCoco, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 695, 717 N.E.2d at 832.\nDefendants have not shown that the verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nV\nDefendants contend that damages awarded in this case for pain and suffering, disability, and disfigurement are \u201cexcessive to an extreme.\u201d The determination of damages is a question generally reserved to the trier of fact; a reviewing court will not lightly substitute its opinion for the judgment rendered in the trial court. Richardson v. Chapman, 175 Ill. 2d 98, 113, 676 N.E.2d 621, 628 (1997). In this case, the record discloses that the jury not only observed Barton, but also was shown photographs regarding Barton\u2019s surgeries and disfigurement. For example, Dr. Dumanian\u2019s videotaped testimony regarding the tissue expansion surgeries apparently included enlarged pre- and postoperative photographs. The jury also was shown a \u201cday in the life\u201d videotape to demonstrate the extent of Barton\u2019s injuries and resulting limitations on her normal life activities. The transcript discloses that plaintiffs counsel used such material during closing argument.\nDefendants have failed to identify where any of this material appears in the record on appeal. No videotape was included in the record on appeal. The transcript of proceedings reveals almost no detail of the \u201cday in the life\u201d videotape, as it was shown to the jury without sound. Moreover, while defendants have objected to the introduction of still photographs taken from the videotape of the inspection of the train car, and included a copy of one such photographic exhibit in their appendix, they did not identify where the exhibit appears in the record, further supporting the conclusion that the photographic exhibits were not included in the record on appeal.\nDefendants, as the appellants, have the burden of presenting the court with an adequate record for review. Haudrich v. Howmedica, Inc., 169 Ill. 2d 525, 546-47, 662 N.E.2d 1248, 1258 (1996). Although Barton and others testified on the issue of noneconomic damages, some cases exemplify the cliche that \u201ca picture is worth a thousand words\u201d; much that sounds cold coming from a witness may be better conveyed by a photograph. Parson v. City of Chicago, 117 Ill. App. 3d 383, 390, 453 N.E.2d 770, 775 (1983); see Edward Hines Lumber Co. v. Village of Villa Park, 34 Ill. App. 3d 711, 716, 340 N.E.2d 339, 343 (1976). Accordingly, we conclude that we are foreclosed from addressing defendants\u2019 argument by their failure to provide this significant photographic and videotaped material on appeal. Schoonover v. International Harvester Co., 171 Ill. App. 3d 882, 887, 525 N.E.2d 1041, 1044-45 (1988) (consideration of adequacy of damages foreclosed where appellant failed to include videotaped evidence depositions of his medical experts); see People ex rel. City of Rockford v. City of Loves Park, 47 Ill. App. 2d 286, 292-93, 198 N.E.2d 133, 137 (1964). The verdict was rendered by a jury which observed all of the evidence at trial. Defendants\u2019 posttrial motion failed to convince the trial judge, who observed all of the evidence. On appeal, defendants cannot expect this court to substitute its opinion for that of the jury absent the photographic and videotaped material that so directly bears on the issue of noneconomic damages.\nFor all of the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nBUCKLEY, J., concurs.\nThe CNW merged with the Union Pacific Railroad Company in October 1995.\nPlaintiff\u2019s brief states that Barton was dragged 366 feet. Although defendants do not appear to dispute this figure, it is not supported by the record citation in plaintiffs brief.\nThe defendants do not cite the record in support of this statement. However, NIRCRC was sued as Metra in Ramirez v. Village of River Grove, 266 Ill. App. 3d 930, 641 N.E.2d 7 (1994). The CRD was sued as Metra in Wehde v. Regional Transportation Authority, 237 Ill. App. 3d 664, 604 N.E.2d 446 (1992). As defendants have chosen to treat the CRD and NIRCRC as interchangeable in this case, this court will adopt a similar convention in referring to Metra.\nBarton testified that the violin was handmade in Italy by the Brothers Amati, the sons of Andrea Amati, who some think invented the violin in the late 1500s. The Brothers Amati were also the uncles of Nicola Amati, who taught violin-making to Antonio Stradivarius. Barton later testified that when she was 14, she had lost a violin that had been a birthday present from her grandmother by leaving it in a taxicab. That violin, which was insured, was valued at $6,500.\nBarton testified that the intravenous tube had bruised the nerve of the carpal tunnel during the initial hospitalization. Barton regained her full playing ability in September 1995.\nAlthough the defendants do not appeal the jury\u2019s award of economic damages, the jury heard evidence regarding Barton\u2019s career, her disability\u2019s impact on her choice of career, and the amount of travel involved in that career. Barton\u2019s childhood career goal was to become a soloist, but thought that as a backup position, she could become a concert master for a major orchestra. Barton testified that she now did not believe she could work seven days a week as a concert master.\nRichard Corrado, Barton\u2019s manager, testified that it is practically impossible for Barton to play successive dates in different cities due to the travel time she needs. Corrado noted that older concert halls are not very accessible to the disabled; there had been occasions where Barton\u2019s traveling companion had to carry her up a flight of stairs at a venue. Barton testified that she went to every engagement she was supposed to have in 1997 and 1998, even when she was in horrible pain, because she needed the money to pay bills and to maintain a professional reputation.\nBarton\u2019s luggage includes her performance chair, packed in a large cube-shaped case, suitcases for Barton and her companion, the violin and her companion\u2019s brief case. Barton stated that with that luggage, the wheelchair would not fit in any vehicle a concert presenter might use to pick them up at an airport.\nWolf admitted that Greater Ontario Transit required the crew member controlling the doors to observe the side of the train until it had left the platform, but stated this rule was due to be superceded. Greater Cleveland is supposed to require the operator to stick his head out the window during boarding and deboarding. Santa Clara required the operator to look out at a mirror after closing the doors to determine whether it is clear. The Tri-County Commuter Rail Authority had a rule stating that the crew should notice whether persons are hanging onto the side of the cars. Wolf admitted that San Diego Trolley had a second look system.\ndefendants\u2019 petition for an original writ of mandamus or a supervisory order from the Illinois Supreme Court, seeking depositions of the jurors, was denied on May 7, 1999.\nA review of those questions shows that defendants sought to discover: whether jurors had retained counsel and the terms of any such agreement; whether jurors had spoken to Barton or her attorneys; who, if anyone, jurors contacted after receiving a subpoena from defendants; and what positions Ms. A took during the jury deliberations on various issues.\nNotwithstanding defendants\u2019 waiver, we note that punitive damages may be awarded against a corporation based on vicarious liability where the principal authorized the doing and the manner of the act or omission; the agent was unfit and the principal was reckless in employing the agent; the agent was employed in a managerial capacity and was acting within the scope of employment; or the principal or a managerial agent thereof ratified or approved of the act. See, e.g., Mattyasovszky v. West Towns Bus Co., 61 Ill. 2d 31, 36-37, 330 N.E.2d 509, 512 (1975). The record shows that the trial court refused defendants\u2019 instruction listing these circumstances. However, defendants have not appealed that ruling, thus waiving that objection as well. Even so, the evidence adduced at trial meets the Mattyasovszky criteria.\nDefendants note that the PSA states that CNW is an independent contractor. Although Metra cannot shed its duties as a common carrier, we note that the parties\u2019 description of their relationship in a contract is not always controlling. Drivers of taxicabs (which are common carriers) may be employees of the company leasing the taxicabs, given indicia of control and the economic reality of the situation. See, e.g., Morgan Cab Co. v. Industrial Comm\u2019n, 60 Ill. 2d 92, 324 N.E.2d 425 (1975) (and cases cited therein).\nMoreover, an employer of an independent contractor may be held liable if, through the exercise of reasonable care, it should have known that the work was being carried out in a dangerous manner, and had an opportunity to prevent injury by the exercise of the power of control it retained, but took no action. Pasko v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 14 Ill. App. 3d 481, 488, 302 N.E.2d 642, 648 (1973). Exhibit 2-C to the PSA plainly states that the contract services shall be performed in accordance with \u201cany other standards established by the [RTA] pursuant to Section 2.04,\u201d despite defendants\u2019 omission of that language from the quotations in their briefs. Indeed, Metra is authorized by law to establish, enforce and maintain safety standards for public transportation it provides through PSAs. See 70 ILCS 3615/2.11, 2.20 (West 1998). Metra failed to do so, even though it used the second look system on lines it operated directly.\nThe right to change safety standards also disposes of the argument that proximate cause was lacking, which was based on the premise that \u201cCNW did not have to take Metra\u2019s advice.\u201d\nAs we presume that the legislature did not intend a meaningless act, section 5.03 of the RTA Act suggests that the legislature believed that the RTA otherwise could be held liable when providing public transportation by entering into a PSA. Section 5.03 also provides that the RTA is not barred from agreeing to pay such claims, as Metra apparently did in the PSA here.\nBarton claims waiver based on defendants\u2019 failure to renew their objection after cross-examining Finan, but the transcript shows that defendants were not permitted to cross-examine Finan on his qualifications before he gave his opinions.\nThe record shows that defendants did not object at trial to Finan\u2019s alleged assertions that CNW must insure passenger safety, resulting in waiver on appeal.\nNotwithstanding defendants\u2019 waiver, we note that an error in admitting evidence affecting the allocation of fault may require a new trial where it is probable that excluding it would have caused the jury to find that: (1) the plaintiff was more than 50% negligent, thus barring recovery under section 2 \u2014 1116 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1116 (West 1994)); (2) a defendant that was not found negligent had some culpability; or (3) a defendant was more than 25% culpable, giving rise to joint liability as to that defendant under section 2 \u2014 1117 (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1117 (West 1994)). See Regala v. Rush North Shore Medical Center, 323 Ill. App. 3d 579, 584 (2001) (modified on denial of rehearing); LoCoco v. XL Disposal Corp., 307 Ill. App. 3d 684, 695, 717 N.E.2d 823, 832 (1999); Parker v. Illinois Masonic Warren Barr Pavilion, 299 Ill. App. 3d 495, 504-05, 701 N.E.2d 190, 196 (1998).\nDefendants argue that Regala establishes a per se rule that the admission of an opinion in violation of Rule 213 requires a new trial. However, Regala was based in part on \u201cthe effect of the erroneous admission of *** undisclosed opinions,\u201d which does not create a per se rule. Regala, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 585. Seef, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 24, 724 N.E.2d at 128, also cited \u201cthe cumulative effect\u201d of admitting the undisclosed opinions. In Adami v. Belmonte, 302 Ill. App. 3d 17, 24, 704 N.E.2d 708, 713 (1998), the trial court barred opinions prior to trial; this court affirmed, in part because the admission of the opinions would have prejudiced the defendant. Regala, Seef and Adami rely on Crull, 294 Ill. App. 3d 531, 690 N.E.2d 143, a Fourth District case. The Fourth District requires that a party show prejudice resulting from a Rule 213 violation to obtain a reversal. Linn v. Damilano, 303 Ill. App. 3d 600, 606, 708 N.E.2d 533, 537 (1999). The fourth, first and second divisions of the First District also require a showing of prejudice. Mitchell v. Palos Community Hospital, 317 Ill. App. 3d 754, 763-64, 740 N.E.2d 476, 483 (2000); Copeland v. Stebco Products Corp., 316 Ill. App. 3d 932, 946, 738 N.E.2d 199, 211 (2000); Parker, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 503, 701 N.E.2d at 195. Given the verdict in this case, the alleged errors would not meet the criteria of Regala, LoCoco or Parker.\nGoosie later testified that the door light problem did not show up in the pretrip inspection, but such testimony merely created a question of fact for the jury to resolve.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE CAMPBELL" }, { "text": "JUSTICE O\u2019BRIEN,\ndissenting in part and specially concurring in part:\nWhat is the appropriate analysis and remedy for a violation of Supreme Court Rule 213?\nJames Finan, plaintiffs expert, was disclosed and deposed as a former NTSB accident investigator and an operating practices inspector certified by the Federal Railroad Association. His disclosed expertise and opinions concerned the physical capabilities and performance for the train doors in question and the safety rules and practices regarding the doors.\nHowever, at trial Finan testified that Metra was like a parent not knowing what the child is doing, that Metra was \u201cremiss in [its] duties as a parent company,\u201d that Metra had a \u201crelationship to oversee [its] contractors, to make sure that [its] contractors are performing in a safe and efficient manner.\u201d These opinions, which speak to the relationship between Metra and CNW and to any duties of Metra and CNW, were not disclosed pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 213 and, thus, violated Rule 213.\nThe committee comments to Rule 213 state that, \u201cin order to avoid surprise, the subject matter of all opinions must be disclosed pursuant to this rule *** and that no new or additional opinions will be allowed unless the interests of justice require otherwise.\u201d 177 Ill. 2d R. 213(g), Committee Comments. Upon written interrogatory, a party must disclose, the subject matter, conclusions, opinions, qualifications and reports of any witnesses who will offer any opinion testimony and seasonably supplement any previous answers when additional information becomes known. Department of Transportation v. Crull, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 536-37.\nThe importance of an expert and the impact that expert has upon the trier of fact is undisputed. An expert is integral to a case because an expert can assist the trier of fact to understand evidence or to decide a fact in issue \"which is difficult to comprehend or to explain. See generally: Wojcik v. City of Chicago, 299 Ill. App. 3d 964, 979 (1998); Thacker v. UNR Industries, Inc., 151 Ill. 2d 343, 365 (1992); Chicago Title & Trust Co. v. Brescia, 285 Ill. App. 3d 671, 682 (1996). Separate and unique discovery rules have been established in recognition of the significance of an expert. If separate and unique discovery exists for the disclosure of experts, should not the analysis and remedy for a violation of that disclosure differ from the analysis and remedy for a violation of other discovery rules?\nRule 213 establishes stricter standards regarding disclosure than did the now-repealed Rule 220. See generally Seef v. Ingalls Memorial Hospital, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 21; Department of Transportation v. Crull, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 538-39; Adami v. Belmonte, 302 Ill. App. 3d 17, 24 (1998). If a stricter Rule 213 replaced Rule 220, should not the analysis and remedy for a violation of Rule 213 require a stricter and different analysis than a violation of Rule 220?\nWe have answered \u201cyes\u201d in Adami, Seef and Regala v. Rush North Shore Medical Center, 323 Ill. App. 3d 579 (2001), and have moved from a \u201charmless\u201d or \u201cno prejudice\u201d analysis employed in Rule 220 violations to a per se analysis as exhibited in Regala. And, although the majority cites Regala in a footnote and states that it does not establish a per se analysis, the Regala opinion, citing Seef, states otherwise. See Regala, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 384-86. The Rule 213 disclosure requirements are mandatory and subject to strict compliance by the parties. Seefv. Ingalls Memorial Hospital, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 21; Department of Transportation v. Crull, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 539; Adami v. Belmonte, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 24. The testimony of an expert is so powerful that any expert testimony at trial not previously disclosed is itself prejudicial and requires a new trial. See, e.g., Regala, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 584-86. And, because Finan\u2019s testimony impacted upon the allocation of fault between Metra and CNW\u00a1 a new trial as to both Metra and CNW should be granted.\nAdmittedly, this analysis is neither facile nor Mosaic but it appears consistent and equal; in Regala, plaintiffs were granted a new trial and here, defendants are requesting a new trial. Recognizing the difficulties with this analysis, the guidance of the supreme court is earnestly desired for the intermediate and trial courts so that the last days of Rule 220 and the reasons for its demise do not return.\nAccordingly, I would reverse and remand this cause for a new trial on the Rule 213 issue. On all other issues, I concur.", "type": "concurring-in-part-and-dissenting-in-part", "author": "JUSTICE O\u2019BRIEN," } ], "attorneys": [ "Clausen Miller P.C. (James T. Ferrini, Barbara I. Michaelides and Lisa Marco Kouba, of counsel), and Williams & Montgomery, Ltd., both of Chicago, for appellant.", "Clifford Law Offices, of Chicago (Robert A. Clifford, Kevin P. Durkin, David A. Novoselsky, Kevin M. Forde, Robert C. Sheridan, and Leslie J. Rosen, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "RACHEL BARTON, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CHICAGO AND NORTH WESTERN TRANSPORTATION COMPANY, n/k/a The Union Pacific Railroad Company, et al., Defendants-Appellants.\nFirst District (5th Division)\nNo. 1\u201499\u20142285\nOpinion filed September 14, 2001.\nO\u2019BRIEN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.\nClausen Miller P.C. (James T. Ferrini, Barbara I. Michaelides and Lisa Marco Kouba, of counsel), and Williams & Montgomery, Ltd., both of Chicago, for appellant.\nClifford Law Offices, of Chicago (Robert A. Clifford, Kevin P. Durkin, David A. Novoselsky, Kevin M. Forde, Robert C. Sheridan, and Leslie J. Rosen, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "1005-01", "first_page_order": 1023, "last_page_order": 1062 }