#### LOWE EXCAVATING COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee, v. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OPERATING ENGINEERS LOCAL No. 150 et al., Defendants-Appellees and Cross-Appellants.

Second District

No. 2-00-1363

Opinion filed January 11, 2002.

Modified on denial of rehearing February 22, 2002.

*713Gerard C. Smetana, of Smetana & Avakian, of Chicago, and Michael E. Avakian, of Center on National Labor Policy, Inc., of North Springfield, Virginia, for appellant.

Louis E. Sigman, Dale D. Pierson, and Elizabeth A. LaRose, all of Baum, Sigman, Auerback, Pierson, Neuman & Katsaros, of Chicago, and R. Mark Gummerson, of Campion, Curran, Rausch, Gummerson & Dunlop, EC., of Crystal Lake, for appellees.

JUSTICE McLAREN

delivered the opinion of the court:

The following facts are taken from the record. Plaintiff, Lowe Excavating Company, is an Illinois corporation engaged in excavating and site preparation services since 1969. Marshall Lowe was the president of Lowe at the time of the incidents at issue. Defendant International Union of Operating Engineers Local No. 150 (the Union) is a labor organization doing business in McHenry County. Defendant Colin “Robert” Darling was a business agent employed by the Union at the time of the incidents at issue.

On February 15, 1988, the Union began picketing at a Lowe project site, known as Ballashire Hall, with signs stating:

> “NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC LOWE EXCAVATING DOES NOT PAY THE PREVAILING WAGES AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR OPERATING ENGINEERS WHICH ARE STANDARD IN THIS AREA OUR DISPUTE CONCERNS ONLY SUBSTANDARD WAGES AND BENEFITS PAID BY THIS COMPANY LOCAL 150 International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO”

On February 17, 1988, Lowe filed a complaint seeking a temporary restraining order (TRO), preliminary and permanent injunctions, and damages. The following day, the Union filed a petition for removal to the United States District Court, arguing that Lowe’s claim seeking *714an injunctive relief was preempted by federal law. On June 10, 1988, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois denied the Union’s petition and remanded the case to the state trial court, stating that “Lowe’s complaint does not on its face contain a federal claim.”

On June 30, 1988, the trial court enjoined the Union from picketing Lowe in McHenry County until the court ruled on Lowe’s request for a preliminary injunction. On August 11, 1988, the trial court dismissed Lowe’s second amended complaint based on the Union’s claim that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction due to federal preemption. The court granted Lowe leave to file a third amended complaint.

On September 28, 1988, the Union resumed picketing. The following day, Lowe filed a third amended complaint seeking a temporary restraining order, preliminary and permanent injunctions, and damages. Lowe also filed a motion for a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunctions, and the reconsideration of the dismissal of the second amended complaint based on the lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The court again enjoined the Union from picketing Lowe until the court’s ruling on Lowe’s request for a preliminary injunction. On October 6, 1988, the Union filed a motion to dismiss this third amended complaint, again asserting that, based on federal preemption, the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction.

On October 11, 1988, the court partially granted Lowe’s motion for a temporary restraining order enjoining the Union from “picketing or otherwise disseminating the fact that Lowe is nonunion.” The court also denied the Union’s motion to dismiss Lowe’s third amended complaint and denied Lowe’s “request for preliminary injunctive relief relating to area standards, in reckless disregard for the truth,” based on federal preemption grounds. Lowe filed an interlocutory appeal of this decision.

On March 3, 1989, this court reversed the trial court’s decision and remanded the case for a hearing. Lowe Excavating Co. v. International Union of Operating Engineers Local No. 150, 180 Ill. App. 3d 39 (1989).

The trial on Lowe’s third amended complaint began in April 2000. The four claims proceeding to trial against the Union and Colin Darling, as an individual, were count II, alleging tortious interference with contractual relationship; count TV alleging tortious interference with prospective economic advantage; count V, alleging trade libel; and count VI, alleging negligent interference with contract.

At the trial, Darling testified that late in the summer or early in the fall of 1987 he spoke with two Lowe employees, Hartzell Zimmerman and Pasqual Gebbia. Zimmerman and Gebbia told Darling what *715they were making at the time and what benefits they received. Darling stated that the men showed him their pay stubs and that these were the only pay stubs Darling saw. However, during a deposition in 1994, Darling stated that he had not seen pay stubs. Darling explained at trial that his memory was better at trial in April 2000 than it was when he gave his deposition.

Darling also testified that in February 1988 the class one wage (top wage) under the Union’s master collective bargaining agreement was $19.40 an hour to be increased to $20.10 an hour on June 1, 1988, and the class two wage was $18.85 an hour. These were the wages that were appropriate for the Ballashire Hall project. The contribution to various fringe benefit funds was $2.20 an hour. Also, the master agreement provided that no more than 1 apprentice was permitted on a job with less than 7 journeymen, 2 apprentices for between 7 and 13 journeymen, and 3 apprentices for between 13 and 22 journeymen.

In October 1987 the Union initiated efforts to unionize Lowe’s employees. Marshall Lowe arranged for representatives of the Union to meet with Lowe employees. At the meetings, the Union and Lowe presented the employees with comparisons of their respective wages and benefits.

Darling testified that, during a meeting with Marshall Lowe in December 1987 or January 1988, Marshall provided several documents, including Lowe’s 401(k) pension plan, profit-sharing plan, and payroll information. Darling gave these documents to the Union’s fund administrator, Larry Bushmaker. Darling talked to Union president Bill Dugan about Zimmerman’s and Gebbia’s claims that they were not getting area standard wages. Darling never asked anyone to investigate Lowe’s wages and benefits paid after the summer of 1987. Early in 1988 Dugan and his assistant, Bill Anderson, and Darling decided that the Union should picket Lowe. Darling stated that, after the initial pickets began, Marshall told Darling that Lowe had a federally funded project but would not tell Darling where the project was.

Marshall Lowe testified that on February 12, 1988, he sent the Union’s fund administrator, Bushmaker, a letter notifying Bushmaker that another employee meeting was scheduled for March 12, 1988, so that Bushmaker could explain the Union’s fringe benefits to Lowe’s employees. However, Bushmaker never responded to this letter, and the meeting did not take place.

On February 12, 1988, Lowe was read a mailgram from the Union over the phone, which stated in part:

> “Local 150, International Union of Operating Engineers is informed that your company is currently performing construction work at Canterbury Place Retirement Community. Local 150 has *716attempted to make careful investigation of your company’s policies regarding the payment of area standards to individuals performing construction work at this project. We have determined that the area standards for the operating engineers are not being met at this project. If our information regarding this fact is incorrect, please advise us immediately.”

Darling testified that after the Union sends notice that it intends to picket it waits 48 hours so that the contractor can prove that it pays prevailing wages. However, Darling stated that this requires “solid evidence” like “an audit” before it will decide not to picket.

In response to the Union’s mailgram, Marshall Lowe sent the Union a mailgram on February 15, 1988, stating that “we are paying the area standards and in fact are paying higher wages and fringes to our men.” Marshall Lowe was shocked by the Union’s mailgram because Marshall had been congenial to the Union, providing it access to his employees and their telephone numbers. Further, Marshall had told Darling what he was paying his employees.

Nevertheless, at 6 a.m. on February 15, 1988, the Union began picketing at Lowe’s project at Ballashire Hall. The Ballashire Hall project involved the construction of a nursing home as part of a larger retirement community project called Canterbury. FAMCO was the general contractor for both projects.

Ballashire Hall was a federally funded construction project of the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Employers on HUD projects are required by federal law to pay their employees the prevailing area wage and benefits established by the United States Secretary of Labor. 40 U.S.C.A. § 267a (West 1982) (the Davis-Bacon Act).

Darling testified that he knew that the failure to pay prevailing wages on a federal project was a crime. Darling also knew that Lowe was working on other projects at the time, but he chose to picket the Ballashire Hall site because it was a large one, he was familiar with it, and he knew that Lowe was working on a foundation there. Darling used the Union’s preprinted area standards picketing signs and simply added the name “Lowe Excavating.” Darling received Lowe’s mail-gram response on February 15, 1988, at his home but did not respond because he was “not supposed to talk to anybody” because it was not part of his job to do so. Darling stated that the only information he had about Lowe’s wages came from Zimmerman and Gebbia.

Bradley Brei, president of FAMCO, the general contractor of the Ballashire Hall project, testified that he approached Darling on February 15, 1988, while Darling was picketing at the site. Brei told Darling that Brei had “already filed certified payrolls with HUD that Lowe *717was paying prevailing wage rates and [he] could not understand on what the basis was that he was there or why the pickets were there [sic].” Brei asked Darling, “[H]ow can you picket on a basis that he’s not paying prevailing wage rates when they’ve been certified?” Brei stated that if he turned in false payroll records he would be subject to a federal penalty.

Darling testified that he responded to questions by Brei and A1 Woods, another FAMCO representative, by telling them to read the picket sign. Darling also told Brei that the only way the picket signs would be removed was if Lowe was removed from the Ballashire Hall job.

Brei testified that, after speaking with Darling on the picket line, Brei went to his construction trailer and called Marshall Lowe and asked Marshall to remove his people from the site. Lowe’s employees left the Ballashire Hall project site an hour or two later. However, the pickets did not come down. Darling told Brei that Lowe’s equipment also had to be removed. Brei stated that even after the equipment was removed the picketing continued “[flor a period of time.”

Marshall Lowe testified that both Lowe’s employees and equipment were off the Ballashire Hall project site by 11 a.m. on February 15, 1988. Marshall testified that he knew that Lowe was required to pay prevailing wages at the Ballashire Hall project under the penalty of perjury. Further, Lowe sent certified payrolls for January 1988 to HUD. Marshall stated that Ballashire Hall was the first project for which Lowe paid prevailing wages. Prevailing wages for that project were an hourly rate of $18.60 for class one equipment and $5.55 for benefits. Marshall stated that there was a tremendous amount of work left to be done at the Ballashire Hall project when Lowe was removed, including the sewer work, digging and excavating the foundation, putting fill on the inside of the slab, grading around the building, the parking lot, and gravel and finish grading. Marshall testified that Lowe’s removal from the Ballashire Hall project resulted in $4,680 in lost profits (Lowe’s profit margin was 18%).

Lowe employee Michael Dobler testified that he worked at the Ballashire Hall project site during the picketing. Dobler stated that all of Lowe’s equipment had been removed from the site on the first day of picketing, February 15, 1988. Dobler stated that the picketing continued on February 16 and 17, 1988. On his way to work at 6:30 a.m. on February 17, 1988, Dobler saw picketers at the site carrying the same signs they carried on the prior two days. Dobler did not see the picketers later that day at 3:30 p.m. when he drove past the site.

Darling contradicted Marshall’s testimony, saying that Lowe’s equipment was not removed until the following day, February 16, *7181988. Darling also contradicted Dobler, stating that the picketing stopped on February 16, 1988. Darling stated that he returned to the site on February 17, 1988, but he denied that the pickets were up on that day. Darling stated that after the February picketing Darling met Marshall at a restaurant and Marshall told Darling that Lowe had a federally funded project but Marshall would not reveal where it was.

Frank Stampler, a certified public accountant (CPA), testified that in April 1988 he and two other CPAs audited Lowe’s wages and benefits for the period of January 13, 1988, to February 16, 1988. Stampler compared Lowe’s wages and benefits to those required by the United States Department of Labor. Stampler stated that for the period of January 13, 1988, to February 16, 1988, Lowe’s employees at the Ballashire Hall project were paid over the federal prevailing wage rate, including any apprentices on the site. Stampler stated that the prevailing rate is composed of the hourly individual wage and benefits added together. The allocation to the profit-sharing plan of each Lowe’s employee was made at the end of each year and was based on certain factors. However, Stampler concluded that Lowe’s operators were paid “in excess of the prevailing rate” at the Ballashire Hall project in 1988.

John P O’Hagan, president of Human Resources Planning Associates, testified that, early in the spring or summer of 1987, and again early in 1988, at Marshall’s request, he compared Lowe’s benefits to the Union’s. O’Hagan concluded that Lowe’s health insurance plan provided more comprehensive and broader coverage than the Union’s. Regarding disability benefits, O’Hagan opined that the two plans were different, but O’Hagan did not say that one plan was better than the other. Lowe’s life insurance benefits were superior to the Union’s.

In March 1988, the Congress of Independent Unions (CIU) was certified as the representative of Lowe’s employees. On August 15, 1988, the CIU and Lowe entered into a collective bargaining agreement that provided that Lowe would pay prevailing wages, retroactive to April 15, 1988. R. Richard Davis, vice-president of the CIU, testified that, at all relevant times, the CIU contract base rate was higher than the prevailing wage. However, Davis ¿cknowledged that the Union employees received a wage increase every June, while under the CIU contract, Lowe employees did not receive their wage increase until April of the following year, 10 months later than the Union employees. Thus, from June 1988 to April 1989, Lowe employees would earn $.70 less than the Union employees.

Darling and the Union began picketing again at the Ballashire Hall project site in September 1988, where Lowe was once again working. Darling knew that Lowe was working on the federal part of the *719Canterbury project at that time. The picketers used the same signs that were used in February. By the summer of 1988, Darling knew the Ballashire Hall project was federally funded. Before the September picketing, Marshall Lowe told Darling that Lowe was paying prevailing wages. On September 28, 1988, Darling received a mailgram from Lowe stating that Lowe was withdrawing from the Ballashire Hall project. The same day, Darling received a second mailgram from Lowe stating that it was paying area standards and that it was setting up a second gate to allow union contractors to enter the site without crossing the picket line.

Marshall testified that, after Lowe was removed from the FAMCO job in September 1988, Lowe did not work with FAMCO again for five or six years. The trial court did not permit Lowe to admit evidence that it lost $125,000 of work at an 18% profit ($18,750 lost profit) caused by its removal from the Ballashire Hall project in September 1988.

Brei testified that he was frustrated with Marshall “that he didn’t get his house in order.” Brei again removed Lowe from the project and replaced Lowe with another contractor to put in the parking lot and perform the grading. However, the Canterbury project was never completed because the developers did not obtain full occupancy.

At the close of Lowe’s case, the trial court granted a directed finding in favor of Colin “Robert” Darling, as an individual, as to all counts of Lowe’s third amended complaint. The court also granted a directed finding in favor of the Union as to the claim for negligent interference with contractual relationship and on all counts as to the damage issue.

The trial court granted Lowe’s motion to conform its pleadings to the evidence presented at trial.

The trial court refused to allow Lowe to present evidence of its attorney fees as a measure of punitive damages, but it allowed Lowe to submit an affidavit as an offer of proof that it had incurred more than $100,000 in fees.

After hearing the evidence and arguments, the trial court found in favor of the Union on all counts. The court found that count V, the trade libel count, was not proved by Lowe because Lowe failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the Union’s statements were false, that the Union made these statements knowing them to be false or with reckless disregard of whether the statements were true or false, or that the Union was given information before it began to picket that the Ballashire Hall and Canterbury projects were federally funded. The trial court also ruled in the Union’s favor on the remaining counts, reasoning that there was insufficient proof to establish the *720remaining counts for interference torts because the Union’s qualified privilege defeated these other claims.

Lowe filed a timely notice of appeal, and the Union and Darling filed a timely notice of cross-appeal.

We first address Lowe’s motion to strike the Union’s entire brief. Lowe contends that the Union attempted to improperly supplement the record on appeal by including documents and matters not before the trial court in the appendix to the Union’s response brief and in the argument contained in the Union’s response brief. The Union filed a motion to supplement the record with this material consisting of transcripts from the federal court proceedings. The Union argues that this material was presented to the trial court. Having carefully reviewed the record on appeal, this court now denies both motions. Supreme Court Rule 329 provides in part that “[a]ny controversy as to whether the record accurately discloses what occurred in the trial court shall be submitted to and settled by that court and the record made to conform to the truth.” 134 Ill. 2d R. 329. Here, the Union asks this court to settle this controversy. We are not in a position to know what occurred in the trial court absent support in the record before us. The record before us does not establish that the material at issue was before the trial court. Therefore, we deny the Union’s motion. See Anderson v. Financial Matters, Inc., 285 Ill. App. 3d 123, 130 (1996). Thus, we will disregard any material contained in, or attached to, the Union’s brief that is not contained in the record prepared for appeal, but we deny Lowe’s motion to strike the Union’s brief and appendix.

Lowe argues on appeal that the trial court erred by shifting the burden of proof to Lowe regarding the falsity of the Union’s statements and the Union’s knowledge of the falsity of the statements or reckless disregard of whether the statements were true or false. Lowe also argues that the trial court erred by finding in the Union’s favor on the trade libel count.

In reviewing a bench trial, we defer to the trial court’s factual findings unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Wildman, Harrold, Allen & Dixon v. Gaylord, 317 Ill. App. 3d 590, 599 (2000). We will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial judge as to the credibility of the witnesses and conflicts in the testimony. Wildman, 317 Ill. App. 3d at 599. However, we review a question of law de novo. Hendricks v. Riverway Harbor Service St. Louis, Inc., 314 Ill. App. 3d 800 (2000).

In the first appeal in this case, Lowe Excavating Co. v. International Union of Operating Engineers Local No. 150, 180 Ill. App. 3d 39 (1989) (hereinafter Lowe I), this court held that Lowe’s *721trade libel claim must be evaluated under the New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686, 84 S. Ct. 710 (1964), standards applied in Linn v. United Plant Guard Workers of America, Local 114, 383 U.S. 53, 65, 15 L. Ed. 2d 582, 591, 86 S. Ct. 657, 664 (1966), and followed by Krasinski v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 124 Ill. 2d 483 (1988). Lowe I, 180 Ill. App. 3d at 48. Under this standard, a plaintiff must prove actual malice, that is, that the defendant published defamatory statements “with knowledge of their falsity or with reckless disregard of whether they were true or false.” Linn, 383 U.S. at 65, 15 L. Ed. 2d at 591, 86 S. Ct. at 664. Reckless disregard for the truth includes publishing statements while defendant entertains serious doubts as to the truth of the statements. Pease v. International Union of Operating Engineers Local 150, 208 Ill. App. 3d 863, 872 (1991). The plaintiff must prove actual malice by clear and convincing evidence. Kessler v. Zekman, 250 Ill. App. 3d 172, 188 (1993). To recover damages, the plaintiff must also prove harm resulting from the defamatory statements. Linn, 383 U.S. at 66, 15 L. Ed. 2d at 591, 86 S. Ct. at 664. In addition, despite plaintiffs contention to the contrary, a plaintiff also must prove that the statements at issue were false. Krasinski, 124 Ill. 2d at 490. Lowe’s citation to Lowe I to support its argument that it does not need to prove the falsity of the statements is misplaced. In Lowe I, this court’s statement, “[t]he underlying issue in this case is not whether plaintiff paid wages sufficient to meet area standards” (Lowe I, 180 Ill. App. 3d at 47-48), was made to establish that the issue was not preempted by federal law. This statement does not relieve Lowe from its obligation to prove that the statements were, in fact, false. Lowe ignores the following declaration of this court: “While truth or falsity is an important element in the tort of trade libel, it is certainly not the only issue to be considered.” Lowe I, 180 Ill. App. 3d at 48.

Accordingly, in this case, we must first determine whether the statements at issue were defamatory. There are two types of defamatory statements, defamation per se and defamation per quod. Bryson v. News America Publications, Inc., 174 Ill. 2d 77, 88, 103 (1996). Ordinarily, when a statement is defamatory per se, damages are presumed, and when a statement is defamatory per quod, the plaintiff must prove special damages. Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 88, 103. However, in this case, Lowe must prove damages regardless of which category applies to the Union’s statements. See Linn, 383 U.S. at 66, 15 L. Ed. 2d at 591, 86 S. Ct. at 664. A statement is defamatory per se if the words used are obviously harmful to the plaintiffs reputation because they impute to the plaintiff the commission of a criminal act, the lack of ability in a person’s performance of his profession or business, or a *722want of integrity in the discharge of his office or employment. See Wynne v. Loyola University of Chicago, 318 Ill. App. 3d-443, 451 (2000). Here, the harmful nature of the Union’s statements was not obvious but required knowledge of an extrinsic fact, that is, that the Ballashire Hall project was federally funded. Therefore, the Union’s statements do not fall under the defamation per se classification.

However, we do believe that the statements fall under the defamation per quod classification. A per quod claim applies when a statement is innocent on its face but extrinsic facts make the statement defamatory or where a statement is defamatory on its face but does not fall into one of the per se categories. Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 103. The statements the Union published declared, “Lowe Excavating does not pay the prevailing wages and economic benefits for operating engineers which are standard in this area.” Certainly, if one knew, as FAMCO’s Brei did, that the federally funded Ballashire Hall project required Lowe, by law, to pay prevailing wages and benefits, the Union’s statements would be harmful to Lowe’s reputation. Therefore, we determine that the statements at issue here were defamatory.

We must now address whether the trial court erred by finding that the statement made by the Union, that “Lowe does not pay prevailing wages and economic benefits,” was true. The following facts were uncontroverted. The Ballashire Hall project was a federally funded job. Employers of workers at federally funded jobs were required by federal law to pay prevailing wages. Marshall Lowe, John O’Hagan, and Bradley Brei testified that Lowe paid its employees prevailing wages on the Ballashire Háll project. Further, Lowe’s payroll was certified. The Union’s only evidence that arguably challenged this testimony established only that Lowe’s benefits did not match the Union’s point by point and that its wage raises became effective 10 months after the Union’s. Although there were differences in the benefits packages, the Union presented no evidence that Lowe did not pay prevailing wages as a whole as required by federal law to its employees, including any apprentices, at the Ballashire Hall project. Therefore, we determine that the trial court’s finding, that Lowe did not prove the Union’s statements were false, is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Lowe also argues that the trial court erred by finding that it did not prove that the Union published the defamatory statements with actual malice. Lowe was required to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the Union published defamatory statements “with knowledge of their falsity or with reckless disregard of whether they were true or false.” Linn, 383 U.S. at 65, 15 L. Ed. 2d at 591, 86 S. Ct. at 664. Reckless disregard for the truth means that the defendant *723published the statements while entertaining serious doubts as to the truth of the statements. Pease, 208 Ill. App. 3d at 872. The following facts were uncontroverted. On the first day of picketing, Brei told Darling that the Ballashire Hall project was a federally funded project, that Lowe’s payroll had been certified and sent to the Department of Labor, and that Lowe was paying prevailing wages for that project. Therefore, at that time, Darling at least should have entertained serious doubts as to the truth of the statements contained on the picket signs. Yet, the Union did not stop picketing, at the earliest, until Lowe removed its employees and equipment from the site the following day and its contractual relationship was terminated. Further, it picketed again in September 1988. Thus, the undisputed facts establish that the trial court’s finding of lack of proof of actual malice is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

The Union argues that the defamation claim is preempted by federal law. In Lowe I, this court rejected this argument, deciding that the defamation claim was not preempted by federal law, regardless of whether Lowe “paid wages sufficient to meet area standards.” Lowe 1, 180 Ill. App. 3d at 47-48. Nothing in the Union’s brief persuades us to revisit this issue or to alter the law of the case.

The Union also argues that Lowe’s remaining claims for tortious interference with contract, tortious interference with prospective business advantage, and negligent interference with contract are preempted by federal law. Again, in Lowe I, this court held that “the merits of the case are of only peripheral concern to the NLRB [National Labor Relations Board].” Lowe I, 180 Ill. App. 3d at 47. Although we discussed cases involving claims of trade libel, we did not limit our holding to Lowe’s trade libel claim. Instead, we discussed the broader issue of “whether the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) deprives a State court of jurisdiction to enjoin a union from picketing with placards that contain knowingly false statements, or statements made with reckless disregard for the truth.” Lowe I, 180 Ill. App. 3d at 43. Thus, our holding encompassed all of Lowe’s claims, since all of the claims were grounded in the same conduct. Accordingly, we need not revisit this issue or alter the law of the case.

We note that, in Lowe’s notice of appeal to this court, it indicated that it was challenging the trial court’s memorandum of opinion and “partial directed verdict [sic].” However, the only claim Lowe discusses in its brief is the claim for trade libel. In its reply brief, Lowe makes only passing reference to the other claims of tortious interference with contract, tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, and negligent interference with contract. However, Lowe made no argument citing authority with respect to these claims. Lowe’s passing *724reference to these other claims without argument or citation to authority is insufficient to preserve this issue on appeal. 177 Ill. 2d R. 341(e)(7) (argument portion of brief “shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on” and “[pjoints not argued are waived”). Accordingly, we express no opinion on the trial court’s rulings on these claims. See Miller v. Rosenberg, 196 Ill. 2d 50, 56 (2001).

Next, Lowe argues that the trial court erred by excluding evidence regarding damages caused by the Union’s September 1988 picketing. The Union claims that the trial court’s decision to exclude this evidence was not an abuse of discretion. We agree with the Union. Supreme Court Rule 219(c) authorizes a trial court to impose a sanction on a party who unreasonably fails to comply with the court’s discovery rules or orders. 166 Ill. 2d R. 219(c). We will not disturb a trial court’s decision to exclude evidence as a sanction absent an abuse of discretion. See In re Marriage of Booher, 313 Ill. App. 3d 356, 359 (2000). To determine if a trial court abused its discretion by issuing a sanction, we must consider the following factors: (1) the surprise to the adverse party, (2) the prejudicial effect of the proffered evidence, (3) the nature of the evidence, (4) the diligence of the adverse party in seeking discovery, (5) the timeliness of the adverse party’s objection to the evidence, and (6) the good faith of the party offering the evidence. No single factor is determinative. Booher, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 359-60.

Here, Lowe waited until the beginning of the trial to inform the Union that it was claiming an additional $18,750 in damages caused by the September 1988 picketing. Lowe now explains that Brei’s lack of cooperation caused its delay in disclosing the amount of damages. Yet, Lowe acknowledges that its counsel forgot to ask Marshall Lowe about the damages at issue, used figures that were available 12 years earlier to calculate these damages, failed to subpoena Brei, and failed to disclose the amount of the claimed damages despite the Union’s prior requests. Further, the admission of the proffered evidence during the trial did not leave the Union with time to verify Lowe’s claim, causing unfair prejudice to the Union. Therefore, we determine that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the evidence regarding damages caused by the September 1988 picketing.

Next, Lowe argues that the trial court erred by excluding evidence of its attorney fees as a measure of punitive damages. Although punitive damages are generally disfavored because of their penal nature, punitive damages may be awarded where, as here, the defendant committed a tort with actual malice. See E.J. McKernan Co. v. Gregory, 252 Ill. App. 3d 514, 535-36 (1993). In addition, this court *725has previously stated that a plaintiffs attorney fees may be included in the amount of the award of punitive damages. See E.J. McKernan Co., 252 Ill. App. 3d at 536. However, in the absence of a statutory provision authorizing an award of attorney fees, attorney fees cannot be awarded as a separate entity distinct from punitive damages. E.J. McKernan Co., 252 Ill. App. 3d at 546. Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion by excluding evidence of Lowe’s attorney fees in support of its punitive damages claim. On remand, the trial court should consider this evidence if it decides to award punitive damages.

Finally, we address the Union’s argument on cross-appeal. The Union argues that the trial court erred in denying its petition for costs under section 5 — 118 of the Code of Civil Procedure. 735 ILCS 5/5 — 118 (West 1998). Section 5 — 118 provides for an award of costs to the prevailing party in a civil case. 735 ILCS 5/5 — 118 (West 1998). However, with the determinations made in this disposition, the Union is no longer the prevailing party. Therefore, the trial court’s denial of the Union’s petition for costs is affirmed.

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s ruling in the Union’s favor on the trade libel count and its exclusion of evidence of Lowe’s attorney fees for purposes of determining punitive damages. We affirm the trial court’s ruling in the Union’s favor on Lowe’s remaining claims for tortious interference with contract, tortious interference with prospective business advantage, and negligent interference with contract. We further affirm the trial court’s exclusion of the evidence of damages related to the September 1988 picketing and its denial of the Union’s petition for fees, and we remand this cause for further proceedings regarding damages.

The judgment of the circuit court of McHenry County is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the cause is remanded.

Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.

GEOMETER and CALLUM, JJ., concur.