{ "id": 1033937, "name": "U.S.G. ITALIAN MARKETCAFFE, L.L.C., d/b/a Soprafina, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Defendants-Appellants", "name_abbreviation": "U.S.G. Italian Marketcaffe, L.L.C. v. City of Chicago", "decision_date": "2002-07-19", "docket_number": "No. 1-00-3294", "first_page": "1008", "last_page": "1019", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "332 Ill. App. 3d 1008" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "377 U.S. 360", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6169382 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "367" }, { "page": "382" }, { "page": "1320" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/377/0492-01" ] }, { "cite": "368 U.S. 278", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6169859 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1961, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "286" }, { "page": "291" }, { "page": "280" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/368/0278-01" ] }, { "cite": "385 U.S. 589", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11341451 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "604" }, { "page": "641" }, { "page": "684" }, { "page": "604" }, { "page": "641" }, { "page": "684" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/385/0589-01" ] }, { "cite": "168 Ill. App. 3d 689", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3512330 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/168/0689-01" ] }, { "cite": "144 Ill. App. 3d 913", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3500276 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/144/0913-01" ] }, { "cite": "153 Ill. 2d 239", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4739021 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "248-49" }, { "page": "246" }, { "page": "246" }, { "page": "246" }, { "page": "246" }, { "page": "252-53" }, { "page": "253" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/153/0239-01" ] }, { "cite": "329 Ill. App. 3d 781", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1472358 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "796" }, { "page": "796" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/329/0781-01" ] }, { "cite": "165 Ill. 2d 25", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 483549 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "44-45" }, { "page": "44-45" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/165/0025-01" ] }, { "cite": "218 Ill. App. 3d 203", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8498503 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "213", "parenthetical": "same" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/218/0203-01" ] }, { "cite": "377 Ill. 331", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2545401 ], "year": 1941, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "334-35", "parenthetical": "a tax enacted pursuant to the Retailers Occupation Tax Act \"is on the occupation and not on the sale, though sales are utilized as a measure of the tax to be assessed\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/377/0331-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 Ill. 2d 420", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5359275 ], "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "426", "parenthetical": "a tax enacted pursuant to the Retailers Occupation Tax Act \"is not a tax on the privilege of buying [a commodity], or upon the individual sale [of the commodity] - it is a tax upon the occupation of selling [the commodity] at retail\" (emphasis omitted)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/27/0420-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 Ill. App. 3d 753", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3629322 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "760" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/119/0755-01" ] }, { "cite": "183 Ill. 2d 434", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 209966 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "441" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/183/0434-01" ] }, { "cite": "154 Ill. 2d 90", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4820940 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "102" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/154/0090-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1016, "char_count": 24970, "ocr_confidence": 0.8, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.317852702137001e-08, "percentile": 0.4355954729407004 }, "sha256": "513a393b7a00a0468b7237f86db24afe9323ba691780d9aa32faeeaa4e3bb113", "simhash": "1:3c7a45e4a1571bb3", "word_count": 4153 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:45:54.915644+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "GALLAGHER, EJ., and O\u2019BRIEN, J., concur." ], "parties": [ "U.S.G. ITALIAN MARKETCAFFE, L.L.C., d/b/a Soprafina, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Defendants-Appellants." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE BUCKLEY\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nTwo restaurant owners, U.S.G. Italian Marketcaffe, L.L.C., d/b/a Soprafina, and Thomas M. Tunney Enterprises, Ltd., d/b/a Ann Sather Restaurants (the Restaurants), brought this action against the City of Chicago and Hugh Murphy, director of revenue of the City of Chicago (collectively, the City), claiming that the City\u2019s litter tax ordinance (the Ordinance) (Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7\u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 010 to 3 \u2014 43\u2014 100 (2000)) violates state law and the uniform tax classification clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. IX, \u00a7 2), and is unconstitutionally vague. The trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the Restaurants and declared the Ordinance unlawful. The City now appeals.\nI. STATEMENT OF FACTS\nOn November 17, 1999, the City enacted the Ordinance which created the litter tax (now see Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7\u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 010 to 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 100 (2000)) and the City\u2019s revenue director promulgated regulations implementing that Ordinance (now see Chicago Tax Regulations \u00a7\u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 010 to 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 070 (2000)).\nThe implementation of this tax was prompted by the City council\u2019s concern that \u201c[c]arry-out food *** is a substantial source of litter in the City, with a resulting cost to the City and its residents, [both] monetary *** and *** social\u201d (Chicago City Council, Journal of Proceedings, November 17, 1999, at 17490), and its desire to raise revenue to combat the problem.\nThe Ordinance imposes a tax on the sale at retail of food prepared for immediate consumption by a place for eating. Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 020 (2000). A \u201c[p]lace for eating\u201d is defined as \u201cany restaurant, cafeteria or other business engaged in the sale of food at retail, where the business provides for on-premises consumption of the food it sells.\u201d Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 010(A)(5) (2000). The tax is imposed at a rate of 0.5% of the selling price of the food. Chicago Municipal Ordinance \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 020 (2000).\nUnder the Ordinance, certain retail sales of food are exempt. The primary exemption is for food that is not \u201ccarry-out food\u201d and is sold for consumption at the place for eating. Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 3\u2014 43 \u2014 030(A) (2000). \u201cCarry-out food\u201d is defined by the ordinance as \u201cfood that is wrapped or enclosed in a disposable paper, plastic, metal or other disposable container which permits the purchaser or patron to carry out and consume the food at a location away from the retailer\u2019s establishment, whether or not the purchaser or patron in fact carries out and consumes the food at a location away from the retailer\u2019s establishment.\u201d Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 010(A)(1) (2000). The definition further provides that such determination is made at the time the food is tendered to the patron and does not apply to \u201cleftovers\u201d which are subsequently transferred to a disposable container and removed from the premises. Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 010(A)(1)(a) (2000). The definition further exempts food that \u201cis delivered by the retailer to the purchaser\u2019s residence, office or other designated building.\u201d Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 3 \u2014 43\u2014 010(A)(1)(b) (2000). In addition, the tax does not apply to businesses that serve only carryout food, i.e., a business without facilities for on-premises consumption.\nA business is not subject to the litter tax for any tax year in which its liability for the tax would not be more than $200. Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 040 (2000). And a safe-harbor rule allows a business that sells both food that is subject to the tax and food that is not subject to it to satisfy its tax obligation by paying tax on at least 50% of its revenue from all retail sales, without calculating the tax as a percentage of its taxable sales. Chicago Tax Regulations \u00a7 3 \u2014 43\u2014 070 (2000). Also, where a place for eating is inside a larger facility\u2014 such as a food court within a shopping mall or a place for eating within a grocery store \u2014 the tax applies to the place for eating, and not to the larger facility, if the place for eating is physically separated from, and its record-keeping system accounts for sales separately from, the rest of the facility. Chicago Tax Regulations \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 050 (2000).\nThe Restaurants filed a two-count complaint on March 7, 2000, claiming that the Ordinance violates section 8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a (West 1998)) and the uniformity clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. IX, \u00a7 2). That same day, the Restaurants requested a temporary restraining order, and the circuit court denied the request. On March 31, 2000, the Restaurants filed a motion for summary judgment based on both of the claims presented in their complaint as well as the additional claim that the Ordinance is unconstitutionally vague. On April 7, 2000, the City filed its answer, and on July 7, 2000, it filed a cross-motion for summary judgment. In a decision issued on September 12, 2000, the circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of the Restaurants and against the City on all three claims. In its decision, the court declared the Ordinance invalid and enjoined the City from collecting the tax.\nOn September 18, 2000, the City filed a motion in the circuit court seeking a stay pending appeal. The court denied that motion on September 22, 2000. On October 2, 2000, the City filed its notice of appeal challenging the circuit court\u2019s judgment. On that same day, the City filed a motion in this court seeking a stay pending appeal, which we granted on October 13, 2000.\nII. DISCUSSION\nA. Standard of Review\nThe standard of review applicable to an order granting or denying summary judgment is de novo. See Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992). Similarly, a circuit court decision relating to the constitutionality of a statute is also reviewed de novo. Russell v. Department of Natural Resources, 183 Ill. 2d 434, 441 (1998).\nB. Violation of Illinois Law\nThe trial court held that the Ordinance violates section 8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a of the Illinois Municipal Code. Section 8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a provides that, with certain exceptions that do not apply to this case, \u201cno home rule municipality has the authority to impose, pursuant to its home rule authority, [any] tax on the *** sale *** of tangible personal property based on *** the selling *** price of said tangible personal property.\u201d 65 ILCS 5/8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a (West 1998). On appeal, the City contends that the court\u2019s holding ignores the plain language of section 8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a because it prohibits only taxes that a home rule municipality imposes \u201cpursuant to its home rule authority\u201d (emphasis added) (65 ILCS 5/8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a (West 1998)), i.e., pursuant to the authority that the Illinois Constitution confers directly on the municipalities it defines as home rule municipalities. The City asserts that it did not enact the Ordinance pursuant to its home rule authority to tax; it contends that it enacted the Ordinance pursuant to the statutory authority of section 11 \u2014 42 \u2014 5 of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 42 \u2014 5 (West 1998)). Section 11 \u2014 42 \u2014 5 provides: \u201cThe corporate authorities of each municipality may ***** license, tax, and regulate all places for eating ***.\u201d 65 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 42 \u2014 5 (West 1998). Thus, according to the City, section 8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a is inapplicable.\nIn response, the Restaurants contend that section 11 \u2014 42 \u2014 5 does not apply because, contrary to the City\u2019s assertion, the Ordinance does not impose a general tax upon \u201cplaces for eating\u201d; instead, it imposes a tax upon \u201cthe sale at retail\u201d of food \u201cprepared for immediate consumption\u201d and actually exempts most \u201cplaces for eating\u201d from taxation. The Restaurants further contend that section 8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a bars the present Ordinance because although the section permits municipalities to impose a tax upon food sold for immediate consumption that is consumed at the place where it is sold, it does not authorize a tax upon carryout food that is consumed off the premises of a business.\nThe first step in resolving this issue requires the court to determine whether the Ordinance imposes a tax upon \u201cplaces for eating\u201d or whether it imposes a tax upon the sale of food, i.e., tangible personal property.\nThe Restaurants argue that the Ordinance imposes a sales tax rather than a tax on places for eating because it is a tax on the sale of tangible personal property and, therefore, is not authorized under section 11 \u2014 42 \u2014 5. In support, they cite Springfield Hotel-Motel Ass\u2019n v. City of Springfield, 119 Ill. App. 3d 753 (1983). At issue in Springfield was whether the tax upon the rental of a hotel room was a tax upon an occupation. The court found that it was not. The court held that it was a tax upon the use of tangible personal property. Springfield, 119 Ill. App. 3d at 760.\nThe City contends that the Springfield case is irrelevant. It argues that when the incidence of the tax is placed on the sellers of a commodity rather than its purchasers, the tax is considered an occupation tax on those sellers even if the revenue that the tax generates is some measure of the sales of the commodity. In support, the City cites the following: Central Television Service, Inc. v. Isaacs, 27 Ill. 2d 420, 426 (1963) (a tax enacted pursuant to the Retailers Occupation Tax Act \u201cis not a tax on the privilege of buying [a commodity], or upon the individual sale [of the commodity] \u2014 it is a tax upon the occupation of selling [the commodity] at retail\u201d (emphasis omitted)); Mahon v. Nudelman, 377 Ill. 331, 334-35 (1941) (a tax enacted pursuant to the Retailers Occupation Tax Act \u201cis on the occupation and not on the sale, though sales are utilized as a measure of the tax to be assessed\u201d); Mel-Park Drugs, Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 218 Ill. App. 3d 203, 213 (1991) (same). The City argues that the tax here is imposed on the place for eating, while the sale of food for immediate consumption \u2014 or rather a portion of such sales \u2014 is merely the measure of the tax and, therefore, the tax is an occupation tax.\nWe agree with the City. Section 11 \u2014 42 \u2014 5 unambiguously authorizes every municipality in the state, home rule and non-home-rule, to tax places for eating. Because the Ordinance, which taxes places for eating, was enacted pursuant to the statutory authority of section 11 \u2014 42 \u2014 5, it does not violate section 8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a of the Illinois Municipal Code.\nC. Violation of the Uniformity Clause\nThe uniformity clause provides:\n\u201cIn any law classifying the subjects or objects of non-property taxes or fees, the classes shall be reasonable and the subjects and objects within each class shall be taxed uniformly. Exemptions, deductions, credits, refunds and other allowances shall be reasonable.\u201d Ill. Const. 1970, art. IX, \u00a7 2.\nA tax or fee complies with the uniformity clause as long as its classification satisfies two requirements \u2014 it is \u201cbased on a real and substantial difference between those persons assessed and those who are not,\u201d and it \u201chearts] some reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation or to public policy.\u201d Northern Illinois Home Builders Ass\u2019n v. County of Du Page, 165 Ill. 2d 25, 44-45 (1995). The trial court held that the Ordinance failed to comply with these requirements.\nOur court recently addressed a uniformity challenge to the Tobacco Products Act of 1995 (35 ILCS 143/10 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 1998)). See Arangold Corp. v. Zehnder, 329 Ill. App. 3d 781 (2002). In so doing, the court noted the following:\n\u201c[T]he uniformity clause \u2018was not made to duplicate the limitation on the taxing power contained in the equal protection clause.\u2019 [Citation.] Rather, \u2018the uniformity clause was meant to insure that \u201ctaxpayers *** receive added protection in the state constitution\u201d based on \u201cstandards of reasonableness which are more rigorous than those developed under the federal constitution.\u201d \u2019 [Citation.]\u201d Arangold, 329 Ill. App. 3d at 796.\nThe court further noted:\n\u201cThe \u2018more rigorous\u2019 standard *** is actually a burden shifting arrangement under which a party bringing a uniformity clause challenge need not negate every conceivable basis that might support the tax. [Citation.] Instead, a good-faith challenge to a tax classification requires the taxing body to justify the classification. [Citation.] The challenger must then \u2018persuade the court that the taxing body\u2019s justification is unsupported by the facts or insufficient as a matter of law.\u2019 [Citation.] If the former, the challenger must \u2018present a factual basis negating the asserted justification.\u2019 [Citation.]\u201d Arangold, 329 Ill. App. 3d at 796.\nIf the challenger cannot meet its burden, judgment is proper as a matter of law. Geja\u2019s Cafe v. Metropolitan Pier & Exposition Authority, 153 Ill. 2d 239, 248-49 (1992). With these principles in mind, we now turn to the parties\u2019 arguments.\nThe City imposes its litter tax on businesses having facilities for on-premises food consumption but not on businesses lacking such facilities. The Restaurants argue that because the tax is imposed on some sellers of a commodity but not on other sellers of the exact same commodity, it does not satisfy the \u201creal and substantial\u201d difference requirement.\nThe Restaurants contend that when the sales of identical products are placed in different tax classifications, the tax law is unconstitutional and rely on North Sheffield, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 144 Ill. App. 3d 913 (1986), and Satellink of Chicago, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 168 Ill. App. 3d 689 (1988), in support. Both cases support the proposition that there must be a \u201creal and substantial\u201d difference between those persons taxed and those exempt from tax. However, according to the City, the actual commodity that the businesses sell is immaterial to the first prong of the test. Rather, it contends we should determine whether there is a real and substantial difference between businesses selling the same commodity.\nWe do not quarrel with the City\u2019s argument that the differences between an eating establishment with seating and an establishment that sells food but lacks facilities for on-premises consumption is plain. However, the reasons set forth by the City for taxing the former but not the latter are simply implausible. The Ordinance must meet both prongs of the uniformity test to pass constitutional muster. Under the second prong, the classification must \u201cbear some reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation or to public policy.\u201d Northern Illinois Home Builders Ass\u2019n v. County of Du Page, 165 Ill. 2d 25, 44-45 (1995). The Ordinance at bar fails to meet the second prong.\nThe City cites Geja\u2019s Cafe v. Metropolitan Pier & Exposition Authority, 153 Ill. 2d 239 (1992), to support its argument that \u201cthe relationship between the litter-reducing purpose of the City\u2019s ordinance and the classification of the tax is easily close enough to satisfy the second requirement of the unity test.\u201d We find that Geja\u2019s Cafe compels a different conclusion.\nIn Geja\u2019s Cafe, plaintiffs challenged a tax imposed on two types of food and beverage. The tax was imposed on \u201call sales of food and beverages to be consumed on the premises where sold.\u201d Geja\u2019s Cafe, 153 Ill. 2d at 246. The tax was also imposed on \u201csales of food and beverages sold for consumption off the premises when sold by *** restaurant[s] or full service bar[s],\u201d which were defined as \u201cretailers whose principal source of gross receipts is from the sale of food and beverages prepared for immediate consumption.\u201d Geja\u2019s Cafe, 153 Ill. 2d at 246. The purpose of the tax was to fund bonds issued to finance the improvement and expansion of McCormick Place. Geja\u2019s Cafe, 153 Ill. 2d at 246. The tax was imposed on businesses located within three designated geographic areas in Cook County (which would directly benefit from the McCormick Place expansion project) but not on businesses located elsewhere in the county. See Geja\u2019s Cafe, 153 Ill. 2d at 246.\nPlaintiffs argued that the tax violated the uniformity clause because \u201cit is imposed on the sale of carry-out food purchased at restaurants, which are defined as businesses that derive the majority of their gross receipts from the sale of food and beverages for on-premises consumption, while excluding the sale of the very same carryout food from places such as grocery stores.\u201d Geja\u2019s Cafe, 153 Ill. 2d at 252-53. The supreme court disagreed; it stated:\n\u201c[T]he Authority has offered an entirely plausible reason for this distinction, and again, plaintiffs fail to rebut it. The classification targets the types of food service establishments likely to benefit from increased convention trade and the types of food purchases likely to be made by conventioneers. Nonresident trade show attendees, staying in hotels, depend on full service restaurants for their meals. It is fair to presume that they do not cook meals in their rooms. Accordingly, the tax focuses on the types of establishments that receive the bulk of the convention trade, namely, full service bars and restaurants. Businesses that do not receive the majority of their revenue from the sale of food and beverages for on-premises consumption, for instance grocery stores, are not likely to see an appreciable increase in the business as a result of the project. Simply put, out-of-town visitors are highly unlikely to buy a substantial amount of groceries while staying in Chicago. Once again, there is a real and substantial difference between those taxed and not taxed, which bears a reasonable relation to the legislation.\u201d Geja\u2019s Cafe, 153 Ill. 2d at 253.\nThe City contends that the purpose of the Ordinance includes not only the cleanup of litter, but also the reduction of the amount of litter generated in the first place. Thus, it asserts that it is reasonable to impose a tax on the sale of carryout food by businesses with facilities for on-premises consumption to encourage on-premises consumption. It argues that some businesses will discontinue serving customers in carryout containers making it difficult for customers to take the food off the premises. It further argues that some businesses may raise the price of food served in carryout containers in order to reduce their tax liability thereby encouraging customers to eat on the premises.\nWith respect to the exemption of carryout-only facilities from taxation, the City argues that taxing carryout-only facilities would not likely reduce the amount of litter because the tax could not influence the manner in which those businesses sell food and their customers have no choice but to take the food elsewhere. The City also relies on considerations of administrative convenience to support the exemption of carryout-only businesses. It argues that such businesses do not sell enough food to generate sufficient tax revenue to justify the costs the City would incur trying to collect the tax from them.\nThe City\u2019s explanation for the fact that the Ordinance does not apply to food sold by carryout-only businesses but does apply to food sold for on-premises consumption is insufficient as a matter of law for purposes of satisfying the uniformity clause. The stated purpose cannot be met when the Ordinance taxes items that are not likely to cause litter, while not taxing items that are very likely to cause litter. Moreover, we can find nothing in the record to support the stated purpose of the Ordinance. There is nothing in the record showing who generates litter. The City relies on the affidavit of Craig M. Lesner, assistant budget director for the City of Chicago, to support its position that it would be administratively unnecessary to tax carryout facilities without tables due to low volume revenue. However, low volume revenue does not necessarily translate into low volume fitter. Indeed, an item costing 50 cents may be wrapped in more litter-generating paper than an item costing $10. It is common sense that the most likely generator of fitter would be a carryout-only facility that does not provide seating. In addition, the Ordinance may also have the effect of encouraging fitter. A carryout-only facility may be discouraged by the Ordinance from providing seating and serving food on plates because once it does so it may incur a tax.\nWe agree with the Restaurants and find that the classifications created by the Ordinance are not reasonably related to its legislative purpose of raising revenue in order to remove and dispose of fitter caused by patrons of places for eating which sell carryout food, nor is it reasonably related to the City\u2019s stated purpose of reducing the amount of fitter generated.\nD. Vagueness\nThe trial court\u2019s third reason for invalidating the Ordinance is that it is unconstitutionally vague and confusing.\nA law is unconstitutionally vague and, therefore, violative of due process when it lacks \u201c \u2018terms susceptible of objective measurement\u2019 \u201d (Keyishian v. Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, 385 U.S. 589, 604, 17 L. Ed. 2d 629, 641, 87 S. Ct. 675, 684 (1967), quoting Cramp v. Board of Public Instruction, 368 U.S. 278, 286, 7 L. Ed. 2d 285, 291, 82 S. Ct. 275, 280 (1961)) and when persons of \u201c \u2018common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application\u2019 \u201d (Keyishian, 385 U.S. at 604, 17 L. Ed. 2d at 641, 87 S. Ct. at 684, quoting Baggett v. Bullitt, 377 U.S. 360, 367, 12 L. Ed. 2d 377, 382, 84 S. Ct. 1316, 1320 (1964)).\nThe Restaurants contend that the regulations show that because of the complexity and uncertainty of the language of the Ordinance, the Ordinance is subject to varied interpretations. For example, the Ordinance applies to sales of food that are \u201cprimarily\u201d carryout. Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 030 (2000). The regulations provide the following guidance:\n\u201cA meal or other order consists \u2018primarily\u2019 of food that is not carryout food in either of the two situations:\n(1) more than fifty per cent of the items making up the meal or other order consist of food that is not carry-out food or\n(2) more than fifty per cent of the selling price of the meal or other order is attributable to food that is not carry-out food.\u201d Chicago Tax Regulations \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 030 (2000).\nThe following examples are provided:\n\u201c(a) In a cafeteria, a customer is served a hamburger and french fries on china plates, but a side order of coleslaw is enclosed in a disposable cup. The exemption [from taxation] applies because the food makes up a meal that consists primarily of food that is not carry-out food, and it is sold for consumption at the place for eating.\n(b) In a cafeteria, a customer is served a hamburger and french fries wrapped in disposable materials, but a cup of coffee is served in a china cup. The exemption [from taxation] does not apply because the food makes up a meal that consists primarily of food that is carry-out food.\u201d Chicago Tax Regulations \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 030 (2000).\nThe Restaurants argue that the above examples illustrate how the same product with the same packaging sold at the same restaurant may be taxed differently and how every individual sale must be studied by the server or cashier in order to determine whether the Ordinance applies. The Restaurants cite other examples from the regulations. For instance, a whole pizza served in a cardboard box is not subject to the tax, while a slice of pizza served in a cardboard box is taxed. Chicago Tax Regulations \u00a7 3 \u2014 43 \u2014 020 (2000).\nWe agree with the Restaurants and find that the Ordinance is unconstitutionally vague.\nIII. CONCLUSION\nBased on the above, we hereby affirm the trial court\u2019s order granting summary judgment in favor of the Restaurants.\nAffirmed.\nGALLAGHER, EJ., and O\u2019BRIEN, J., concur.\nCook County derives its home rule authority from article VII of the Illinois Constitution of 1970. Article VII provides:\n\u201cExcept as limited by this Section, a home rule unit may exercise any power and perform any function pertaining to its government and affairs including, but not limited to, the power to regulate for the protection of the public health, safety, morals and welfare; to license; to tax; and to incur debt.\u201d Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, \u00a7 6(a).\nThe statute provides a number of exceptions to its general prohibition on certain taxes, including a \u201ctax on food prepared for immediate consumption *** sold by a business which provides for on-premises consumption of said food.\u201d 65 ILCS 5/8 \u2014 11 \u2014 6a(6) (West 1998).", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE BUCKLEY" } ], "attorneys": [ "Mara S. Georges, Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Lawrence Rosenthal, Benna Ruth Solomon, and Julian N. Henriques, Jr., Assistant Corporation Counsel, of counsel), for appellants.", "Jerome Wiener, Brian L. Wolfberg, and James R. Griffin, all of Schain, Burney, Ross & Citron, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "U.S.G. ITALIAN MARKETCAFFE, L.L.C., d/b/a Soprafina, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Defendants-Appellants.\nFirst District (6th Division)\nNo. 1 \u2014 00 \u2014 3294\nOpinion filed July 19, 2002.\nMara S. Georges, Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Lawrence Rosenthal, Benna Ruth Solomon, and Julian N. Henriques, Jr., Assistant Corporation Counsel, of counsel), for appellants.\nJerome Wiener, Brian L. Wolfberg, and James R. Griffin, all of Schain, Burney, Ross & Citron, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellees." }, "file_name": "1008-01", "first_page_order": 1026, "last_page_order": 1037 }