{ "id": 1034012, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KENNETH FURDGE, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Furdge", "decision_date": "2002-07-26", "docket_number": "No. 1-01-2220", "first_page": "1019", "last_page": "1032", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "332 Ill. App. 3d 1019" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "165 Ill. 2d 305", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 483560 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "349, 352" }, { "page": "352" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/165/0305-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 Ill. 2d 87", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 821413 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "95-96" }, { "page": "96" }, { "page": "107" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/181/0087-01" ] }, { "cite": "194 Ill. 2d 502", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1096300 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "557" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/194/0502-01" ] }, { "cite": "326 Ill. App. 3d 629", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d 1018", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8499854 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1025-26" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/138/1018-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 Ill. 2d 44", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3160452 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "69" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/101/0044-01" ] }, { "cite": "194 Ill. 2d 467", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1096301 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "481" }, { "page": "479" }, { "page": "479" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/194/0467-01" ] }, { "cite": "147 Ill. 2d 173", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3278448 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "235" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/147/0173-01" ] }, { "cite": "188 Ill. App. 3d 414", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2688913 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "428" }, { "page": "428" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/188/0414-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "687-88" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "2064" }, { "page": "688" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "2064" }, { "page": "695" }, { "page": "698" }, { "page": "2069" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "397 U.S. 759", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12058501 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/397/0759-01" ] }, { "cite": "386 U.S. 18", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168882 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "24" }, { "page": "710-11" }, { "page": "828" }, { "page": "24" }, { "page": "710-11" }, { "page": "828" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/386/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "222 Ill. App. 3d 896", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5261429 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "907", "parenthetical": "arguments that are based on the facts or reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence are proper" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/222/0896-01" ] }, { "cite": "154 Ill. 2d 414", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4820340 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "458" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/154/0414-01" ] }, { "cite": "142 Ill. 2d 481", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3236590 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "489" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/142/0481-01" ] }, { "cite": "162 Ill. 2d 23", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477549 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "30" }, { "page": "30" }, { "page": "30" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/162/0023-01" ] }, { "cite": "141 Ill. 2d 40", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3238211 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "57" }, { "page": "58" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/141/0040-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 Ill. 2d 317", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5545304 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "353" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/117/0317-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1065, "char_count": 30935, "ocr_confidence": 0.805, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.671575708633593e-07, "percentile": 0.6960409660949345 }, "sha256": "3b28b5a0e1ef37b332e4f4ae1dcf5bad7f2c89d5ea379bf96f13572e3d1213c6", "simhash": "1:06c05d70e60214f3", "word_count": 5044 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:45:54.915644+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "GALLAGHER, EJ., and O\u2019BRIEN, J., concur." ], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KENNETH FURDGE, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE O\u2019MABA FROSSARD\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nKenneth Furdge and Earl Galtney were charged with attempted murder and aggravated battery with a firearm of Anthony Tripp and Brunett Stewart. They were tried simultaneously by separate juries. Earl Galtney is not involved in this appeal. The jury found defendant Furdge guilty as charged and he was sentenced to 23 years in the IIlinois Department of Corrections. On appeal defendant contends: (1) introduction of gang evidence together with reference to that evidence in argument by the State deprived him of a fair trial; (2) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to probe juror bias against street gangs; (3) the trial judge erred in finding no Batson violation; and (4) the jury was improperly instructed as to the law regarding identification testimony.\nBACKGROUND\nAnthony Tripp testified that on March 24, 1998, at approximately 10 a.m., he rode his bicycle through the lobby of the building at 4848 South State Street in Chicago. He saw six men, including defendant and codefendant, in the lobby. He came into contact with defendant and words were exchanged. Tripp knew defendant and codefendant from growing up in the same neighborhood, and he had known defendant for 11 to 12 years. Tripp testified he did not know if he bumped into defendant or if defendant bumped into him, but when he passed defendant, they bumped into each other. Defendant stated \u201cyou better watch that shit\u201d and Tripp responded, \u201cmy fault.\u201d Tripp took the same shortcut back home. Defendant and codefendant were still in the lobby of the building and told Tripp to \u201cwatch that shit.\u201d Tripp responded that he \u201cain\u2019t with that stuff.\u201d At that point, codefendant pulled out a gun and said, \u201cfuck that.\u201d Defendant pulled out his gun and shot, but Tripp ducked.\nTripp attempted to escape on his bicycle. Tripp heard shots, stumbled, and turned around. He saw defendant and codefendant firing their guns at him. Tripp got outside, but fell. Defendant and codefendant approached Tripp as he was lying on the ground. Codefendant threw a hat at Tripp and said \u201cdie bitch.\u201d Defendant pointed his gun at Tripp but did not shoot. The police arrived and took Tripp to the hospital. Tripp was treated for a gunshot wound to the back which permanently paralyzed him from the waist down. Tripp knew defendant and codefendant from the neighborhood and told the detectives who shot him. He also identified defendant from a photograph within hours of the shooting.\nOn direct examination by the State, Tripp testified that he was a member of the Gangster Disciples street gang and defendant and codefendant were members of the Black Disciples. At the time of the shooting the gangs were at peace. The building through which he rode his bike was known as Black Disciples territory.\nBrunett Stewart, a 76-year-old retired bricklayer, testified that around 10:30 a.m., when the shooting took place, he was waiting for the mail in the lobby of the building where he lived, at 4848 South State Street. He heard shots and someone yell, \u201cI told you you don\u2019t come in here.\u201d He saw someone run out of the building and fall to the ground. Stewart jumped over this person and ran back to his apartment. He then realized that he had been shot in his side, was taken to the hospital, treated, and released. Stewart testified that he did not see the faces of any of the people involved in the shooting.\nThe mailman, Angel Garcia, was delivering mail when the shooting started. He saw two men chasing a man and he saw one of the men shooting across the lobby. He did not see their faces. He described one man as taller and thicker than the second man, who was shorter and thinner.\nOn the day of the shooting, March 24, 1998, Detective Lenihan showed five Polaroid photographs to Tripp while he was in the hospital. Tripp identified codefendant Galtney as one of the shooters and told the detective that defendant and a man named DeShawn were also involved. Later that evening, around 10 p.m., Tripp identified DeShawn and defendant in a computer-generated photo lineup which Detective Lenihan showed him at the hospital.\nAfter the State rested its case, defendant presented the testimony of one witness, Regina Starling. Starling was a friend of defendant\u2019s mother and had known defendant for six to eight years. She provided an alibi for defendant during the time when the shooting occurred. She testified that defendant was at her house from 9:30 a.m. until 1 p.m. She admitted that this was the first time defendant came to her house.\nI. GANG EVIDENCE\nDefendant contends he was denied a fair trial by the introduction of gang evidence where no evidence demonstrated that the shooting was gang related. The prosecution responds that the gang evidence was admitted at trial to show defendant\u2019s motive for the shooting. A trial court\u2019s decision to admit gang evidence will not be reversed unless the record demonstrates an abuse of discretion. People v. Shum, 117 Ill. 2d 317, 353 (1987). We note the prosecution is not required to prove motive in order to sustain a conviction for attempted murder and aggravated battery. While it is permissible for the State to produce evidence of motive, the motive must be attributable to the defendant at the time the crime was committed. People v. Smith, 141 Ill. 2d 40, 57 (1990).\nThe prosecution relies on People v. Colon, 162 Ill. 2d 23 (1994), to support its argument that the gang evidence was related to the crimes charged because it established motive. In Colon, the Illinois Supreme Court found the gang evidence was properly admitted to establish motive and affirmed the defendant\u2019s conviction for murder committed during the course of a drive-by shooting. Witnesses testified that the victim was a Latin King and the area of the shooting was Latin Kings\u2019 territory. Colon, 162 Ill. 2d at 30. The defendant was an Imperial Gangster and these two gangs \u201cdo not get along.\u201d Colon, 162 Ill. 2d at 30. The court found the gang evidence was relevant to establish motive. Colon, 162 Ill. 2d at 30.\nHere, the prosecution contends the gang evidence helped explain the motive for the shooting. Although the record did not reflect that the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples were at war, it is clear that defendant and Anthony Tripp had some type of altercation which escalated into a shooting. At the time of the shooting, Tripp was a member of the Gangster Disciples and defendant was a member of the Black Disciples. Tripp had known defendant from the neighborhood for many years. Defendant and Tripp had a verbal altercation after Tripp bumped into defendant while riding his bicycle through the building. Tripp testified that before the shooting, he rode his bike through the building and had an altercation with defendant. Tripp and defendant bumped into each other and the defendant said, \u201cyou better watch that shit.\u201d There was no mention of gang turf and no gang slogans or signs were used. Tripp testified the two rival gangs were at peace. However, both Tripp and defendant belonged to rival gangs and the altercation in the Black Disciples building escalated into a shooting.\nWe are mindful that Illinois courts have consistently recognized that street gangs are regarded with considerable disfavor by our community. People v. Gonzalez, 142 Ill. 2d 481, 489 (1991). The Illinois Supreme Court has held that evidence indicating a defendant is a member of a street gang or is involved in gang-related activity is admissible only where there is sufficient proof that membership or activity in the gang is related to the crime charged. People v. Patterson, 154 Ill. 2d 414, 458 (1992); Smith, 141 Ill. 2d at 58.\nThe prejudicial effect of gang evidence dictates our holding that when testimony regarding gang-related evidence is to be admitted at trial, there must be a relevancy connection between the gang evidence and the crime charged. Tripp and defendant, two rival gang members, bumped into each other. Tripp, a member of the Gangster Disciples, was in a building undisputed to be Black Disciples territory. When the shooting started, Brunett Stewart heard someone yell, \u201cI told you you don\u2019t come in here.\u201d Tripp was shot not when he and defendant initially bumped into each other, but when he decided to return to the Black Disciples building and encountered defendant a second time. Based on this record, we find a sufficient relevancy connection both direct and circumstantial between the gang evidence and the crimes charged. Moreover, any prejudicial effect from the fact that defendant was a Black Disciple gang member was minimized by the fact that Tripp also admitted he was a member of the rival Gangster Disciples.\nWe find the State\u2019s comments during its opening statement and closing argument about the gang-related evidence proper. During opening statement the prosecutor accurately informed the jury in a factual manner as to what it was going to hear when the victim testified; in closing argument the prosecutor, based on the evidence and reasonable inference, simply argued that the shooting was gang-motivated. That argument was based on reasonable inferences supported by the record. People v. Manley, 222 Ill. App. 3d 896, 907 (1991) (arguments that are based on the facts or reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence are proper).\nMoreover, if any error occurred it was harmless. The gang evidence introduced was minimal. The reference to the gang evidence was minimal. No testimony or argument was offered about gang wars in Chicago. No testimony or argument was offered regarding the structure of street gangs and the history of the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples. The gang evidence introduced indicated that Tripp was a member of the Gangster Disciples, defendant was a member of the Black Disciples, and the building used as a shortcut by Tripp was the territory of the Black Disciples. When Tripp returned to the Black Disciples building, Brunett Stewart heard someone yell, \u201cI told you you don\u2019t come in here.\u201d Tripp positively identified defendant within hours after the shooting and had known him from the neighborhood for many years. For the reasons previously discussed, we find sufficient proof that the gang evidence provided an explanation or motive for the senseless shooting. Here, the gang evidence was minimal and the victim was also a gang member. Therefore, the admission of the gang evidence and the State\u2019s comments during opening statement and closing argument were not error. If any error occurred, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705, 710-11, 87 S. Ct. 824, 828 (1967).\nII. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL\nDefendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to question potential jurors as to any bias against gangs. Defendant contends that this failure denied him an informed and intelligent basis on which to assert challenges for cause or to exercise peremptory challenges in excusing potential jurors. The sixth amendment to the United States Constitution entitles a defendant to the assistance of counsel. U.S. Const., amend. VI. \u201cIt has long been recognized that the right to counsel is the right to the effective assistance of counsel.\u201d Mc-Mann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14, 25 L. Ed. 2d 763, 773 n.14, 90 S. Ct. 1441, 1449 n.14 (1970). To prove ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must establish that defense counsel\u2019s deficient performance prejudiced him. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 693, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984).\nThe decision as to whether to question a potential juror on a particular subject is considered to be one of trial strategy, which has no bearing on the competency of counsel. People v. Palmer, 188 Ill. App. 3d 414, 428 (1989). To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must overcome a strong presumption that the challenged conduct was one of sound trial strategy. People v. Williams, 147 Ill. 2d 173, 235 (1991). To satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test, a defendant must demonstrate deficient performance in that his \u201ccounsel\u2019s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.\u201d Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693, 104 S. Ct. at 2064.\nWe note that in this case, both the victim, Anthony Tripp, and the defendant were gang members. It is reasonable that defense counsel as a matter of trial strategy concluded that questioning the venire about bias against gangs would serve no purpose since both the victim and defendant were similarly situated. Here, where the gang evidence was limited to explain motive and the victim was also a gang member, defense counsel could have reasonably concluded as a matter of trial strategy that his questioning, which could serve to unduly emphasize the gang issue, outweighed any potential prejudice a venire member may have had. Moreover, defense counsel could have reasonably concluded that any prejudice against gang members would have also operated against the State, since its victim and only eyewitness was an admitted gang member.\nIn support of the argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to question potential jurors regarding any possible gang bias, defendant relies on People v. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d 467 (2000). However, in the context of this case we do not find that Strain supports defendant\u2019s claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Strain did not address whether defense counsel was ineffective for failure to question potential jurors about gang bias. Rather, Strain addressed whether the trial court, after questioning the jury venire about gang bias, erred in refusing to ask two additional questions submitted by defense counsel regarding gang bias. The Illinois Supreme Court found the trial court erred because the defendant was \u201cdenied an informed and intelligent basis on which to assert challenges for cause or to exercise peremptory challenges.\u201d Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 481.\nIn articulating the basis for reversing the defendant\u2019s murder conviction and remanding for retrial, the Strain court noted the following facts demonstrated by the record regarding the nature and extent of the gang evidence: (1) the State reminded the jurors throughout opening and closing arguments of the importance of gang testimony at trial; (2) numerous police officers assigned to gang units, police detectives, and gang members all testified that a gang war was underway between the Gangster Disciples and the Black Disciples; and (3) defendant was intent on obtaining revenge against the Gangster Disciples and, as a police informant, gave information leading to the arrest of members of the Gangster Disciples. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 479. The Strain court concluded:\n\u201cGiven this list of witnesses, the importance of gang testimony at trial, and the prejudice which may attach to such testimony, the trial court should have questioned the prospective jurors to determine whether they harbored any gang bias or prejudice.\u201d Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 479.\nUnlike Strain, here the gang evidence was introduced through one witness only and was limited to proving motive. There was no litany of witnesses discussing gang rivalry, gang war, or gang territory. Unlike Strain, the prosecution in opening statement and closing argument limited factual reference to gang evidence as it related to motive. Unlike Strain, here the gang testimony was very limited, did not permeate the trial and did not attain the level of importance as did the gang testimony in the Strain case. We find, based on this record, that the decision by defense counsel not to question potential jurors about gang bias was trial strategy, not deficient representation which fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. As such the first prong of the Strickland test is not satisfied by this record.\nDefendant failed to demonstrate the second prong of the Strickland test. We cannot conclude that defendant was prejudiced by his counsel\u2019s failure to question potential jurors about gang bias. The gang evidence presented to the jury was limited. The jury heard testimony from Anthony Tripp that he was a Gangster Disciple and that defendant was a Black Disciple. Tripp testified that at the time of the shooting, there were no problems between the rival gangs when he rode his bike through a building known as Black Disciple territory. When the shooting started, a witness, Brunett Stewart, heard someone yell, \u201cI told you you don\u2019t come in here.\u201d Based on the limited nature of the gang evidence which was offered to explain the motive for the shooting, we do not find defendant was prejudiced by trial counsel\u2019s decision not to explore gang bias with potential jurors during voir dire. That decision was a matter of trial strategy. Palmer, 188 Ill. App. 3d at 428.\nIn making the determination of deficiency and prejudice, the court must examine the totality of the circumstances. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 698, 104 S. Ct. at 2069. We are mindful that a defendant is entitled to competent, not perfect, representation. People v. Eddmonds, 101 Ill. 2d 44, 69 (1984). We further note that the competence of defense counsel is to be determined \u201cfrom a consideration of the totality of counsel\u2019s conduct, not isolated incidents.\u201d People v. McKendrick, 138 Ill. App. 3d 1018, 1025-26 (1985), citing People v. Mitchell, 105 Ill. 2d 1 (1984). Considering the totality of trial counsel\u2019s conduct, we note that trial counsel competently defended this case, made an opening statement and closing argument, conducted effective cross-examination, appropriately objected to certain questions, called an alibi witness on behalf of defendant, and made appropriate motions before and after trial. In the factual context of this case, we do not find trial counsel was ineffective for failing to question potential jurors about gang bias. For the reasons previously discussed, we find neither the deficiency nor the prejudice prong of the Strickland test is satisfied by the conduct of defense counsel in representing defendant.\nIII. BATSON VIOLATION\nDefendant contends that the State, in exercising two peremptory challenges against two African-American women, violated the principles articulated by the Supreme Court in Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69, 106 S. Ct. 1712 (1986). Equal protection is denied where a defendant is tried by a jury from which prospective jurors have been purposefully excluded because of their race. Batson, 476 U.S. at 85, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 80, 106 S. Ct. at 1716. In Batson, the Supreme Court held that a prosecutor cannot excuse potential jurors solely on the basis of their race or on assumptions about African-American jurors as a group. Batson, 476 U.S. at 89, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 83, 106 S. Ct. at 1719. Here, after considering argument made by defense counsel, the trial court found that defendant failed to make a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination under Batson. The trial court further noted that there were a number of African-American jurors serving on the jury.\nIn Batson, the Supreme Court provided a three-step process for evaluating discrimination alleged by a defendant in jury selection as follows: (1) the defendant is required to establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination \u201cby showing that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose\u201d (Batson, 476 U.S. at 93-94, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 85-86, 106 S. Ct. at 1721); (2) if the defendant demonstrates a prima facie case, the burden then shifts to the State to provide race-neutral reasons for the exercise of peremptory challenges (Batson, 476 U.S. at 97, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 88, 106 S. Ct. at 1723); and (3) the trial court considers the reasons provided by the State, the defendant may argue that the reasons are pretextual, and the trial court then makes a final determination as to whether the defendant has established purposeful discrimination (Batson, 476 U.S. at 98, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 88-89, 106 S. Ct. at 1724).\nAt the first stage of the three-step process, a prima facie showing of purposeful discrimination in the selection of the jury requires the defendant to demonstrate the following: (1) the defendant is a member of a cognizable racial group; (2) the State exercised peremptory challenges to remove venire members of the defendant\u2019s race; and (3) the facts and any relevant circumstances in the case raise an inference that the State exercised peremptory challenges to remove prospective jurors based upon their race. Batson, 476 U.S. at 96, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 87-88, 106 S. Ct. at 1723. The Illinois Supreme Court has offered guidance regarding what factors a trial judge should consider at the prima facie stage to determine whether the defense has demonstrated purposeful discrimination:\n\u201cIn determining whether a prima facie case of discriminatory jury selection has been established, the following relevant circumstances should be considered: (1) racial identity between the defendant and the excluded venirepersons; (2) a pattern of strikes against African-American venirepersons; (3) a disproportionate use of peremptory challenges against African-American venirepersons; (4) the level of African-American representation in the venire as compared to the jury; (5) the prosecutor\u2019s questions and statements during voir dire examination and while exercising peremptory challenges; (6) whether the excluded African-American venirepersons were a heterogeneous group sharing race as their only common characteristic; and (7) the race of the defendant, victim, and witnesses.\u201d People v. Williams, 173 Ill. 2d 48, 71 (1996).\nSee also People v. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d 401, 426 (1993).\nA finding that defendant has failed to demonstrate a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination is a finding of fact that will not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Coleman, 155 Ill. 2d 507, 514 (1993). We review the evidence in its entirety to determine whether the trial judge\u2019s ruling is against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Andrews, 146 Ill. 2d 413, 428 (1992).\nHere, during juror voir dire the State exercised three peremptory challenges in total. The State excused two African-American women and one alternate juror who the defendant indicated was not African-American. Defense counsel objected and sought the State\u2019s reasons for the motion to excuse the two African-American women. The trial court found that defendant failed to demonstrate a prima facie case of racial discrimination and did not require the State to provide reasons for the challenges to the two African-American women. The trial court noted that there were \u201cstill a number of African-Americans still on\u201d the jury. The hearing did not advance from the prima facie stage to the second stage of the three-step process for evaluating alleged purposeful discrimination in jury selection. The State, therefore, was not required to provide race-neutral reasons for the exercise of its peremptory challenges because the defendant failed to demonstrate a prima facie case of purposeful racial discrimination. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 88, 106 S. Ct. at 1723.\nDefendant relies on an alleged disproportionate use of peremptory challenges by the State to strike African-Americans off the jury in support of the argument that the State violated the principles articulated in Batson. However, the record does not support that argument. The record reflects that defendant, two of the excused jurors, and Anthony Tripp, the only victim who identified defendant, were African-American. Defendant concedes in his brief that \u201c[ojther relevant factors do not support the inference of jury discrimination because this was not an interracial crime and the prosecutor\u2019s questions raised no such inference of discrimination.\u201d Moreover, the record indicates that the State had peremptory challenges remaining and did not use them to strike any other African-Americans. The other panels of potential jurors were accepted by the State with no challenge. During jury selection, the State exercised in total two peremptory challenges against two African-Americans and one peremptory challenge against an alternate juror who defendant indicates was not African-American. As recognized in People v. Heard, \u201cThe mere number of black venirepersons peremptorily challenged, without more, will not establish a prima facie case of discrimination.\u201d People v. Heard, 187 Ill. 2d 36, 56 (1999). Based on this record, the exclusion of two African-Americans from the jury fails to establish a disproportionate use of peremptory challenges by the State.\nIn this case, the record does not reflect the race of the venirepersons. In order to provide meaningful appellate review of a Batson issue, the record should disclose the race of the venirepersons. People v. Johnson, 183 Ill. 2d 176, 190 (1998). We recognize that the absence of such information will not overcome strong evidence weighing in favor of a prima facie case. Andrews, 146 Ill. 2d at 434-35. However, the record does not provide the race of those jurors selected to serve or the race of the venirepersons. We further note that defense counsel did not challenge the trial judge\u2019s observation that there were a number of African-Americans on the jury. The lack of an adequate record showing relevant circumstances can preclude a finding of a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. People v. Pasch, 152 Ill. 2d 133, 163-64 (1992). The defense concedes that there were no statements or questions by the State to suggest that exclusion of the two African-American jurors was motivated by race.\nWe are mindful that the exclusion of just one venireperson based on race is unconstitutional and requires reversal of the conviction. People v. McDonald, 125 Ill. 2d 182, 200 (1988). However, under the circumstances of this case, the trial court\u2019s finding that defendant failed to establish a prima facie case is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Harris, 129 Ill. 2d 123, 175 (1989). Since the defendant asserting the Batson claim has the burden of preserving the record, any deficiencies or ambiguities in the record are to be construed against the defendant. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at 428. Based on this record, defendant has not met his burden of proving a prima facie case as required by Batson, through facts and relevant circumstances, that the prosecution\u2019s exercise of peremptory challenges was racially motivated. Batson, 476 U.S. at 93-94, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 85-86, 106 S. Ct. at 1721; Pasch, 152 Ill. 2d at 164. Applying the principles articulated in Batson, we find, based on this record, that it was not against the manifest weight of the evidence for the trial court to conclude that defendant failed to demonstrate a prima facie case of purposeful racial discrimination by the State in using its peremptory challenges.\nIV JURY INSTRUCTION\nDefendant contends the jury was improperly instructed with Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.15 (3d ed. 1992) (hereinafter IPI Criminal 3d). While admitting the alleged error was not properly preserved for review, defendant argues this court has the authority to review it under plain error. We do not find the strength of the evidence in this case merits application of the plain error principle. People v. Nielson, 187 Ill. 2d 271, 296-97 (1999).\nHowever, waiver aside, we find this case distinguishable from People v. Gonzalez, 326 Ill. App. 3d 629 (2001). Defendant contends the trial court erred by inserting the word \u201cor\u201d between the factors of the jury instruction regarding eyewitness testimony. In Gonzalez, this court held that the use of the word \u201cor\u201d between each factor was erroneous because the \u201cincorporation of the term \u2018or\u2019 between each factor implies, as a matter of law, that the identification testimony of an eyewitness may be deemed reliable if just one of the five factors listed weighs in favor of reliability.\u201d Gonzalez, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 640.\nUnlike Gonzalez, where the State repeatedly discussed IPI Criminal 3d No. 3.15 in closing argument, here, the State never mentioned this instruction during closing argument. Moreover, unlike Gonzalez, the evidence was not closely balanced. \u201c \u2018An error in a jury instruction is harmless if the result of the trial would not have been different if a proper instruction had been given.\u2019 [Citation.]\u201d People v. Kirchner, 194 Ill. 2d 502, 557 (2000). In considering whether the error is harmless, we are to determine \u201cwhether any error occurred \u2014 in other words, whether the instruction was correct.\u201d People v. Dennis, 181 Ill. 2d 87, 95-96 (1998). If an error occurred, then we must decide \u201cwhether, in spite of that error, evidence of defendant\u2019s guilt was so clear and convincing as to render the error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d Dennis, 181 Ill. 2d at 96; Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24, 17 L. Ed. 2d at 710-11, 87 S. Ct. at 828.\nHere, we find the instruction contained an error in the use of the word \u201cor.\u201d However, a jury instruction error does not require reversal if the evidence that supports the conviction is so clear and convincing that the verdict would not have been different. Dennis, 181 Ill. 2d at 107; People v. Lewis, 165 Ill. 2d 305, 349, 352 (1995). In determining whether a claimed instructional error was so prejudicial to defendant as to constitute reversible error, we view the instruction at issue in light of the facts of the case and the evidence presented. Lewis, 165 Ill. 2d at 352. Based on the record before us, we cannot find this error was outcome determinative.\nAnthony Tripp knew defendant from the neighborhood for many years. On the day of the shooting, while in the hospital, Tripp told the police that it was \u201cKenny\u201d who shot him. He identified defendant from a photo lineup the evening of the shooting and identified defendant at trial. While neither Brunett Stewart nor Angel Garcia could identify the defendant, their description of the shooting corroborated Tripp\u2019s testimony. We find, based on the record, that the evidence was not closely balanced. Any error in providing the instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.\nV. CONCLUSION\nFor the reasons previously discussed, we affirm the defendant\u2019s convictions for attempted first degree murder and aggravated battery with a firearm.\nAffirmed.\nGALLAGHER, EJ., and O\u2019BRIEN, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE O\u2019MABA FROSSARD" } ], "attorneys": [ "Rita A. Fry, Public Defender, of Chicago (Pamela Leeming, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.", "Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Annette Collins, and Dawn Kibbon, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KENNETH FURDGE, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (6th Division)\nNo. 1 \u2014 01 \u2014 2220\nOpinion filed July 26, 2002.\nRita A. Fry, Public Defender, of Chicago (Pamela Leeming, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.\nRichard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Annette Collins, and Dawn Kibbon, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "1019-01", "first_page_order": 1037, "last_page_order": 1050 }