{ "id": 637032, "name": "GREGORY K. GREEN, as Independent Ex'r of the Estate of Christine L. Green, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LAKE FOREST HOSPITAL et al., Defendants-Appellants (Northwest Community Hospital et al., Defendants)", "name_abbreviation": "Green v. Lake Forest Hospital", "decision_date": "2002-11-27", "docket_number": "No. 2 \u2014 01 \u2014 0934", "first_page": "134", "last_page": "140", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "335 Ill. App. 3d 134" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "319 Ill. App. 3d 280", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1527734 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "289" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/319/0280-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 3d 1060", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 251898 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1067" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/272/1060-01" ] }, { "cite": "245 Ill. App. 3d 413", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5384510 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "433-34" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/245/0413-01" ] }, { "cite": "238 Ill. App. 3d 217", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5155469 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "223" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/238/0217-01" ] }, { "cite": "264 Ill. App. 3d 611", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 680597 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "617" }, { "page": "618-19" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/264/0611-01" ] }, { "cite": "191 Ill. App. 3d 388", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2513529 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "393-94" }, { "page": "399" }, { "page": "399" }, { "page": "399" }, { "page": "399" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/191/0388-01" ] }, { "cite": "166 Ill. App. 3d 70", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5072904 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "76" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/166/0070-01" ] }, { "cite": "261 Ill. App. 3d 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5372431 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "557" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/261/0551-01" ] }, { "cite": "298 Ill. App. 3d 396", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1073658 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "401" }, { "page": "402" }, { "page": "402" }, { "page": "405" }, { "page": "405" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/298/0396-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 Ill. 2d 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3126692 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "368" }, { "page": "366" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/109/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "157 Ill. 2d 29", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 778592 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41" }, { "page": "40" }, { "page": "40" }, { "page": "39-41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/157/0029-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 669, "char_count": 14034, "ocr_confidence": 0.718, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0900307602549847e-07, "percentile": 0.5654076743470372 }, "sha256": "2ee29addb72e916fea4382287860cb8fcd4ad559d85d400a9740b15cc783029e", "simhash": "1:89bb18023b005d50", "word_count": 2209 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:04:10.004592+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "GREGORY K. GREEN, as Independent Ex\u2019r of the Estate of Christine L. Green, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LAKE FOREST HOSPITAL et al., Defendants-Appellants (Northwest Community Hospital et al., Defendants)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE HUTCHINSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff, Gregory Green, as independent executor of the estate of Christine Green, deceased, filed a survival and wrongful death action alleging medical malpractice against defendants Lake Forest Hospital (Lake Forest), Deerpath Medical Associates, Kenneth Hayes, M.D., and Alexandra Frenkel, R.N. During the course of discovery, the trial court ordered Lake Forest to disclose written forms suspending and terminating nurse Frenkel\u2019s employment with the hospital. Lake Forest refused to comply with this order on relevance grounds and invoked the statutory privilege provided in that part of the Code of Civil Procedure that constitutes the medical studies act (the Act) (735 ILCS 5/8 \u2014 2101 through 8 \u2014 2105 (West 2000)). The trial court held Lake Forest in contempt for refusing to comply with its disclosure order and fined it $1 per day until the matter was resolved on appeal or until the documents were produced. We vacate the trial court\u2019s contempt order and remand the case for further proceedings.\nPlaintiff\u2019s complaint sought the recovery of damages from defendants resulting from their alleged medical negligence in causing decedent\u2019s death. The complaint alleged that decedent was admitted to Lake Forest on December 15, 1998, complaining of pneumonia. Plaintiffs complaint alleged that decedent died on December 16, 1998, as a result of the improper administration of a precipitating intravenous solution. As to Lake Forest and nurse Frenkel, the plaintiff alleged that these defendants failed to monitor decedent\u2019s medical condition, to advise Dr. Hayes of decedent\u2019s physical condition and important drug interactions, and to prevent the administration of the precipitating intravenous solution.\nAt her deposition, nurse Frenkel testified that she was disciplined after the decedent\u2019s death and that she was suspended for a period of several days. Nurse Frenkel voluntarily terminated her employment with Lake Forest 15 months after the decedent\u2019s death. Following nurse Frenkel\u2019s deposition, plaintiff filed a supplemental notice to produce to Lake Forest requesting a copy of nurse Frenkel\u2019s personnel file. Lake Forest objected to the production of certain documents in the file and provided plaintiff with a privilege log describing the documents and setting forth the basis of its objections to disclosure. Of relevance to this appeal, Lake Forest refused to produce copies of nurse Frenkel\u2019s suspension and termination forms.\nPlaintiff moved to compel production of nurse Frenkel\u2019s suspension and termination forms. In response to the motion, Lake Forest argued that the suspension form was privileged under the Act. Lake Forest further argued that the termination form contained no information that was relevant to any issue in the case. After reviewing the documents in camera, the trial court ruled that the suspension and termination forms were not privileged and ordered Lake Forest to produce the records. After Lake Forest refused to comply with its production order, the trial court entered an order finding Lake Forest in contempt and assessing sanctions of $1 per day until the matter was resolved on appeal or until Lake Forest produced the documents to plaintiff. Defendants then filed this timely appeal.\nAs they did before the trial court, defendants contend on appeal that the suspension form is privileged under the provisions of the Act. Defendants argue that the suspension form is privileged, as it documents the disciplinary and corrective steps that Lake Forest took to improve patient care. As to the termination form, although defendants do not argue that the document is privileged under the Act, they assert that it is too remote in time from the incident in question and is irrelevant to any issue in the case.\nWe first consider whether the suspension form is privileged under the Act. Section 8 \u2014 2101 of the Act provides, in relevant part, as follows:\n\u201cAll information, interviews, reports, statements, memoranda, recommendations, letters of reference or other third party confidential assessments of a health care practitioner\u2019s professional competence, or other data of *** committees of licensed or accredited hospitals or their medical staffs ***, used in the course of internal quality control or of medical study for the purpose of reducing morbidity or mortality, or for improving patient care or increasing organ and tissue donation, shall be privileged, strictly confidential and shall be used only for medical research, increasing organ and tissue donation, the evaluation and improvement of quality care, or granting, limiting or revoking staff privileges or agreements for services ***.\u201d 735 ILCS 5/8 \u2014 2101 (West 2000).\nSection 8 \u2014 2102 of the Act further provides that such privileged materials \u201cshall not be admissible as evidence, nor discoverable in any action of any kind in any court or before any tribunal, board, agency or person.\u201d 735 ILCS 5/8 \u2014 2102 (West 2000). The burden of establish ing the applicability of this statutory privilege is upon the party seeking to invoke the privilege. Roach v. Springfield Clinic, 157 Ill. 2d 29, 41 (1993). Whether the privilege applies is a question of law, and our standard of review is de novo. Niven v. Siqueira, 109 Ill. 2d 357, 368 (1985). However, the question of whether specific materials are part of a medical study is a factual question within this legal determination. Chicago Trust Co. v. Cook County Hospital, 298 Ill. App. 3d 396, 401 (1998).\nThe purpose of the Act is to ensure that the members of the medical profession will effectively engage in self-evaluation of their peers in the interest of advancing the quality of health care. Roach, 157 Ill. 2d at 40. The Act is premised on the belief that, absent a peer-review privilege, physicians would be reluctant to sit on peer-review committees and engage in candid evaluation of their colleagues. Roach, 157 Ill. 2d at 40. Therefore, the Act has been interpreted to protect against disclosure of the mechanisms of the peer-review process, including information gathering and deliberation leading to the ultimate decision rendered by a hospital peer-review committee. Chicago Trust Co., 298 Ill. App. 3d at 402. Documents generated specifically for the use of a peer-review committee receive protection under the Act. Chicago Trust, 298 Ill. App. 3d at 402. However, the Act does not protect against disclosure of the peer-review committee\u2019s recommendations after completion of the peer-review process. Chicago Trust, 298 Ill. App. 3d at 405.\nHere, Lake Forest has failed to present any evidence that the suspension form in question was a document generated for the use of a peer-review committee. This one-page document was part of nurse Frenkel\u2019s employment file. The suspension form does not specifically reference the event in question or make reference to any hospital investigating committee. The suspension form notifies nurse Frenkel that she has been placed on a three-day suspension without pay. As the form does not appear to have been generated for use by a peer-review committee, we do not believe that its disclosure would improperly intrude upon any confidential peer-review process.\nLake Forest argues that the suspension form is privileged because it documents the discipline administered to nurse Frenkel as a result of her role in this incident. Lake Forest asserts that application of the privilege to the suspension form is therefore consistent with the Act\u2019s purpose to \u201cencourage candid and voluntary studies and programs used to improve hospital conditions and patient care or to reduce the rates of death and disease.\u201d Niven, 109 Ill. 2d at 366. We reject this reasoning for two reasons. First, as already noted, the suspension form does not indicate that Frenkel\u2019s suspension was recommended by a peer-review committee. Unlike investigations performed by hospital committees, internal investigations performed by the hospital\u2019s administration are not privileged. Grandi v. Shah, 261 Ill. App. 3d 551, 557 (1994); Marsh v. Lake Forest Hospital, 166 Ill. App. 3d 70, 76 (1988). Second, even assuming that her suspension was recommended by a peer-review committee, such a finding would not be protected from disclosure because the recommendations and findings of a peer-review committee are not privileged under the Act. See Chicago Trust, 298 Ill. App. 3d at 405. The Act only protects the investigative and deliberative materials generated by a hospital committee in formulating its recommendations. Roach, 157 Ill. 2d at 39-41.\nLake Forest\u2019s primary authority, Pritchard v. Swedish American Hospital, 191 Ill. App. 3d 388 (1989), illustrates the limits of the statutory privilege. In that case, the plaintiff submitted interrogatories to the defendant hospital, seeking information to determine whether the defendant doctor\u2019s privileges had been suspended or restricted, the dates that the suspension or restrictions were imposed, the specific nature of the restrictions, what methods the hospital utilized to determine whether the doctor was fit for reappointment, and what measures the hospital undertook to supervise the doctor when he was admitting and treating patients. Pritchard, 191 Ill. App. 3d at 393-94. The reviewing court held that, although the plaintiff could not discover what methods the hospital utilized to determine the doctor\u2019s fitness, the plaintiff could discover whether the doctor had been suspended or restricted and the nature of any such suspension or restriction. Pritchard, 191 Ill. App. 3d at 399. The court explained:\n\u201cUnder the plain language of the Act, the restrictions imposed by a hospital on a particular physician\u2019s privileges to practice as a result of the internal review process are discoverable [citations], but the nature and content of the [peer-review] process itself *** is privileged and confidential.\u201d Pritchard, 191 Ill. App. 3d at 399.\nApplying these principles to this case, it is clear that nurse Frenkel\u2019s suspension form is not privileged under the Act. Any discipline or restriction placed on nurse Frenkel by Lake Forest as a result of an internal review process is discoverable. See Pritchard, 191 Ill. App. 3d at 399. Because the form contains no information relating to the nature and content of any peer-review process, it falls outside the protections of the Act. See Pritchard, 191 Ill. App. 3d at 399. Accordingly, we agree with the trial court that the document is not privileged under the Act.\nWe next turn to a consideration of the relevance of the termination form. The form, which appears to be an internal business record, indicates that nurse Frenkel resigned her employment with Lake Forest on March 12, 1999, some 15 months after the decedent\u2019s death. The form indicates that nurse Frenkel left her employment with Lake Forest for another opportunity. Lake Forest contends that the form is irrelevant because the reason for nurse Frenkel\u2019s termination is not related to any of the issues raised in the case.\nRelevant evidence is defined as \u201c \u2018evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.\u2019 \u201d Spencer v. Wandolowski, 264 Ill. App. 3d 611, 617 (1994), quoting Fed. R. Evid. 401. Evidence that is too remote in time from the issues involved in the case is irrelevant. Spencer, 264 Ill. App. 3d at 618-19. The determination whether evidence is relevant rests within the sound discretion of the trial court, and its decision will not be overturned by a reviewing court absent an abuse of that discretion. O\u2019Brien v. Hertl, 238 Ill. App. 3d 217, 223 (1992).\nWe believe that the contents of the termination form are irrelevant to any issue in this case. The fact that nurse Frenkel resigned from Lake Forest to take advantage of another employment opportunity 15 months after the incident alleged in this lawsuit is too remote to be relevant. See generally In re Estate of Kline, 245 Ill. App. 3d 413, 433-34 (1993). The form contains no information indicating that nurse Frenkel\u2019s termination was involuntary or was related to the incident alleged in the lawsuit. Accordingly, discovery of the form will not lead to any material or admissible evidence. We therefore hold that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering disclosure of the termination form.\nAs a final matter, we must address the trial court\u2019s contempt order. Requesting the trial court to enter a contempt order is a proper procedure to seek immediate appeal of a trial court\u2019s discovery order. Buckman v. Columbus-Cabrini Medical Center, 272 Ill. App. 3d 1060, 1067 (1995). In this case, we find that Lake Forest\u2019s decision not to produce the documents in question was made in good faith based upon sound legal arguments and was not contemptuous of the trial court\u2019s authority. See Rounds v. Jackson Park Hospital & Medical Center, 319 Ill. App. 3d 280, 289 (2001). We, therefore, vacate the order finding Lake Forest in contempt and imposing the daily fine.\nFor the foregoing reasons, we hold that the trial court properly concluded that nurse Frenkel\u2019s suspension form was not privileged under the Act; however, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion in compelling disclosure of nurse Frenkel\u2019s termination form because it lacked relevance to any issue in the case. Accordingly, we vacate the trial court\u2019s contempt order and fine, and we remand the case for further proceedings.\nVacated and remanded.\nGEIGER and BOWMAN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE HUTCHINSON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Kevin T. Martin, of Swanson, Martin & Bell, of Chicago, for appellants.", "David G. Pribyl, of Salvi, Schostok & Pritchard, PC., of Waukegan, for ap-pellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "GREGORY K. GREEN, as Independent Ex\u2019r of the Estate of Christine L. Green, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LAKE FOREST HOSPITAL et al., Defendants-Appellants (Northwest Community Hospital et al., Defendants).\nSecond District\nNo. 2 \u2014 01 \u2014 0934\nOpinion filed November 27, 2002.\nKevin T. Martin, of Swanson, Martin & Bell, of Chicago, for appellants.\nDavid G. Pribyl, of Salvi, Schostok & Pritchard, PC., of Waukegan, for ap-pellee." }, "file_name": "0134-01", "first_page_order": 152, "last_page_order": 158 }