{ "id": 25403, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PAUL T. RAIBLEY, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Raibley", "decision_date": "2002-11-19", "docket_number": "No. 4-00-0587", "first_page": "692", "last_page": "707", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "338 Ill. App. 3d 692" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "76 Ill. App. 3d 80", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3489221 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "751", "parenthetical": "by actively participating, without objection, in proceedings on a late posttrial motion, the State revested the trial court with jurisdiction" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/129/0745-01" ] }, { "cite": "400 N.E.2d 92", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "96" }, { "page": "96" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "80 Ill. App. 3d 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d 1023", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3558888 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1032" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/121/1023-01" ] }, { "cite": "464 N.E.2d 1206", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1212" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "124 Ill. App. 3d 914", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3429743 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "921" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/124/0914-01" ] }, { "cite": "412 U.S. 218", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6172008 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "226" }, { "page": "862" }, { "page": "2047" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/412/0218-01" ] }, { "cite": "686 N.E.2d 574", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "582" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "177 Ill. 2d 368", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 317114 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "384-85" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/177/0368-01" ] }, { "cite": "573 N.E.2d 831", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "834" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "214 Ill. App. 3d 152", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5298720 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "155" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/214/0152-01" ] }, { "cite": "642 A.2d 1242", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 7879220 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1246-47", "parenthetical": "shrugging shoulders was not a sufficient gesture of consent to search a toolbox" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/a2d/642/1242-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 Idaho 723", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Idaho", "case_ids": [ 4451200 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "726", "parenthetical": "shrugging shoulders and holding up a bag were not sufficient gestures of consent to search the bag" }, { "page": "674", "parenthetical": "shrugging shoulders and holding up a bag were not sufficient gestures of consent to search the bag" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/idaho/108/0723-01" ] }, { "cite": "394 N.E.2d 739", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "744" }, { "page": "744" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "761 N.E.2d 1188", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1191" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "198 Ill. 2d 194", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 29957 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "201" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/198/0194-01" ] }, { "cite": "500 U.S. 248", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6221328 ], "weight": 11, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "251" }, { "page": "302" }, { "page": "251" }, { "page": "302" }, { "page": "1803-04" }, { "page": "251" }, { "page": "303" }, { "page": "1804" }, { "page": "251" }, { "page": "303" }, { "page": "1804" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/500/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "125 F.3d 863", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "unpublished disposition" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "54 F.3d 342", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 7409851 ], "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/54/0342-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 F.3d 1051", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 285143 ], "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/121/1051-01" ] }, { "cite": "453 U.S. 454", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11722898 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/453/0454-01" ] }, { "cite": "395 U.S. 752", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1772077 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/395/0752-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 F.3d 321", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 11327973 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "324" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/94/0321-01" ] }, { "cite": "596 N.E.2d 1267", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1269" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "231 Ill. App. 3d 797", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5203943 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "800-01" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/231/0797-01" ] }, { "cite": "731 N.E.2d 853", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "865" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "314 Ill. App. 3d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 140120 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "15" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/314/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "763 N.E.2d 806", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "814" }, { "page": "815" }, { "page": "815" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "327 Ill. App. 3d 805", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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PAUL T. RAIBLEY, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE APPLETON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nAfter a bench trial, the trial court found defendant, Paul T. Raibley, guilty of two counts of child pornography (720 ILCS 5/11\u2014 20.1(a)(l)(vii) (West 1998)) and two counts of residential burglary (720 ILCS 5/19 \u2014 3 (West 1998)). The court sentenced him to 12 years\u2019 imprisonment for each count, ordering that the terms run concurrently with each other but consecutively to a 10-year term of imprisonment that the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois imposed, for the same conduct, in United States v. Raibley, No. 98\u2014CR\u201440058. Defendant appeals on several grounds, but we need consider only one: that the trial court erred in finding defendant had consented to a police officer\u2019s taking the incriminating videotape from his pickup truck to the county jail and viewing it there. We agree with that contention and therefore reverse the trial court\u2019s judgment as well as the conviction on all four counts.\nI. BACKGROUND\nOn October 14, 1998, the State\u2019s Attorney filed six counts against defendant in the Mason County circuit court. Count I alleged:\n\u201c[0]n September 13, 1998, in Mason County[,] [defendant] committed the offense of [child pornography] in that *** defendant knowingly [videotaped] Jane Doe, a child whom *** defendant knew to be under the age [18] years, while [the] child was the object of lewd exhibition of the unclothed buttocks of another person [sic] ***.\u201d\nCount II was identical to count I, except it alleged that defendant videotaped Jane Doe \u201cwhile [the] child was depicted in a setting involving the lewd exhibition of the unclothed genitals of [the] child.\u201d\nThe State dismissed count III prior to trial, and the trial court acquitted defendant of count IV\u00a1 predatory criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 14.1(a)(1) (West 1998)).\nCount V alleged:\n\u201c[0]n September 13, 1998, in Mason County, [defendant] committed the offense of [residential burglary] in that *** defendant knowingly and without authority entered the dwelling place of John Doe, located in Havana, Mason County, Illinois, with intent to commit therein a felony of child pornography ***.\u201d\nCount VI repeated count V verbatim.\nThe trial court found defendant guilty of counts I, II, V and VI.\nDefendant filed a pretrial motion to suppress the videotape of John Doe\u2019s children, arguing that by shrugging, he had not given the police permission to seize and view the videotape. At the hearing on the motion, only witnesses for the State testified, and no significant factual discrepancies emerged from their testimony. Neither attorney argued that the witnesses were incorrect in their recitation of the historical facts, although they disagreed on the inferences one should draw from those facts.\nEric Lindburg was a police officer for Aledo, Illinois. He testified that on October 10, 1998, at 4:13 p.m., he was dispatched to Wal-Mart in Aledo, where a man was reportedly videotaping employees entering and exiting the store. At Wal-Mart, Lindburg spoke with a store manager, who described a short, red-haired man in a small, white pickup truck. She remembered a portion of the license plate number. She said the man had become nervous and left in a hurry when she noticed he was videotaping an employee. Lindburg testified he also spoke with the employee whom the man had videotaped, a 17-year-old female. The teenager never noticed the man, but the manager had \u201ctold her there was a guy videotaping her from the parking lot as she was walking in.\u201d No one suggested the man was armed or dangerous in any way.\nSeeing no white pickup truck in the parking lot, Lindburg resumed his regular patrol. Over the radio, he requested other police officers to keep an eye out for the truck, because he wanted \u201cto speak to the individual.\u201d About an hour later, he cruised by Wal-Mart again; this time the truck was in the parking lot, but no one was in the truck. Lindburg testified he ran the license plate and ascertained the truck belonged to defendant. He then went into Wal-Mart to ask the manager if she saw the man in the store. While talking with the manager, he glanced over his shoulder and saw the truck speeding out of the parking lot. Lindburg ran to his patrol car and radioed that the truck had just left the parking lot at a high speed and was going west on the highway. He pursued the truck in his patrol car but lost sight of it. He did not intend to write a citation because speeding in a parking lot was not illegal. He merely wanted to talk with defendant because his hasty departures from the parking lot were suspicious and Lindburg was concerned he might have been stalking the teenager.\nLindburg spotted the truck a mile down the highway at the four-way intersection in the center of Aledo. A Mercer County deputy sheriff, Sean Hast, had stopped the truck by angling his patrol car 10 feet in front of it. Both Lindburg and Hast had turned on the overhead emergency lights of their patrol cars. Lindburg testified: \u201c[Defendant] had his hands out of the window[,] *** and [Hast] had him get up against the vehicle and [began] to pat him down.\u201d Hast \u201cmay have had his hand on his firearm in the holster yet or near it.\u201d Defendant appeared surprised and nervous. Lindburg told Hast, \u201c[\u2018][N]o, he is not under arrest. I just need to speak with him.\u2019 \u201d Lindburg then stated, \u201c[Hast] said [\u2018]okay,[\u2019] and I believe he apologized to [defendant] and got in his vehicle and drove off.\u201d\nAfter assuring him he was not under arrest, Lindburg \u201casked [defendant] if he would mind speaking with [him] around the corner[.] [I]f he wanted to pull his vehicle around[,] there [was] a parking spot.\u201d After he and Lindburg moved out of the intersection, Lindburg might have patted defendant down again, but he was uncertain. Defendant was \u201cstill shaking, a little nervous.\u201d Lindburg asked him why he had videotaped the Wal-Mart employee. Defendant asked if it was illegal to videotape a person in a parking lot. Lindburg said no but it looked \u201creal suspicious.\u201d He asked defendant \u201cif he had anything illegal in his [pickup] truck.\u201d When defendant said no, Lindburg \u201casked him if he would mind if [he] made sure.\u201d The prosecutor questioned Lindburg as follows:\n\u201cQ. [W]hat [were] his words[,] then[,] on the consent ***?\nA. He just said he didn\u2019t mind if I searched it [(the truck)].\nQ. I note you made a gesture there as you testified[.] [D]id he make any gesture as he answered you?\nA. I believe he shrugged and said he didn\u2019t mind if I did.\u201d\nAs Lindburg searched the truck, defendant reached under the seat, pulled out some videocassette folders, and stuck them in his back pocket. Lindburg told him he \u201cdidn\u2019t want him to reach under the seat\u201d again.\nIn the truck, Lindburg found marijuana and a pipe for smoking it. He handcuffed defendant, read him his Miranda rights (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966)), and put him in the front seat of the patrol car. By then, Hast had returned and was assisting in the search. Under the seat, they found two videotapes. Defense counsel asked Lindburg the following:\n\u201cQ. At the location of the search, did you have any conversation with *** [defendant about the tapes?\nA. Yes, I asked him if anything illegal [was on them], pornography or child pornography.\nQ. How did he respond?\nA. There were tapes of him and his girlfriend on there. There may be some pornography.\u201d\nLindburg testified he called Mercer County State\u2019s Attorney Baron Heintz on a cellular telephone and asked him, within earshot of defendant, if he could legally view the videotapes. Heintz told him he could if defendant consented. Lindburg then asked defendant \u2014 who was then sitting in the patrol car with his hands cuffed in front of him \u2014 \u201cif he minded if [they] took a look at the tapes. *** That is when he gave the shrug.\u201d Defense counsel asked Lindburg:\n\u201cQ. And why were the videotapes seized at that point?\nA. Because I asked [defendant] if he would mind if I took a look at the tape. He didn\u2019t object.\nQ. What did he say?\nA. Nothing, shrugged his shoulders.\u201d\nAfter gathering up the evidence, Lindburg took defendant to the Mercer County jail. \u201cWe entered through the sally port and took him to the jailers [and] told them he was under arrest for possession of cannabis and paraphernalia.\u201d Then Lindburg got the videotapes out of his patrol car and brought them into the jail. A county employee helped him hook up some audiovisual equipment in the dispatcher\u2019s office, next door to the room where the jailers were booking defendant. Between the booking room and the dispatcher\u2019s office, there was a window, through which defendant could see Lindburg and others carrying the audiovisual equipment into the office.\nIn the dispatcher\u2019s office, the police viewed the first videotape, which had footage of the teenager in the parking lot but no pornography. Defense counsel asked Lindburg:\n\u201cQ. At any time prior to [your] viewing that particular tape [(the first videotape that had no incriminating footage),] did [defendant] verbalize, say [\u2018]go ahead and watch the tape[\u2019?] Did he say anything to indicate consent?\nA. He never said [\u2018]go ahead and watch the tapes. [\u2019]\u201d\nLindburg further testified:\n\u201cA. He was in jail. We had previously already told him we were taking [the videotapes] to view them[,] however.\n* * *\nQ. You said [\u2018]we[\u2019] had advised him?\nA. I had advised him.\u201d\nAfter Lindburg viewed the first videotape, defendant told the jailer he wanted to speak with Lindburg \u201cin the back of the jail.\u201d Lindburg testified:\n\u201cA. I went back there to talk to him.\nQ. And what did he say?\nA. He said that he didn\u2019t want a lot of people viewing that tape. If I needed to use his video camcorder to view the tape, he would show me how to do that.\nQ. Did you utilize the video camcorder?\nA. I told him we had already had it hooked up and only me and the guy who hooked it up [would view the videotape] because there wasn\u2019t going to be a lot of people looking at it[,] anyway.\nQ. What did he say after that?\nA. He said [\u2018]okay.[\u2019]\nQ. And what did you say?\nA. We got in [a] discussion about the fact he knew what he was doing was wrong and that he needed help.\u201d\nLindburg then viewed the second videotape, which contained the child pornography that counts I and II describe. Afterward, he and an investigator interviewed defendant, eliciting from him the admission that he had made the incriminating videotape.\nIn its order denying the motion to suppress, the trial court noted that defendant was \u201c[34] years old, a college graduate, and working as a scientist.\u201d The order further stated:\n\u201cThe evidence is somewhat vague as to whether there was an actual verbal consent to the viewing of the tapes by *** [defendant at the time they were seized from the car, or mere acquiescence. It is clear that by *** [defendant\u2019s body language, the officer thought he had given consent[ ] and that[,] further[,] *** [defendant did not voice any objection to the viewing of the tapes at any time.\n* * *\n*** [P]rior to the viewing of the tape containing evidence of child pornography, *** [defendant took an affirmative act indicative of his voluntary consent by offering his video camera for the officers to use in viewing the tape, saying he didn\u2019t want others to see it. This act, coupled with the original implied consent, even if verbal consent was not clearly given, in light of his age, education, intelligence, non[ ]coercive setting[,] and all relevant circumstances, leads the [c]ourt to conclude that he voluntarily consented to the viewing of the tape.\u201d\nThis appeal followed.\nII. ANALYSIS\nA. Timeliness of the Posttrial Motion\n\u20221 The State argues that because defendant filed his posttrial motion late, he has forfeited the issue of whether he consented to the viewing of the videotape. His posttrial motion discussed the issue, but he filed the motion on May 3, 2000, more than 30 days after March 22, 2000, when the trial court issued its order finding him guilty of child pornography and residential burglary. See 725 ILCS 5/116 \u2014 1(b) (West 2000); People v. Segoviano, 189 Ill. 2d 228, 243, 725 N.E.2d 1275, 1282 (2000).\nCiting our decision in People v. Gauwitz, 80 Ill. App. 3d 362, 400 N.E.2d 92 (1980), defendant argues that because the State never moved to strike the posttrial motion in trial court, the State has waived the issue of untimeliness. Defendant is correct. On June 27, 2000, in the hearing on the posttrial motion, the prosecutor never argued that the motion was untimely. He merely requested that the trial court deny the motion on substantive grounds. As we said in Gauwitz, 80 Ill. App. 3d at 367, 400 N.E.2d at 96, waiver is a \u201ctwo-way street.\u201d If the State never alerted the trial court to the untimeliness of the posttrial motion but instead attacked the substantive merits of the motion, the State necessarily recognized the trial court\u2019s jurisdiction and waived the issue of untimeliness. See Gauwitz, 80 Ill. App. 3d at 367, 400 N.E.2d at 96; see also People v. Eddington, 129 Ill. App. 3d 745, 751, 473 N.E.2d 103, 108 (1984) (by actively participating, without objection, in proceedings on a late posttrial motion, the State revested the trial court with jurisdiction).\nB. Distinction Between a Search and a Seizure\nWhile giving deference to a trial court\u2019s findings of historical fact and reasonable inferences from those facts, we review de novo the reasonableness of a warrantless search or seizure and, therefore, the applicability of exceptions to the requirement of a warrant. People v. Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d 373, 748 N.E.2d 318 (2001), appeal denied, 195 Ill. 2d 582, 755 N.E.2d 479 (2001). The parties do not dispute the historical facts in this case, although they dispute whether defendant voluntarily consented to the viewing of the videotape.\nThe state and federal constitutions protect the people from unreasonable searches and seizures. 1970 Ill. Const., art. I, \u00a7 6; U.S. Const., amend. IV Absent consent or a warrant, the police must have probable cause to seize property. Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 377, 748 N.E.2d at 323. The government cannot use unlawfully seized evidence against a defendant at trial. City of Chicago v. Lord, 7 Ill. 2d 379, 381, 130 N.E.2d 504, 505 (1955).\nA search and a seizure are conceptually distinct. The fourth amendment \u201c \u2018protects two types of expectations, one involving \u201csearches,\u201d the other \u201cseizures.\u201d \u2019 \u201d Soldal v. Cook County, Illinois, 506 U.S. 56, 63, 121 L. Ed. 2d 450, 459, 113 S. Ct. 538, 544 (1992), quoting United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113, 80 L. Ed. 2d 85, 94, 104 S. Ct. 1652, 1656 (1984). To \u201csearch\u201d means to look for that which is concealed (People v. Milligan, 107 Ill. App. 2d 58, 62, 245 N.E.2d 551, 554 (1969)), thereby infringing upon someone\u2019s expectation of privacy (Soldal, 506 U.S. at 63, 121 L. Ed. 2d at 459, 113 S. Ct. at 544). To \u201cseize\u201d property means to infringe, in a \u201cmeaningful\u201d way, upon someone\u2019s possessory interest in the property. People v. Shapiro, 177 Ill. 2d 519, 525-26, 687 N.E.2d 65, 69 (1997). One can search property without seizing it and seize property without searching it. Soldal, 506 U.S. at 63-64, 121 L. Ed. 2d at 459-60, 113 S. Ct. at 544. A consent to search property is not a consent to seize property. Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 378, 748 N.E.2d at 323.\nIn Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 375, 748 N.E.2d at 322, the police arrested the defendant for disorderly conduct in that he had videotaped children at the zoo. While the defendant was in custody, the police went to the defendant\u2019s residence and, according to their testimony, obtained a consent from his father to search the defendant\u2019s computer. Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 375-77, 748 N.E.2d at 322-23. The police turned on the computer and found \u201cbookmarks\u201d therein with references to teenagers. Blair, 321 Ill1. App. 3d at 376, 748 N.E.2d at 322. Believing it contained child pornography, the police seized the computer and, upon performing a more thorough search of it outside the home, found child pornography in the computer. Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 376, 748 N.E.2d at 322. The Third District held: \u201c[E]ven assuming that the search of defendant\u2019s computer was lawful, the computer could not be seized absent valid consent to seize it\u201d (Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 378, 748 N.E.2d at 323) or probable cause (Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 377, 748 N.E.2d at 323). The defendant\u2019s videotaping children at the zoo and the \u201cbookmarks\u201d referencing teenagers would have aroused suspicion in a reasonable person but would not have given probable cause to believe the computer contained child pornography. Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 377-78, 748 N.E.2d at 323. Thus, the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress the computer files. Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 375, 748 N.E.2d at 321.\nDefendant argues that a reasonable person, when consenting to a search of a pickup truck, would not \u201canticipate that the [police] officer would carry off *** videotapes in order to play them at an off-site location.\u201d He argues that his consent to search the truck did not encompass the police officer\u2019s \u201cremoving the videotapes from the truck and viewing them at a remote location.\u201d We agree. By carrying away the videotapes to the county jail and viewing them in a separate room while defendant was being booked, the police interfered, in a meaningful way, with defendant\u2019s possessory interest in the videotapes. They seized the videotapes, and by consenting to a search of his pickup truck, defendant had not consented to a seizure of any property.\nIf police discover an item during a lawful search (such as a search pursuant to consent), they may seize it only if they have probable cause to believe it is contraband or evidence of a crime. Warden, Maryland Penitentiary v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294, 307, 18 L. Ed. 2d 782, 792, 87 S. Ct. 1642, 1650 (1967); Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 377, 748 N.E.2d at 323. The incriminating character of the item must be immediately apparent at the time of the seizure. Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 377, 748 N.E.2d at 323; Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 136, 110 L. Ed. 2d 112, 123, 110 S. Ct. 2301, 2308 (1990). \u201c[I]f the Hayden test is not met, then objects lawfully discovered in the consent search may not be carried off and subjected to further scrutiny, unless of course the consent goes so far.\u201d 3 W LaFave, Search & Seizure \u00a7 8.1(c), at 624 (3d ed. 1996). If the facts underlying a claim of probable cause are undisputed, we review probable cause de novo. People v. Sweborg, 293 Ill. App. 3d 298, 301, 688 N.E.2d 144, 146 (1997). A person\u2019s possession of nonpornographic images of children does not create probable cause to seize that person\u2019s property in the belief that it might contain child pornography. Blair, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 377-78, 748 N.E.2d at 323; United States v. Brunette, 256 F.3d 14, 17 (1st Cir. 2001); United States v. Hernandez, 183 F. Supp. 2d 468, 476 (D.P.R 2002). The police lacked probable cause to seize defendant\u2019s videotapes.\nC. The Shrug\nAt the site of the search, while defendant sat handcuffed in the patrol car, Lindburg asked him if \u201che would mind if [he] took a look at the tape.\u201d Defendant\u2019s only response was a shrug.\nWe determine the scope of consent by applying a standard of \u201c \u2018objective\u2019 reasonableness \u2014 what would the typical reasonable person have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect?\u201d Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 251, 114 L. Ed. 2d 297, 302, 111 S. Ct. 1801, 1803-04 (1991). Even though Lindburg did not phrase his request to \u201ctake a look at\u201d the videotapes as a request to seize them, a reasonable person, in defendant\u2019s position, would have understood Lindburg as requesting permission to view the videotapes at the jail and, therefore, to seize them. Defendant knew the police were going to take him to the jail and could not have reasonably expected them to view the two videotapes, from start to finish, on his own camcorder, at the site of the arrest.\nDefendant\u2019s shrug was not an unambiguous expression of consent. In People v. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d 194, 197-98, 761 N.E.2d 1188, 1190 (2001), a police officer approached the defendant on the street and, after asking him what he was doing in the area and whether he had anything illegal on his person, requested him to consent to a search of his person. Plainly nervous, his hands shaking, the defendant gave no verbal consent but merely \u201c \u2018assumed the position\u2019 \u201d for a pat-down, spreading his legs apart and placing his hands on top of his head. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 198, 761 N.E.2d at 1190. The police officer construed that gesture as a \u201cnonverbal consent,\u201d searched him, and found cocaine. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 198-99, 761 N.E.2d at 1190. According to the supreme court, the State failed to prove that the defendant had voluntarily consented to the search. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 203-04, 761 N.E.2d at 1193.\nThe supreme court explained:\n\u201cThe defendant may convey consent to search by nonverbal conduct [citations], but \u2018mere acquiescence to apparent authority is not necessarily consent\u2019 [citation]. ***\nThe State would have us draw an inference *** that the defendant intended to consent, not to acquiesce. An equally valid inference from the defendant\u2019s ambiguous gesture is that he submitted and surrendered to what he viewed as the intimidating presence of an armed and uniformed police officer who had just asked a series of subtly and increasingly accusatory questions.\u201d Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 202-03, 761 N.E.2d at 1192-93, quoting People v. Kelly, 76 Ill. App. 3d 80, 87, 394 N.E.2d 739, 744 (1979).\nIn the present case, defendant\u2019s shrug was more ambiguous than the defendant\u2019s \u201cassuming the position\u201d in Anthony. A shrug can express \u201caloofness, indifference, or uncertainty.\u201d Merriam-Webster\u2019s Collegiate Dictionary 1084 (10th ed. 2000). \u201cIn the case of nonverbal conduct, where dueling inferences so easily arise from a single ambiguous gesture, the defendant\u2019s intention to surrender this valuable constitutional right should be unmistakably clear.\u201d Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 203, 761 N.E.2d at 1193. The State has the burden of proving the consent was voluntary. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 202, 761 N.E.2d at 1192. The State cannot carry that burden by proving that defendant shrugged. See State v. Zapp, 108 Idaho 723, 726, 701 P.2d 671, 674 (App. 1985) (shrugging shoulders and holding up a bag were not sufficient gestures of consent to search the bag); State v. Harris, 642 A.2d 1242, 1246-47 (Del. Super. 1993) (shrugging shoulders was not a sufficient gesture of consent to search a toolbox).\nThe shrug could have meant \u201cI don\u2019t know.\u201d It could have expressed aloofness \u2014 or contempt. It could have expressed defendant\u2019s acquiescence to authority after the police asked him a series of increasingly accusatory questions (Why were you videotaping that young woman? Do you have anything illegal in this truck? Is there any child pornography on this videotape?). According to our supreme court, defendant\u2019s consent to the seizure and viewing of the videotape had to be \u201cunmistakably clear\u201d from the shrug or any other \u201cnonverbal conduct.\u201d Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 203, 761 N.E.2d at 1193. Significantly, the trial court found it was unclear whether the shrug was a manifestation of consent or a mere acquiescence to authority: \u201cThe evidence is somewhat vague as to whether there was an actual verbal consent to the viewing of the tapes by *** [defendant at the time they were seized from the car, or mere acquiescence.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Thus, the trial court, in its fact-finding capacity, found the shrug not to be an \u201cunmistakably clear\u201d manifestation of consent.\nEven if the shrug expressed indifference, it still would have been ambiguous, because it could have expressed indifference not to the proposed seizure of the videotapes but to the request to seize them (as if to say, \u201cWhat does it matter if I consent or not? You\u2019re going to take the videotapes and view them, anyway\u201d). Defendant had shrugged when verbally consenting to the search of his truck, but defendant\u2019s mute shrug, when he was handcuffed in the patrol car, could have had a different meaning.\nThe State points out that \u201cdefendant never protested upon learning that Lindburg interpreted his \u2018shrug\u2019 as consent.\u201d In Anthony, we used the same reasoning in a Rule 23 order, which the supreme court reversed. We said: \u201c \u2018Defendant never protested during [the police officer\u2019s] search or otherwise objected to the search. By these actions, defendant gave his consent to [the police officer] for the search.\u2019 \u201d Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 200, 761 N.E.2d at 1191, quoting People v. Anthony, No. 4\u201499\u20140708, slip order at 7-8 (June 22, 2000) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). The-supreme court declined to hold that the lack of an objection, coupled with an ambiguous gesture, was an affirmative consent. Treating the lack of an objection as a consent would greatly debase the concept of consent. It was not defendant\u2019s responsibility to protest an illegal search or seizure; it was the police\u2019s responsibility to refrain from a search or seizure until defendant gave his clear, voluntary consent.\nD. Defendant\u2019s Offer To Use His Camcorder\nIn the county jail, defendant clearly and explicitly offered to show the videotapes on his camcorder. The trial court inferred that defendant did so voluntarily, and the State argues we should defer to that finding. Because the voluntariness of consent is a factual question, we will uphold the trial court\u2019s finding of voluntariness unless the finding is manifestly erroneous. People v. Purchase, 214 Ill. App. 3d 152, 155, 573 N.E.2d 831, 834 (1991). \u201cManifest error\u201d means error that is \u201cclearly evident, plain, and indisputable.\u201d People v. Ruiz, 177 Ill. 2d 368, 384-85, 686 N.E.2d 574, 582 (1997).\nThe trial court\u2019s own words belie its finding of voluntariness. If, as the trial court said, defendant offered the use of his camcorder because \u201che didn\u2019t want others to see [the videotape],\u201d it is clear that his consent was not the product of his unconstrained, free will. Once defendant was in jail, the viewing of the videotape appeared to be a fait accompli: the police had told him they were going to view it, and he saw them carrying in the audiovisual equipment. The State admits that defendant\u2019s purpose, in offering the use of his camcorder, was to \u201climit[ ] the number of people who saw the tape.\u201d We think it is unreasonable to infer that just because defendant did not want a lot of people viewing the videotape, he wanted Lindburg to view the videotape. Defendant\u2019s offer obviously was \u201cdamage-control.\u201d In Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 203, 761 N.E.2d at 1193, the supreme court said that a suspect\u2019s statement to the police to \u201c \u2018[d]o what you have to do\u2019 \u201d was not a voluntary consent to a search. In defendant\u2019s case, we might alter the statement only slightly, as follows: \u201cIf you have to view the remaining videotape, do so in a way that preserves a vestige of my privacy.\u201d That is not a statement of voluntary consent.\nThe State characterizes defendant as intelligent and well-educated and, therefore, not the type of person the police could manipulate. More precisely, he is an aquatic biologist and has published scientific papers. \u201cIn determining whether a defendant\u2019s will was over-borne in a particular case, the Court has assessed the totality of the circumstances,\u201d including the defendant\u2019s \u201clack of education *** or *** low intelligence.\u201d Schneckloth v. Bustamante, 412 U.S. 218, 226, 36 L. Ed. 2d 854, 862, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 2047 (1973). Perhaps, by and large, a worldly, intelligent, learned person is less vulnerable to suggestion or coercion than a simple, illiterate person. We must not entertain unrealistic expectations, however, of a degree in aquatic biology. Defendant\u2019s education and accomplishments were in a narrow, specialized field, which would not necessarily well-equip him for an encounter with the police.\nThe police had advised defendant of his right to remain silent (and, therefore, his right to refrain from proposing that Lindburg use his camcorder). Whether the police gave the defendant a Miranda warning is a factor to consider when deciding whether the defendant\u2019s consent was voluntary. People v. Smith, 124 Ill. App. 3d 914, 921, 464 N.E.2d 1206, 1212 (1984). Nevertheless, defendant apparently concluded that his silence, at that point, would have done him no good but, rather, would have brought him greater humiliation, because the police had resolved to view the videotapes and had in fact already viewed the first one.\nEven if we assumed, for the sake of argument, that the consent defendant gave in the jail was voluntary, the consent would nevertheless be ineffective because it was \u201c \u2018inextricably bound up with [the State\u2019s] illegal conduct and [could not] be segregated therefrom.\u2019 \u201d People v. Freeman, 121 Ill. App. 3d 1023, 1032, 460 N.E.2d 125, 131 (1984), quoting Kelly, 76 Ill. App. 3d at 86, 394 N.E.2d at 744. Because defendant\u2019s shrug was not a clear communication of consent to seize the videotapes, the seizure of them was unreasonable. Defendant\u2019s offer to use his camcorder was inextricably bound up with the seizure of the videotapes. If the police had not seized the videotapes and viewed the first one (after stating an intent to view them both), defendant would not have offered the use of his camcorder \u2014 voluntarily or otherwise.\nIII. CONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court\u2019s judgment and defendant\u2019s conviction on all four counts.\nReversed.\nKNECHT, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE APPLETON" }, { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE MYERSCOUGH,\nspecially concurring in part and dissenting in part:\nI concur that the State forfeited the issue of untimeliness of the posttrial motion. However, I disagree with the majority\u2019s holding that defendant did not consent to the search or the viewing of the videotapes. I disagree also with the majority\u2019s apparent view that appellate courts should always review de novo the voluntariness of a consent. Voluntariness of a consent is only reviewed de novo where neither the facts nor the credibility of witnesses is disputed. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 201, 761 N.E.2d at 1191; see also People v. Sims, 192 Ill. 2d 592, 615, 736 N.E.2d 1048, 1060 (2000), citing Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699, 134 L. Ed. 2d 911, 920, 116 S. Ct. 1657, 1663 (1996); People v. Carlson, 185 Ill. 2d 546, 551, 708 N.E.2d 372, 374 (1999).\nPerhaps, the majority\u2019s finding that neither the facts nor the credibility of witnesses is disputed is based on the trial court\u2019s comment that \u201c[i]t is clear that by *** [defendant's body language, the officer thought he [defendant] had given consent\u00ed ] and that[,] further[,] [defendant did not voice any objection to the viewing of the tapes at any time.\u201d 338 Ill. App. 3d at 697. However, I find that the trial court\u2019s findings \u2014 that (1) Lindburg believed that defendant had voluntarily consented, (2) defendant voiced no objection to the viewing of the tape, and (3) defendant\u2019s lack of objection constituted consent \u2014 were credibility findings, which should not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.\nRegardless, even under the de novo standard, I would affirm the trial court. The record indicates that defendant voluntarily consented to a search of his car. Defendant was 34 years of age, a college graduate employed as a scientist at the time of this incident. When defendant consented, he was not under arrest or in any way detained. Lindburg did not have his weapon drawn, nor had he activated his squad emergency lights. No evidence suggests that Lindburg had made any threats or that his language used or the tone of voice was in any way coercive. The consent was clearly voluntary. United States v. Kozinski, 16 F.3d 795, 810 (7th Cir. 1994).\nMoreover, Lindburg did not exceed the scope of that consent. The scope of consent is not determined by the subjective intentions of the consenting party or the subjective interpretation of the searching officer. People v. Baltazar, 295 Ill. App. 3d 146, 149, 691 N.E.2d 1186, 1189 (1998). Rather, the standard for measuring the scope of a suspect\u2019s consent is that of \u201cobjective reasonableness.\u201d Jimeno, 500 U.S. at 251, 114 L. Ed. 2d at 302, Ill S. Ct. at 1803; People v. Ledesma, 327 Ill. App. 3d 805, 814, 763 N.E.2d 806, 814 (2002). This requires consideration of what a typical, reasonable person would have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect. Jimeno, 500 U.S. at 251, 114 L. Ed. 2d at 302, 111 S. Ct. at 1803-04; Baltazer, 295 Ill. App. 3d at 149-50, 691 N.E.2d at 1189. The scope of a search is generally defined by its express object. Jimeno, 500 U.S. at 251, 114 L. Ed. 2d at 303, 111 S. Ct. at 1804. Consequently, the scope of a search may ordinarily be ascertained by evaluating the officer\u2019s express focus or purpose of the search. Ledesma, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 814, 763 N.E.2d at 815. In other words, courts examine what the police said was the reason for the search. Ledesma, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 814, 763 N.E.2d at 815.\nIn the instant case, defendant was seen at Wal-Mart videotaping a 17-year-old girl. He then returned to Wal-Mart and overheard Officer Lindburg investigating defendant\u2019s videotaping of the girl. Defendant fled at a high rate of speed and was stopped by another officer. Lind-burg, concerned a stalking of the girl was occurring, then questioned defendant about the videotaping and whether he had any pornography. Clearly, the focus of Lindburg\u2019s search was to determine whether defendant was a stalker and whether he possessed illegal pornography.\nLindburg expressly asked about defendant\u2019s videotaping of the Wal-Mart employee. Lindburg asked defendant why he was videotaping a Wal-Mart employee. He then asked defendant whether defendant had anything illegal in the vehicle, and defendant replied that he did not. Lindburg asked if he could make sure, and defendant said that was fine. Since the focus of a search defines its scope, defendant\u2019s consent extended to a viewing of the videotape.\nUnder those circumstances, a reasonable person would expect that the videotapes could be viewed as part of the search, since they could contain evidence directly relating to defendant\u2019s suspicious activities. See People v. Berry, 314 Ill. App. 3d 1, 15, 731 N.E.2d 853, 865 (2000) (reasonable person would have understood exchange in which defendant said, \u201c \u2018Go right ahead,\u2019 \u201d in response to officer\u2019s request to look at phone, to mean that defendant consented to officer turning on phone and pulling up number, where only subject under discussion was defendant\u2019s ownership of phone). See also People v. Kelk, 231 Ill. App. 3d 797, 800-01, 596 N.E.2d 1267, 1269 (1992), where this court stated:\n\u201cHere, the police officer asked the defendant, immediately prior to his request to \u2018look in the car,\u2019 if there were any drugs or weapons in the vehicle. The context of that question sufficiently informed the suspect of what the officer intended to do, and, under those circumstances, the officer would reasonably consider the defendant\u2019s statement \u2014 that he did not care if the officer looked in his car \u2014 to be a general consent to a search of that car, including contents thereof, as the Supreme Court held in Jimeno.\u201d\nThe videotapes, one labeled \u201cAledo Girls,\u201d camera, video camera, pornographic magazine, women\u2019s undergarments, and lingerie found here were clearly within that focus.\nAdditionally, Lindburg was entitled to continue his search on two other grounds. Immediately after commencing the search, the officer discovered the cannabis and drug paraphernalia. At that time, defendant was placed under arrest and properly advised of his Miranda rights. The continuation of the search resulted in the seizure of the videotapes and female lingerie. Defendant\u2019s contention that even if the court finds the search to be consensual, anything seized after the finding of the cannabis and paraphernalia should be suppressed is without merit for two reasons.\nOnce a defendant voluntarily consents to a search of an area, in this case, his car, he cannot thereafter complain that a search of the area exceeded the scope of his consent, unless he clearly protests or withdrew that consent. Jimeno, 500 U.S. at 251, 114 L. Ed. 2d at 303, 111 S. Ct. at 1804; United States v. Stribling, 94 F.3d 321, 324 (7th Cir. 1996). Under Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 23 L. Ed. 2d 685, 89 S. Ct. 2034 (1969), once the marijuana and paraphernalia were found, the officer clearly had the authority to complete the search incident to the arrest even without the defendant\u2019s consent, and the scope of the search extended to all areas where the seized items were discovered. New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 69 L. Ed. 2d 768, 101 S. Ct. 2860 (1981); United States v. Richardson, 121 F.3d 1051 (7th Cir. 1997). Given this authority, the officer did not need to seek further consent, and neither the fact that he did nor defendant\u2019s later responses detract from that authority.\nMoreover, given this authority, defendant\u2019s shrug in response to Lindburg\u2019s request to view the videotapes further ratified Lindburg\u2019s authority to do so. Defendant could not, after his arrest, reasonably expect that Lindburg would view the tapes roadside \u2014 with an arrested suspect \u2014 rather than take the tapes to the station to view them.\nFinally,' prior to Lindburg viewing the second tape, which contained the child pornography, defendant clearly consented to viewing the second tape and did not withdraw his prior consent. Rather, defendant took an affirmative act indicative of his voluntary consent by offering Lindburg his video camera to use to view the tape, saying he did not want others to see it. This act, coupled with the original consent and the later shrug, in light of his age, education, intelligence, setting, and all relevant circumstances, indicate defendant voluntarily consented to the viewing of the tape. Were the defendant a 17-year-old uneducated individual, or had he in any way indicated an objection to the viewing of the tape at any time, my conclusion might be otherwise. United States v. Price, 54 F.3d 342 (7th Cir. 1995); United States v. Gutierrez-Moran, 125 F.3d 863 (10th Cir. 1997) (unpublished disposition).\nFor these reasons, I would affirm the trial court.", "type": "concurring-in-part-and-dissenting-in-part", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE MYERSCOUGH," } ], "attorneys": [ "Daniel D. Yuhas and Robert N. Markfield (argued), both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.", "Alan D. Tucker, State\u2019s Attorney, of Havana (Norbert J. Goetten, Robert J. Biderman, and Thomas R. Dodegge (argued), all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Frosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the Feople." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PAUL T. RAIBLEY, Defendant-Appellant.\nFourth District\nNo. 4\u201400\u20140587\nArgued November 19, 2002.\nOpinion filed April 30, 2003.\nMYERSCOUGH, P.J., specially concurring in part and dissenting in part.\nDaniel D. Yuhas and Robert N. Markfield (argued), both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.\nAlan D. Tucker, State\u2019s Attorney, of Havana (Norbert J. Goetten, Robert J. Biderman, and Thomas R. Dodegge (argued), all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Frosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the Feople." }, "file_name": "0692-01", "first_page_order": 710, "last_page_order": 725 }