{ "id": 3778005, "name": "PHILIP J. SERPICO, an Individual, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. THE VILLAGE OF ELMWOOD PARK et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Serpico v. Village of Elmwood Park", "decision_date": "2003-10-31", "docket_number": "No. 1-02-1762", "first_page": "203", "last_page": "219", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "344 Ill. App. 3d 203" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "332 Ill. App. 3d 583", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1033985 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "585" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/332/0583-01" ] }, { "cite": "394 U.S. 802", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6180874 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "809" }, { "page": "746" }, { "page": "1409" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/394/0802-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 Ill. 2d 413", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5811183 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "421-22" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/67/0413-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 Ill. 2d 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3130327 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "367", "parenthetical": "\"[t]he legislature need not choose between legislating against all evils of the same kind or not legislating at all\"" }, { "page": "367", "parenthetical": "legislature \"may choose to address itself to what it perceives to be the most acute need\"" }, { "page": "367" }, { "page": "368-69" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/108/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "183 Ill. 2d 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 209990 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "481", "parenthetical": "\"[a]n act is not unconstitutionally vague merely because one can conjure up a hypothetical which brings the meaning of some terms into question\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/183/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "455 U.S. 489", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11306266 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "495", "parenthetical": "plaintiff who has engaged in conduct clearly prohibited by law \"cannot complain of the vagueness of the law\" as it applies to other conduct in which he was not engaged" }, { "page": "369", "parenthetical": "plaintiff who has engaged in conduct clearly prohibited by law \"cannot complain of the vagueness of the law\" as it applies to other conduct in which he was not engaged" }, { "page": "1191", "parenthetical": "plaintiff who has engaged in conduct clearly prohibited by law \"cannot complain of the vagueness of the law\" as it applies to other conduct in which he was not engaged" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/455/0489-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 Ill. 2d 264", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 799384 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "291" }, { "page": "291" }, { "page": "291-92" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/203/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "188 F. Supp. 2d 1264", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9510488 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "in suit where the plaintiff sued several creators and manufacturers of video games similar to Mortal Kombat containing plot and characters, court held that these video games deserve nothing less \"than full [flirst [ajmendment protection\"" }, { "page": "1279", "parenthetical": "involving games similar to Kendrick cases and noting that these merit first amendment protection" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp-2d/188/1264-01" ] }, { "cite": "244 F.3d 572", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 11119498 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Kendrick II" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/244/0572-01" ] }, { "cite": "115 F. Supp. 2d 943", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp. 2d", "case_ids": [ 11231110 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "952", "parenthetical": "Kendrick I" }, { "page": "953", "parenthetical": "describing the complexity of the six games at issue, including \"Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3,\" \"Maximum Force\" and \"Silent Scope\"" }, { "page": "954" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp-2d/115/0943-01" ] }, { "cite": "929 F.2d 297", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10542119 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "303", "parenthetical": "not all video games can be classified as devoid of first amendment protection, but not all inherently merit this protection either" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/929/0297-01" ] }, { "cite": "198 F. Supp. 2d 167", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9431193 ], "weight": 12, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "181" }, { "page": "181" }, { "page": "181", "parenthetical": "neither \"pinball machine\" nor \"video game that only simulate[s] a pinball machine\" is protected speech" }, { "page": "181", "parenthetical": "noting first amendment protection applies to video game Mortal Kombat wherein player assumes identity of a character, engages and challenges other characters in battles, and at appropriate time as determined by player employs \"finishing move\" which is unique to that character" }, { "page": "182", "parenthetical": "noting that these are not comparable to the simplistic pinball machine-type games" }, { "page": "181" }, { "page": "181", "parenthetical": "discussing intricacies of \"Mortal Kombat\" wherein players control game and exercise choices to further game" }, { "page": "181-82" }, { "page": "181" }, { "page": "181" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp-2d/198/0167-01" ] }, { "cite": "536 F. Supp. 170", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3437101 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "173" }, { "page": "174", "parenthetical": "\"they 'contain so little in the way of particularized form of expression' that video games cannot be fairly characterized as a form of speech protected by the [fjirst [ajmendment\"" }, { "page": "174" }, { "page": "175" }, { "page": "175" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/536/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "614 F. Supp. 1440", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3783338 ], "weight": 12, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1454" }, { "page": "1454" }, { "page": "1454" }, { "page": "1454", "parenthetical": "bingo is \"wholly devoid of the requisite communicative and informative elements\" necessary for first amendment protection" }, { "page": "1454" }, { "page": "1454" }, { "page": "1457" }, { "page": "1457" }, { "page": "1457" }, { "page": "1457", "parenthetical": "court must defer to legislature's judgment unless it was unreasonable; challengers bear \"onerous burden\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/614/1440-01" ] }, { "cite": "472 A.2d 809", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "810" }, { "page": "810", "parenthetical": "to be protected, the entertainment \"must be designed to communicate or express some idea or some information\"" }, { "page": "812", "parenthetical": "\"[e]ach medium of expression *** must be assessed for first amendment purposes by standards suited to it, for each may present its own problems\"" }, { "page": "811", "parenthetical": "the \"question of video games as protected speech requires a factual determination of whether video games import sufficient communicative, expressive or informative elements to constitute expression protected under the first amendment\"" }, { "page": "812" }, { "page": "811-12" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "39 Conn. Supp. 170", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Conn. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 1658502 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "172" }, { "page": "172" }, { "page": "176" }, { "page": "175" }, { "page": "176" }, { "page": "176" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/conn-supp/39/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "19 F.3d 1165", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 10513669 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1167" }, { "page": "1167", "parenthetical": "holding that bingo, blackjack and slots do not involve free speech concerns" }, { "page": "1167", "parenthetical": "communications required to play these games \"employ vocal cords but are no more 'expression' than are such statements as '21' in a game of blackjack or 'three peaches!' by someone who has just pulled the handle of a one-armed bandit\" (emphasis added)" }, { "page": "1167" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/19/1165-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 Ill. App. 3d 44", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3325343 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "48", "parenthetical": "challenger must establish that ordinance is \"palpably arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable and bears no rational relationship to the health and safety of the community\"" }, { "page": "48" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/65/0044-01" ] }, { "cite": "184 Ill. 2d 117", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 926959 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "123", "parenthetical": "constitutionality is to be presumed" }, { "page": "123", "parenthetical": "court should uphold validity if reasonably possible" }, { "page": "124" }, { "page": "124", "parenthetical": "legislation must simply be \"reasonably designed to remedy the evils the legislature has determined to be a threat to the public health, safety, and general welfare\"" }, { "page": "124" }, { "page": "124", "parenthetical": "the \"judgments made by the legislature in crafting [an ordinance] are not subject to courtroom fact finding and may be based on rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data\"" }, { "page": "124" }, { "page": "124" }, { "page": "124" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/184/0117-01" ] }, { "cite": "24 Ill. App. 3d 718", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5307093 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "723" }, { "page": "723", "parenthetical": "stating same" }, { "page": "723" }, { "page": "729" }, { "page": "729" }, { "page": "729" }, { "page": "729", "parenthetical": "\"[t]o be invalid, the classification must be arbitrary, that is, there must be no reasonable basis for the differentiation\"" }, { "page": "729" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/24/0718-01" ] }, { "cite": "188 Ill. 2d 394", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 536106 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "398" }, { "page": "398-99" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/188/0394-01" ] }, { "cite": "154 Ill. 2d 90", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4820940 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "102" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/154/0090-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 Ill. 2d 229", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3166688 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "240" }, { "page": "240" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/111/0229-01" ] }, { "cite": "197 Ill. 2d 28", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 259112 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "35" }, { "page": "35" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/197/0028-01" ] }, { "cite": "124 Ill. 2d 287", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3217961 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "294" }, { "page": "294" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/124/0287-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1337, "char_count": 38494, "ocr_confidence": 0.78, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.910251665191976e-08, "percentile": 0.36937500989439925 }, "sha256": "5000a28c1efc6554179251dc63f6ec9feb40668628cae78efb8673db85e38046", "simhash": "1:16985454236485d1", "word_count": 6145 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:11:26.904766+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "PHILIP J. SERPICO, an Individual, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. THE VILLAGE OF ELMWOOD PARK et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE SMITH\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiffs Phillip Serpico and Phil\u2019s Sports Bar, Inc. (plaintiffs or as named), filed a complaint for declaratory judgment against defendants Village of Elmwood Park, Peter Silvestri and Thomas Bra-glia (defendants or as named), seeking to declare invalid Ordinance 2001 \u2014 08 prohibiting \u201csimulated video gaming devices\u201d in the village. Village of Elmwood Park Ordinance 2001 \u2014 08 (eff. May 21, 2001). Although the trial court initially granted a preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff staying the enforcement of the ordinance, the court ultimately reversed this ruling, granted defendants\u2019 motion for summary judgment and found the ordinance to be constitutionally valid. Plaintiffs appeal from the court\u2019s grant of summary judgment, contending that video gaming devices possess first amendment protections and that the ordinance does not survive either the strict scrutiny or rational basis test for purposes of determining its constitutionality. Plaintiffs ask that we find the ordinance unconstitutional on its face and reverse the trial court\u2019s decision or, alternatively, that we remand with an order staying enforcement of the ordinance pending further findings by the trial court. For the following reasons, we affirm.\nBACKGROUND\nIn May 2001, defendants passed Ordinance 2001 \u2014 08 (the ordinance), which prohibits anyone from keeping or maintaining simulated video gaming devices within village limits. Specifically, section 39 \u2014 26 of the ordinance states:\n\u201cIt shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to keep, locate, maintain or operate any simulated video or mechanical gaming device within the Village.\u201d Village of Elmwood Park Ordinance 2001 \u2014 08, \u00a7 39 \u2014 26 (May 21, 2001).\nSection 39 \u2014 25(b) defines these devices as follows:\n\u201cThe term \u2018simulated video or mechanical gaming devices\u2019 means any video poker machine, video or mechanical slot machine ***, video or mechanical bingo machine, or other device which involves any game of chance or amusement based upon poker, blackjack, dog racing, or horse racing, craps, any card or dice game, or any similar device operated by means of the insertion of a coin, token, slug currency, or similar object.\u201d Village of Elmwood Park Ordinance 2001 \u2014 08, \u00a7 39 \u2014 25(b) (May 21, 2001).\nPlaintiff Serpico owns and operates plaintiff Phil\u2019s Sports Bar located in the village, and maintained two video slot machines in the bar at the time the ordinance was enacted. After removing the machines, plaintiffs filed a complaint for declaratory judgment, which they subsequently amended. This complaint claimed that the ordinance was unconstitutional because it was vague, overbroad and violated their rights of free speech, equal protection and due process; that its enactment exceeded defendants\u2019 police powers; and that defendants were estopped from enforcing it. Plaintiffs also filed a motion for preliminary injunction and a temporary restraining order.\nThe trial court denied plaintiff\u2019s motion for the temporary restraining order and continued the motion for preliminary injunction. Meanwhile, defendants moved to dismiss the cause. The trial court denied defendants\u2019 motion, and the cause proceeded through discovery.\nOn March 7, 2002, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing with respect to plaintiffs\u2019 motion for preliminary injunction, wherein four witnesses testified. Defendant Braglia testified that he is the police chief of the village. He admitted that, under the terms of the ordinance, certain devices that could be used for gambling would not be prohibited because they do not meet the definition of section 39\u2014 25(b), while other devices that may not always be used for gambling would in fact be prohibited because they do meet the definition of section 39 \u2014 25(b). Chief Braglia stated that prior to the ordinance\u2019s enactment, there were 15 arrests for possession and maintenance of video gaming devices. He further testified that while anything can be gambled upon, the types of devices listed in section 39 \u2014 25(b) were, in his experience as police chief, those most often used for gambling and illegal gaming. Defendant Silvestri, the president of the village, also testified. He stated that while it was possible that some video gaming devices would be banned even though they may not be used for gambling, the ordinance was intended to ban those types of machines and video devices generally used for gambling located in bars and other public places. He testified that the village did not have an interest at this time in enforcing the ordinance against private citizens, unless they were violating laws with respect to gambling. President Sil-vestri noted that the focus of the ordinance was to prevent illegal gaining in public locations, which was the basis for some nine arrests in the village since 1999. Robert Signorelli, a vice unit investigator, testified that between October 1998 and July 1999, before the enactment of the ordinance, eight police raids were conducted and resulted in several arrests for illegal gaming in the village. One of the raids occurred at plaintiffs\u2019 bar, where one of plaintiffs\u2019 video slot machines was being used to facilitate illegal gambling. Officer Signorelli further testified that the other seven raids conducted before the enactment of the ordinance involved video poker machines, as specified in section 39 \u2014 25(b).\nPlaintiff Serpico also testified at the evidentiary hearing. He stated that he had been operating two video slot machines before he received notice from defendants that these would now be prohibited under the ordinance. Plaintiff Serpico testified that when he removed the machines, he lost revenue at his bar. Plaintiff Serpico admitted that the video slot machines did not have characters or storyline plots but, rather, a patron needed only to pull a lever and certain figures inside the machine would spin for an accumulation of points. He further admitted that in 1999, a raid was conducted at his bar, wherein it was uncovered that his bartender was conducting payouts to patrons who used the video slot machines and accumulated a certain number of points.\nFollowing this testimony, the trial court granted plaintiffs\u2019 motion for preliminary injunction, finding that they had a protectible right and a likelihood of success on the merits of their cause. The court further concluded that the ordinance was vague and overbroad, that it violated plaintiffs\u2019 due process rights, and that plaintiffs would sustain irreparable harm if the ordinance was enforced. Thus, the court ordered defendants not to enforce the ordinance as against plaintiffs.\nOn April 12, 2002, at the suggestion of the trial court, plaintiffs and defendants filed cross-motions for summary judgment. On May 16, 2002, after a hearing, the trial court issued an order reversing its prior ruling, vacating the preliminary injunction, and granting defendants\u2019 motion for summary judgment. The court held that the ordinance, as drafted on its face, was constitutional. With respect to section 39 \u2014 25(b), the court stated that this section was \u201cvery specific about the games that are involved\u201d and that there was an overall \u201creasonable specificity within this ordinance\u201d to determine which video gaming devices are prohibited. Thus, the court declared that the ordinance was not vague or overbroad. The court further concluded that \u201cthe first amendment certainly does not apply\u201d here because there was \u201c[n]o evidence *** presented in that regard\u201d by plaintiffs. Since no fundamental rights were implicated, the court performed a rational basis test and held that the ordinance \u201cdoes bear [a] rational relationship to [a] legitimate government [interest] for purposes of regulating gambling\u201d in the village. Accordingly, because the ordinance did not violate constitutional principles and defendants did not supersede their police powers, the court found that there was no basis for estoppel or for the prevention of the ordinance\u2019s enforcement in the village.\nANALYSIS\nPlaintiffs contend on appeal that the trial court erred in granting defendants\u2019 motion for summary judgment because it is clear that the ordinance is unconstitutional. Plaintiffs assert that video gaming devices, as defined in section 39 \u2014 25(b) of the ordinance, possess first amendment implications that require protection. Plaintiffs further assert that, as such, the ordinance does not survive the strict scrutiny test that courts must employ in this situation because defendants do not have a compelling interest in eliminating these video gaming devices and there are other, less intrusive actions defendants could have taken here. Alternatively, plaintiffs claim that even if these video gaming devices do not have first amendment implications, the ordinance does not survive the less rigorous rational basis test, as it is vague and violative of equal protection principles.\nA. Standard of Review\nWe note again for purposes of this appeal that plaintiffs chai-lenge the trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants. The purpose of summary judgment is to determine whether a question of fact exists. See Addison v. Whittenberg, 124 Ill. 2d 287, 294 (1988). This relief is proper when the pleadings, affidavits, depositions and admissions of record, construed strictly against the moving party, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Morris v. Margulis, 197 Ill. 2d 28, 35 (2001); accord Purtill v. Hess, 111 Ill. 2d 229, 240 (1986). While summary judgment has been called a \u201cdrastic measure,\u201d it is an appropriate tool to employ in the expeditious disposition of a lawsuit in which \u201c \u2018the right of the moving party is clear and free from doubt.\u2019 \u201d Morris, 197 Ill. 2d at 35, quoting Purtill, 111 Ill. 2d at 240. Appellate review of a trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment is de novo (Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992)), and reversal will occur only if we find that a genuine issue of material fact exists (see Addison, 124 Ill. 2d at 294).\nWe further note that a municipal enactment, such as the ordinance in the instant case, enjoys a presumption of validity. See Chavda v. Wolak, 188 Ill. 2d 394, 398 (1999); Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 24 Ill. App. 3d 718, 723 (1974); see also People ex rel. Lumpkin v. Cassidy, 184 Ill. 2d 117, 123 (1998) (constitutionality is to be presumed). To overcome this presumption, the party challenging the ordinance, namely, plaintiffs here, must show by clear and affirmative evidence that the ordinance is \u201carbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable; that there is no permissible interpretation of the enactment that justifies its adoption; or that the enactment will not promote the safety and general welfare of the public.\u201d Chavda, 188 Ill. 2d at 398-99; Greyhound Lines, Inc., 24 Ill. App. 3d at 723 (stating same); see City of Des Plaines v. Gacs, 65 Ill. App. 3d 44, 48 (1978) (challenger must establish that ordinance is \u201cpalpably arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable and bears no rational relationship to the health and safety of the community\u201d). This is a heavy burden. See Greyhound Lines, Inc., 24 Ill. App. 3d at 723. Accordingly, if there is any room for a legitimate difference of opinion concerning the reasonableness of the ordinance, the legislative judgment of the body that enacted it must prevail. See City of Des Plaines, 65 Ill. App. 3d at 48; accord Lumpkin, 184 Ill. 2d at 123 (court should uphold validity if reasonably possible).\nPlaintiffs\u2019 primary contention on appeal is that the video gaming devices as defined in section 39 \u2014 25(b) of the ordinance possess first amendment implications which merit first amendment protections. Plaintiffs provide us with a discussion tracking the evolution of gaming devices and insist that these have now transformed into a medium of protected expression. As such, plaintiffs contend that the ordinance must meet the requirements of the strict scrutiny test of constitutionality in order to \u201csurvive\u201d and, under the circumstances present, the ordinance fails and is therefore unconstitutional. We too recognize from our review of case law that some video games and gaming devices have undoubtedly evolved from nickel-and-dime-store contraptions into electronic systems which portray fantasies and storylines oftentimes more complex and visually \u201creal\u201d than the most popular literature or television program. However, we disagree with plaintiffs\u2019 arguments as they apply to the circumstances before us.\nB. Video Gaming Devices and First Amendment Protections\nWe begin by noting the long-established principle that gambling has traditionally been closely regulated, and even forbidden, without the implication that such restrictions violate the first amendment. See There To Care, Inc. v. Commissioner of the Indiana Department of Revenue, 19 F.3d 1165, 1167 (7th Cir. 1994). Yet, as legal doctrine concerning first amendment rights has progressed, so too has the notion that entertainment, just as political speech, enjoys first amendment protections. See Kaye v. Planning & Zoning Comm\u2019n, 39 Conn. Supp. 170, 172, 472 A.2d 809, 810 (1983); see also Allendale Leasing, Inc. v. Stone, 614 F. Supp. 1440, 1454 (D. R.I. 1985). However, it has been decisively held that before entertainment may come within this ambit and be accorded such protected status, there must be some element of information or some idea being communicated. See America\u2019s Best Family Showplace Corp. v. City of New York, Dept., 536 F. Supp. 170, 173 (E.D. N.Y. 1982); Kaye, 39 Conn. Supp. at 172, 472 A.2d at 810 (to be protected, the entertainment \u201cmust be designed to communicate or express some idea or some information\u201d); accord Allendale, 614 F. Supp. at 1454.\nIn the arena of video games and video gaming devices, while the line between informing and merely entertaining may be \u201can elusive one\u201d (Allendale, 614 F. Supp. at 1454), several courts have reached similar conclusions with respect to whether these games and devices merit first amendment protection. Traditionally, courts held that video games were \u201cpure entertainment with no informational element,\u201d and as such, could not be characterized as a form of speech protected by the first amendment. America\u2019s Best, 536 F. Supp. at 174 (\u201cthey \u2018contain so little in the way of particularized form of expression\u2019 that video games cannot be fairly characterized as a form of speech protected by the [fjirst [ajmendment\u201d). Subsequently, this notion was modified to incorporate a \u201ccontext-specific\u201d inquiry. See Wilson v. Midway Games, Inc., 198 F. Supp. 2d 167, 181 (D. Conn. 2002). That is, it was recognized that video games and gaming devices, as a medium of expression, must be assessed individually based on their content to determine whether they qualify for first amendment protection. See Kaye, 39 Conn. Supp. at 176, 472 A.2d at 812 (\u201c[e]ach medium of expression *** must be assessed for first amendment purposes by standards suited to it, for each may present its own problems\u201d). In so doing, the label \u201cvideo game\u201d lost any talismanic connotation, and no longer was an object bearing this label automatically considered devoid of speech and first amendment concerns. See Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d at 181; accord Kaye, 39 Conn. Supp. at 175, 472 A.2d at 811 (the \u201cquestion of video games as protected speech requires a factual determination of whether video games import sufficient communicative, expressive or informative elements to constitute expression protected under the first amendment\u201d); Rothner v. City of Chicago, 929 F.2d 297, 303 (7th Cir. 1991) (not all video games can be classified as devoid of first amendment protection, but not all inherently merit this protection either).\nHowever, the courts went further to establish a clear distinction among those video games and devices meriting first amendment protection and those which do not. It has been specifically held that games such as pinball, bingo, blackjack and slots, whether in mechanical or simulated video form, do not constitute protected speech under the auspices of the first amendment. See Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d at 181 (neither \u201cpinball machine\u201d nor \u201cvideo game that only simulate[s] a pinball machine\u201d is protected speech); There To Care, Inc., 19 F.3d at 1167 (holding that bingo, blackjack and slots do not involve free speech concerns); accord Allendale, 614 F. Supp. at 1454 (bingo is \u201cwholly devoid of the requisite communicative and informative elements\u201d necessary for first amendment protection). This is because, as the courts have reasoned, the interaction and communication involved in these types of simplistic games is \u201csingularly in furtherance of the game; it is totally divorced from a purpose of expressing ideas, impressions, feelings, or information unrelated to the game itself.\u201d Allendale, 614 F. Supp. at 1454; accord There To Care, Inc., 19 F.3d at 1167 (communications required to play these games \u201cemploy vocal cords but are no more \u2018expression\u2019 than are such statements as \u201821\u2019 in a game of blackjack or \u2018three peaches!\u2019 by someone who has just pulled the handle of a one-armed bandit\u201d (emphasis added)). The players unassumingly slide a token or coin into these machines and push a button or pull a lever, thereby surrendering any control they may have over the sequence of events that, in the end, yield either fortune or loss. As such, first amendment concerns do not apply. See generally Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d 167; There To Care, Inc., 19 F.3d 1165; Allendale, 614 F. Supp. 1440.\nIn direct contradistinction are those video games and devices that courts have denominated as meritorious of free speech protection. Unlike the simplistic nature of bingo and slots, these games involve complex plots, the advancement to different levels, character development, and a \u201cvisual and auditory milieu in which [a] story line is played out.\u201d Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d at 181 (noting first amendment protection applies to video game Mortal Kombat wherein player assumes identity of a character, engages and challenges other characters in battles, and at appropriate time as determined by player employs \u201cfinishing move\u201d which is unique to that character); American Amusement Machine Ass\u2019n v. Kendrick, 115 F. Supp. 2d 943, 952 (S.D. Ind. 2000) (Kendrick I), rev\u2019d & remanded, 244 F.3d 572 (7th Cir. 2001) (Kendrick II) (video games Gauntlet Legends and Gauntlet Legacy, dealing with fantasy world of eight \u201crealms\u201d and where players assume roles of different \u201cheroes,\u201d contain protected expression); see generally Sanders v. Acclaim Entertainment, Inc., 188 F. Supp. 2d 1264 (D. Colo. 2002) (in suit where the plaintiff sued several creators and manufacturers of video games similar to Mortal Kombat containing plot and characters, court held that these video games deserve nothing less \u201cthan full [flirst [ajmendment protection\u201d). In essence, the interaction and communication required of players here involve many more concepts than those simply related to the game itself, including memory, strategy and control over the sequence of events. See Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d at 182 (noting that these are not comparable to the simplistic pinball machine-type games). Because of these elements, these games are protected under the first amendment. See Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d at 181.\nApplying this distinction to the instant case, it is clear that, contrary to plaintiffs\u2019 contention, the video gaming devices listed in section 39 \u2014 25(b) of the ordinance do not implicate first amendment protections. As noted above, section 39 \u2014 25(b) lists \u201cany video poker machine, video or mechanical slot machine ***, video or mechanical bingo machine, or other device which involves any game of chance or amusement based upon poker, blackjack, dog racing, or horse racing, craps, any card or dice game, or any similar device operated by means of the insertion of a coin, token, slug currency, or similar object,\u201d as those gaming devices prohibited by the village. Village of Elmwood Park Ordinance 2001 \u2014 08, \u00a7 39 \u2014 25(b) (May 21, 2001). The games operated through these devices are like those denominated by the courts as not containing an element of information or communicating some idea, such as bingo and pinball. See generally Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d 167; There To Care, Inc., 19 F.3d 1165; Allendale, 614 F. Supp. 1440. Rather, any communication \u201cis singularly in furtherance of the game [and] totally divorced from a purpose of\u2019 expressing speech that would merit protection under the first amendment. Allendale, 614 F. Supp. at 1454.\nMore specifically, we note that plaintiffs challenge section 39\u2014 25(b) principally because they maintained two video slot machines in their bar that they were required to remove due to the ordinance\u2019s enactment. Case law has undeniably held that slots, as listed in section 39 \u2014 25(b), are devoid of the requisite communicative and informative elements necessary for first amendment consideration. See There To Care, Inc., 19 F.3d at 1167. Plaintiff Serpico\u2019s own testimony supports this conclusion: he testified that the video slot machines in his bar did not have characters or storyline plots but, rather, a patron needed only to pull a lever and certain figures inside the machine would spin for an accumulation of points. Thus, by plaintiff Serpico\u2019s own admission, one who plays these gaming devices has no control over the sequence of events in the game and does not exert any type of strategy, technique or choice which would transform these devices into a medium of expression implicating first amendment protections.\nPlaintiffs rely heavily on four cases in support of their proposition that the video gaming devices listed in section 39 \u2014 25(b), specifically video slot machines, invoke first amendment concerns: Kendrick I, Kendrick II, Sanders and Wilson. However, these cases are distinguishable on their facts, and the legal rationale presented by those courts actually supports our conclusions here rather than plaintiffs\u2019 claims. Factually, none of these cases deal with the type of simplistic video gaming devices listed in section 39 \u2014 25(b) of the ordinance. Rather, each case, which holds that the video games at issue therein are protected under the first amendment, involves games containing character development, complex storylines, and plot advancement wherein the player actively controls the outcome of the game. See Kendrick I, 115 F. Supp. 2d at 953 (describing the complexity of the six games at issue, including \u201cUltimate Mortal Kombat 3,\u201d \u201cMaximum Force\u201d and \u201cSilent Scope\u201d); Kendrick II, 244 F.3d 572 (same); Sanders, 188 F. Supp. 2d at 1279 (involving games similar to Kendrick cases and noting that these merit first amendment protection); Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d at 181 (discussing intricacies of \u201cMortal Kombat\u201d wherein players control game and exercise choices to further game). Moreover, both Kendrick I and Wilson make clear the principle that while some video gaming devices are protected under the first amendment, others are not. See Kendrick I, 115 F. Supp. 2d at 954; Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d at 181-82. The determining factor is not whether the game is in \u201cvideo\u201d form but, rather, whether the game\u2019s content displays a communicative or informative element. See Wilson, 198 F. Supp. 2d at 181. The Wilson court captured the essence of the distinction perfectly:\n\u201cIn sum, the cases are reconcilable on this point: While video games that are merely digitized pinball machines are not protected speech, those that are analytically indistinguishable from other protected media, such as motion pictures or books, which convey information or evoke emotions by imagery, are protected under the [flirst [a]mendment.\u201d 198 F. Supp. 2d at 181.\nThe devices challenged in the instant case clearly fall within the former classification, rather than the latter.\nAccordingly, we find that, contrary to plaintiffs\u2019 claims, the video gaming devices listed in section 39 \u2014 25(b) of the ordinance do not import sufficient communicative, expressive or informative elements to constitute speech protectible under the first amendment.\nC. Due Process: Strict Scrutiny Test v. Rational Basis Test\nBased on their claim that the video gaming devices listed in the ordinance implicate first amendment problems, plaintiffs urge us to apply a strict scrutiny test to the ordinance, a heightened standard which would require defendants to demonstrate that the ordinance is narrowly drawn to further a sufficiently substantial and compelling governmental interest. See Kaye, 39 Conn. Supp. at 176, 472 A.2d at 812. However, having found that the ordinance and its regulation of gaming devices as defined in section 39 \u2014 25(b) do not invoke first amendment rights, we reject this argument in its entirety. See Allendale, 614 F. Supp. at 1457.\nInstead, the validity of the ordinance must be measured by the lowest level of scrutiny, the rational basis test. See America\u2019s Best, 536 F. Supp. at 174; Allendale, 614 F. Supp. at 1457; see also Lumpkin, 184 Ill. 2d at 124. Under this test, the ordinance will survive a substantive due process challenge so long as it is rationally related to a legitimate governmental concern. See Kaye, 39 Conn. Supp. at 176, 472 A.2d at 811-12; accord Lumpkin, 184 Ill. 2d at 124 (legislation must simply be \u201creasonably designed to remedy the evils the legislature has determined to be a threat to the public health, safety, and general welfare\u201d). The ordinance need not embody the \u201cbest\u201d means of resolving the government\u2019s concern or even be the most precisely drawn regulation. See Allendale, 614 F. Supp. at 1457; Lumpkin, 184 Ill. 2d at 124. Rather, these determinations are for the body enacting the ordinance, not the courts, and the burden falls upon the challengers to show that this body\u2019s judgment was unreasonable. See Allendale, 614 F. Supp. at 1457 (court must defer to legislature\u2019s judgment unless it was unreasonable; challengers bear \u201conerous burden\u201d); see also Lumpkin, 184 Ill. 2d at 124 (the \u201cjudgments made by the legislature in crafting [an ordinance] are not subject to courtroom fact finding and may be based on rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data\u201d). \u201cIf there is any conceivable basis for finding a rational relationship, the [ordinance] will be upheld.\u201d Lumpkin, 184 Ill. 2d at 124.\nBased on the record before us, we find that plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden of proof in establishing either that there is no legitimate governmental interest here or that the ordinance is not rationally related to such an interest. In fact, the testimony on record clearly indicates a more than viable concern on the part of the village to control and regulate illegal gambling and gaming by prohibiting those simulated video and mechanical devices defined in section 39\u2014 25(b) of the ordinance. Braglia testified that, in his experience as police chief of the village, the types of devices most often used for gambling and illegal gaming were those listed in section 39 \u2014 25(b). He also testified that, prior to the enactment of the ordinance, there were 15 arrests for the possession and maintenance of gaming devices used in such behavior. President Silvestri testified that the village\u2019s intention behind the ordinance was indeed to ban those types of machines and video devices generally used for gambling in bars and other public places because of the increased tendency to, in turn, violate laws with respect to gambling. Vice investigator Signorelli testified that village police conducted some eight gambling raids in less than nine months before the ordinance\u2019s enactment, every one of which involved either video slot machines or video poker machines, as specified in section 39 \u2014 25(b). Even plaintiff Serpico admitted that, as uncovered in a 1999 police raid, one of his very own bartenders was conducting illegal payouts to patrons who used the video slot machines in his bar.\nFrom this record, it is evident to us that the ordinance survives the rational basis test. Perhaps defendants could have been more precise or more limited in their scope while prohibiting gaming devices that are used for illegal gambling purposes within village borders. Chief Braglia and President Silvestri acknowledged that the ordinance may in effect ban gaming devices that are not always used for gambling but not prohibit those that sometimes are. However, as noted earlier, that the ordinance could have been written in a \u201cbetter\u201d or more \u201cwise\u201d manner is of no consequence, as long as it is reasonable. See Lumpkin, 184 Ill. 2d at 124. Pursuant to our review, a basis for finding a rational relationship between the ordinance and the village\u2019s concern of regulating this type of activity is more than \u201cconceivable\u201d; rather, it is quite apparent. Lumpkin, 184 Ill. 2d at 124.\nD. Vagueness and Equal Protection\nFinally, plaintiffs make two minor contentions at the conclusion of their brief on appeal. They assert that the ordinance is vague because a person of reasonable knowledge could not determine whether a given video gaming device is prohibited by the ordinance. They further claim that the ordinance violates equal protection principles because it is enforced only in bars and public places but not in private homes. We reject both contentions.\nFirst, in arguing the unconstitutional vagueness of the ordinance, plaintiffs claim that one cannot determine whether a particular gaming device is prohibited under the ordinance. Plaintiffs give the examples of games such as Monopoly, Solitaire and fortune telling machines which use cards and dice and question whether these would be banned. Plaintiffs also cite the phrase \u201cgames of skill or science\u201d as listed in section 39 \u2014 25(a) of the ordinance and assert that no reasonable person can decipher its meaning.\nWhere, as here, the ordinance does not involve a first amendment right, plaintiffs may succeed on a vagueness challenge only if they affirmatively establish that the ordinance is vague as applied to the conduct for which they are being targeted. See People ex rel. Sherman v. Cryns, 203 Ill. 2d 264, 291 (2003). That is, they must prove that the ordinance does not provide clear notice that their conduct is prohibited and that its standards of application are insufficiently definite. See Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 291. However, if, in light of surrounding facts, the ordinance clearly applies to the plaintiffs\u2019 conduct, then their challenge to its constitutionality based on vagueness must fail. See Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 291-92.\nBased on the facts present in the instant case, we find that plaintiffs have failed to prove that the ordinance is unconstitutionally vague. The ordinance is clear: \u201csimulated video or mechanical gaming devices\u201d as defined in section 39 \u2014 25(b) are prohibited, while \u201cautomatic amusement machines\u201d as defined in section 39 \u2014 25(a) are allowed but with certain regulations. These \u201camusement machines\u201d include \u201cfortune-telling machines, palm reading machines, and machines or devices for games of skill and science which return[ ] to the player thereof no money or property or no right to receive money or property or other thing of value.\u201d Village of Elmwood. Park Ordinance 2001 \u2014 08, \u00a7 39 \u2014 25(a) (eff. May 21, 2001). Plaintiffs did not possess \u201camusement machines\u201d as defined in section 39 \u2014 25(a) but, rather, \u201csimulated video or mechanical gaming devices,\u201d i.e., video slot machines, as specifically defined in section 39 \u2014 25(b) and clearly prohibited in section 39 \u2014 26. This was the conduct for which they were targeted, not for what may or may not be prohibited or regulated pursuant to section 39 \u2014 25(a). Thus, plaintiffs cannot now complain that the ordinance is vague on the basis of the words or phrases contained in section 39 \u2014 25(a). See Village of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 495, 71 L. Ed. 2d 362, 369, 102 S. Ct. 1186, 1191 (1982) (plaintiff who has engaged in conduct clearly prohibited by law \u201ccannot complain of the vagueness of the law\u201d as it applies to other conduct in which he was not engaged).\nMoreover, plaintiffs\u2019 examples of Monopoly and Solitaire as the basis for a vagueness finding have no place here. Again, the ordinance is clear and very specific in declaring that video slot machines are prohibited gaming devices. Plaintiffs possessed video slot machines that they were required to remove from their bar upon enactment of the ordinance. That plaintiffs now attempt in their brief on appeal to present an argument based on abstract or speculative scenarios, rather than what actually occurred in this case, cannot create a basis for a vagueness finding. See Gem Electronics of Monmouth, Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 183 Ill. 2d 470, 481 (1998) (\u201c[a]n act is not unconstitutionally vague merely because one can conjure up a hypothetical which brings the meaning of some terms into question\u201d).\nSecond, in discussing equal protection, plaintiffs claim that the testimony presented by defendants at the evidentiary hearing shows that the ordinance violates this principle. Plaintiffs point to President Silvestri and Chief Braglia, who testified that the village did not have an interest at this time in enforcing the ordinance against private citizens, unless they were violating state gambling laws. Plaintiffs insist that this demonstrates that the ordinance as applied is unconstitutional.\nHowever, a legislature such as the village here is not bound to extend its regulatory scheme to all cases that it might possibly reach. See Greyhound Lines, Inc., 24 Ill. App. 3d at 729; see also Chicago National League Ball Club, Inc. v. Thompson, 108 Ill. 2d 357, 367 (1985) (\u201c[t]he legislature need not choose between legislating against all evils of the same kind or not legislating at all\u201d). Rather, it may confine and apply its restriction to only those classes wherein it deems the need to be the clearest. See Greyhound Lines, Inc., 24 Ill. App. 3d at 729; accord Chicago National League, 108 Ill. 2d at 367 (legislature \u201cmay choose to address itself to what it perceives to be the most acute need\u201d). \u201cAn entire remedial scheme will not be invalidated \u2018 \u201csimply because it failed, through inadvertence or otherwise, to cover every evil that might conceivably have been attacked.\u201d \u2019 \u201d Chicago National League, 108 Ill. 2d at 367, quoting Friedman & Rochester, Ltd. v. Walsh, 67 Ill. 2d 413, 421-22 (1977), quoting McDonald v. Board of Election Commissioners, 394 U.S. 802, 809, 22 L. Ed. 2d 739, 746, 89 S. Ct. 1404, 1409 (1969). Under equal protection guidelines, the legislature again need only meet the rational basis test, i.e., showing that its classifications are reasonably related to some legitimate governmental interest. See America\u2019s Best, 536 F. Supp. at 175; Greyhound Lines, Inc., 24 Ill. App. 3d at 729. What is \u201creasonable\u201d is not what is best, but only what is \u201cfairly appropriate to the purpose\u201d of the regulation. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 24 Ill. App. 3d at 729 (\u201c[t]o be invalid, the classification must be arbitrary, that is, there must be no reasonable basis for the differentiation\u201d). If any state of facts can reasonably be conceived to sustain the differential treatment, the regulation must be upheld. See Chicago National League, 108 Ill. 2d at 368-69.\nWe find that the ordinance, as applied or enforced, does not violate equal protection principles. Plaintiffs are correct in noting that the ordinance states on its face that it is unlawful for \u201cany person, firm or corporation\u201d to keep the prohibited video gaming devices. As enforced, while it is true that President Silvestri and Chief Braglia testified that the ordinance is not currently applied against private citizens of the village, plaintiffs fail to show that this differentiation is unreasonable in light of the record presented. Defendants\u2019 choice to enforce the ordinance only in bars and other public places represents their determination that the problem of illegal gambling and gaming is most prevalent there and not in private homes. Defendants testified accordingly; Chief Braglia stated that in his experience this is where most illegal gaming activity occurred, investigator Signorelli noted that this is where all of the village\u2019s police raids for gambling have taken place, and President Silvestri expressed that the prime focus of the ordinance currently was to prevent illegal gaming in public places because it was here that village police conducted several arrests and raids. Thus, although having written the ordinance to apply to everyone in the village, defendants concluded that currently, the public sector was in most acute need of gaming regulation. This was their decision to make, and though it may seem to some extent currently arbitrary, it is not unreasonable or violative of equal protection principles in light of the circumstances. See Greyhound Lines, Inc., 24 Ill. App. 3d at 729; America\u2019s Best, 536 F. Supp. at 175.\nCONCLUSION\nTherefore, we hold that the trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants was proper in the instant case, as there remained no genuine issue of material fact. The video gaming devices listed in section 39 \u2014 25(b) of the ordinance do not possess the required elements of communication or information which would bring them within the ambit of first amendment protection. Moreover, the ordinance clearly is rationally related to defendants\u2019 legitimate interest in prohibiting gambling and regulating gaming within village limits, and is not void for vagueness or violative of equal protection principles.\nAccordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.\nAffirmed.\nTULLY and GALLAGHER, JJ., concur.\nEmploying this standard of review here is further supported by the fact that at issue is the construction of a municipal ordinance, which is a question of law meriting de novo review. See City of Chicago v. Taylor, 332 Ill. App. 3d 583, 585 (2002).", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE SMITH" } ], "attorneys": [ "James R Donoval, of Brown, Udell & Pomerantz, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellants.", "Michael K. Durkin and Melissa A. Miroballi, both of Storino, Ramello & Durkin, of Rosemont, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "PHILIP J. SERPICO, an Individual, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. THE VILLAGE OF ELMWOOD PARK et al., Defendants-Appellees.\nFirst District (6th Division)\nNo. 1-02-1762\nOpinion filed October 31, 2003.\nJames R Donoval, of Brown, Udell & Pomerantz, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellants.\nMichael K. Durkin and Melissa A. Miroballi, both of Storino, Ramello & Durkin, of Rosemont, for appellees." }, "file_name": "0203-01", "first_page_order": 221, "last_page_order": 237 }