{ "id": 3948686, "name": "NEW HEIGHTS RECOVERY AND POWER, LLC, f/k/a CGE Ford Heights, LLC, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees and Cross-Appellants, v. GLEN BOWER, as Director of the Department of Revenue, et al., Defendants-Appellants and Cross-Appellees (Commonwealth Edison Company, Defendant; U.S. Bank Trust National Association, f/k/a First Trust of Illinois, National Association, as Liquidating Trustee of the CGE Ford Heights Liquidating Trusts, formerly as Indenture Trustee, Intervening Plaintiff).-THE VILLAGE OF ROBBINS et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees and Cross-Appellants, v. KEVIN WRIGHT et al., as Commissioners of the Illinois Commerce Commission, et al., Defendants-Appellants and Cross-Appellees (Commonwealth Edison Company, Defendant-Appellant).-NEW HEIGHTS RECOVERY AND POWER, LLC, f/k/a CGE Ford Heights, LLC, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY et al., Defendants-Appellants (U.S. Bank Trust National Association, f/k/a First Trust of Illinois, National Association, as Liquidating Trustee of the CGE Ford Heights Liquidating Trusts, formerly as Indenture Trustee, Intervening Plaintiff-Appellee; The Department of Revenue, Intervenor)", "name_abbreviation": "New Heights Recovery & Power, LLC v. Bower", "decision_date": "2004-03-09", "docket_number": "Nos. 1-02-3557, 1-02-3688, 1-02-3894 cons.", "first_page": "89", "last_page": "100", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "347 Ill. App. 3d 89" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "786 N.E.2d 161", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "203 Ill. 2d 312", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 799403 ], "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/203/0312-01" ] }, { "cite": "650 N.E.2d 1026", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "165 Ill. 2d 235", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 483556 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "254-55" }, { "page": "255" }, { "page": "255" }, { "page": "251" }, { "page": "255-56" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/165/0235-01" ] }, { "cite": "798 N.E.2d 724", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "207 Ill. 2d 331", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 974987 ], "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/207/0331-01" ] }, { "cite": "771 N.E.2d 346", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "199 Ill. 2d 510", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 58895 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "519" }, { "page": "519" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/199/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "658 N.E.2d 365", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "168 Ill. 2d 117", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 307267 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "122" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/168/0117-01" ] }, { "cite": "303 U.S. 95", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6137957 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1938, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "legislative intent to create contract shown by legislature's use of the term \"contract\" to describe the relationship between the parties" }, { "parenthetical": "legislative intent to create contract shown by legislature's use of the term \"contract\" to describe the relationship between the parties" }, { "parenthetical": "legislative intent to create contract shown by legislature's use of the term \"contract\" to describe the relationship between the parties" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/303/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "566 N.E.2d 1283", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "142 Ill. 2d 54", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3236540 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "104" }, { "page": "104" }, { "page": "105" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/142/0054-01" ] }, { "cite": "470 U.S. 451", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11299492 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "466" }, { "page": "446" }, { "page": "1451" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/470/0451-01" ] }, { "cite": "729 N.E.2d 954", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Illinois Constitution prohibits the legislature from enacting laws that impair the obligation of contracts" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "313 Ill. App. 3d 527", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 186486 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "535", "parenthetical": "Illinois Constitution prohibits the legislature from enacting laws that impair the obligation of contracts" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/313/0527-01" ] }, { "cite": "632 N.E.2d 1035", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "158 Ill. 2d 210", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 780281 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "215" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/158/0210-01" ] }, { "cite": "664 N.E.2d 36", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "171 Ill. 2d 282", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 57335 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "291" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/171/0282-01" ] }, { "cite": "695 N.E.2d 374", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "182 Ill. 2d 220", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 864522 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "232" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/182/0220-01" ] }, { "cite": "728 N.E.2d 476", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "191 Ill. 2d 101", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 229705 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "109" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/191/0101-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 N.E.2d 84", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1936, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "364 Ill. 547", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2586619 ], "year": 1936, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "552" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/364/0547-01" ] }, { "cite": "782 N.E. 2d 251", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "202 Ill. 2d 499", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1442034 ], "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/202/0499-01" ] }, { "cite": "797 N.E.2d 596", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "207 Ill. 2d 82", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 974980 ], "weight": 8, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "94" }, { "page": "92" }, { "page": "92" }, { "page": "84" }, { "page": "85" }, { "page": "85" }, { "page": "91" }, { "page": "95-96" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/207/0082-01" ] }, { "cite": "511 U.S. 244", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1147362 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/511/0244-01" ] }, { "cite": "749 N.E.2d 964", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "196 Ill. 2d 27", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 351247 ], "weight": 5, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "33" }, { "page": "36-39" }, { "page": "38" }, { "page": "38" }, { "page": "38" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/196/0027-01" ] }, { "cite": "792 N.E.2d 296", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "204 Ill. 2d 640", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 609713 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "644-45" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/204/0640-01" ] }, { "cite": "795 N.E.2d 240", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "206 Ill. 2d 480", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1578240 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "487" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/206/0480-01" ] }, { "cite": "714 N.E.2d 35", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "306 Ill. App. 3d 431", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1336110 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "439" }, { "page": "439" }, { "page": "439-40" }, { "page": "439-40" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/306/0431-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1124, "char_count": 25600, "ocr_confidence": 0.763, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.118643737601617e-08, "percentile": 0.5070108334501355 }, "sha256": "2d3b3552d67b6e5619855186e6fd317421b2bc7950198cb1c66903488b493cfd", "simhash": "1:f98bd5be417f7626", "word_count": 4048 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:28:47.759631+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "WOLFSON, EJ., and GARCIA, J., concur." ], "parties": [ "NEW HEIGHTS RECOVERY AND POWER, LLC, f/k/a CGE Ford Heights, LLC, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees and Cross-Appellants, v. GLEN BOWER, as Director of the Department of Revenue, et al., Defendants-Appellants and Cross-Appellees (Commonwealth Edison Company, Defendant; U.S. Bank Trust National Association, f/k/a First Trust of Illinois, National Association, as Liquidating Trustee of the CGE Ford Heights Liquidating Trusts, formerly as Indenture Trustee, Intervening Plaintiff).\u2014THE VILLAGE OF ROBBINS et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees and Cross-Appellants, v. KEVIN WRIGHT et al., as Commissioners of the Illinois Commerce Commission, et al., Defendants-Appellants and Cross-Appellees (Commonwealth Edison Company, Defendant-Appellant).\u2014NEW HEIGHTS RECOVERY AND POWER, LLC, f/k/a CGE Ford Heights, LLC, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY et al., Defendants-Appellants (U.S. Bank Trust National Association, f/k/a First Trust of Illinois, National Association, as Liquidating Trustee of the CGE Ford Heights Liquidating Trusts, formerly as Indenture Trustee, Intervening Plaintiff-Appellee; The Department of Revenue, Intervenor)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE CAHILL\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe issue in this case is whether plaintiffs have a constitutionally-protected interest in the continuation of a specific rate of reimbursement for electricity generated and sold to a public utility company. The trial court concluded that such rights existed and prohibited application of a legislative enactment abolishing that rate. Because we conclude that a specific rate of reimbursement once mandated by the legislature does not create a constitutionally protected interest in the continuation of that rate, we reverse.\nPlaintiffs, New Heights Recovery & Power, LLC, CGE Fulton, LLC, the Village of Robbins, and Robbins Resource Recovery Partners, L.P, filed two separate complaints against defendants. They included Commonwealth Edison (ComEd), commissioners of the Illinois Commerce Commission (ICC), the Director of the Illinois Department of Revenue (Department) and the Department. Both complaints question whether Public Act 89 \u2014 448, amending section 8 \u2014 403.1 of the Public Utilities Act (220 ILCS 5/8 \u2014 403.1 (West 1996)) (hereinafter, Retail Rate Law), applies to disqualify plaintiffs from receiving a special rate of reimbursement for electricity sold to ComEd. Pub. Act 89 \u2014 448, eff. March 14, 1996 (hereinafter 1996 amendment).\nThe Retail Rate Law was adopted in 1987 to \u201cencourage the development of alternate energy production facilities for the disposal of solid waste.\u201d Pub. Act 85 \u2014 882, eff. November 5, 1987 (adding Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. lll2/3, par. 8 \u2014 403.1). The Act directed electric utility companies to enter into 20-year contracts to buy electricity from qualified solid waste energy facilities (labeled with the acronym QSWEF) at a \u201cretail rate\u201d that was higher than the market rate. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. lll2/3, par. 8 \u2014 403.1(c). In return, the utility companies would receive tax credits from the state equal to the difference between the retail rate and the market rate. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. lll2/3, par. 8 \u2014 403.1(d).\nIn reliance on the Retail Rate Law as adopted in 1987, each plaintiff developed an incinerator plant that burned used tires as a source of energy. These plants were certified by the ICC as QSWEFs eligible for the special rate of reimbursement. As QSWEFs, plaintiffs entered into 20-year contracts with ComEd for the purchase of electricity at the special rate. The contracts contained the following provision:\n\u201cService and billing, hereunder *** shall continue for 20 years from the date Customer\u2019s [qlualifed [s]olid [w]aste [e]nergy [fjacility begins commercial operation, unless terminated earlier by the written agreement of [the parties], the Customer loses its status as a [QSWEF] [citation] or the Company ceases to obtain full Public Utilities Revenue Tax Credits [citation] associated with purchases under this [c]ontract for any reason.\u201d\nThe 1996 amendment to the Retail Rate Law, entitled \u201cAn Act to abolish incinerator subsidies under the retail rate law,\u201d redefined a QSWEF as one that uses methane gas generated from landfills as its primary fuel. Pub. Act 89 \u2014 448, eff. March 14, 1996. Because plaintiffs\u2019 plants do not fall within the new definition, ComEd ceased paying plaintiffs the retail rate after the effective date of the 1996 amendment. The Department affirmed ComEd\u2019s decision in a letter dated April 3, 1996. The Department advised ComEd that it was no longer required to buy energy from incinerator plants at the retail rate or eligible for the tax credit previously available.\nThe plaintiffs\u2019 lawsuits alleged the 1996 amendment could not apply to disqualify them as QSWEFs eligible to receive the special rate of reimbursement under the Retail Rate Law. The complaints also contained breach of contract claims against ComEd. The trial court dismissed the state defendants on sovereign immunity grounds. In an earlier appeal, we reviewed the dismissal under Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (155 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)). We affirmed in part, dismissed in part and remanded the cause with directions that the trial court consider the remaining claims. CGE Ford Heights, L.L.C. v. Miller, 306 Ill. App. 3d 431, 714 N.E.2d 35 (1999).\nOn remand, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, seeking a declaration on the application of the 1996 amendment. The state defendants also moved to dismiss certain claims under section 2 \u2014 615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2\u2014 615 (West 2000)). The trial court dismissed plaintiffs\u2019 claims alleging breach of contract by the state and those challenging the constitutionality of the amendment. The trial court then granted plaintiffs\u2019 motions for summary judgment on some remaining claims and denied defendants\u2019 cross-motions. The court ruled that the 1996 amendment did not apply to plaintiffs and enjoined ComEd and the state defendants from denying plaintiffs benefits under the Retail Rate Law. Plaintiffs\u2019 counts against ComEd for breach of contract were transferred to the law division.\nDefendants now appeal under Rule 304(a) (155 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)), arguing plaintiffs are no longer eligible for benefits under the Retail Rate Law. Plaintiffs cross-appeal, arguing the trial court erred in dismissing claims challenging the constitutionality of the 1996 amendment and alleging breach of contract by the state. Defendants\u2019 motion to stay the trial court order pending appeal has been granted.\nWe review de novo a trial court order granting summary judgment (City of Chicago v. Holland, 206 Ill. 2d 480, 487, 795 N.E.2d 240 (2003)), as well as an order dismissing claims under section 2 \u2014 615 of the Code (Brandt v. Boston Scientific Corp., 204 Ill. 2d 640, 644-45, 792 N.E.2d 296 (2003)).\nWe first address defendants\u2019 contention that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider plaintiffs\u2019 claims against the state defendants on sovereign immunity grounds. Defendants cite our earlier decision in this matter where we affirmed the trial court order dismissing plaintiffs\u2019 claims against the state on grounds other than sovereign immunity. CGE, 306 Ill. App. 3d 431. Defendants maintain that since CGE, \u201ctwo events have undermined the basis of [our] decision[ ]\u201d that sovereign immunity concerns are not implicated by plaintiffs\u2019 complaints: (1) the state was added as a party; and (2) our supreme court issued an opinion that analyzed retroactivity under statutory construction principals. These two events do not alter the conclusion reached in CGE.\nThe basis for our decision to affirm the trial court\u2019s dismissal of plaintiff s claims against the state was plaintiffs\u2019 failure to state a cause of action. CGE, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 439. Without a valid claim against the state, there was no need to reach the sovereign immunity issue. CGE, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 439. We again find that sovereign immunity concerns are not implicated by plaintiffs\u2019 complaints. As discussed below, plaintiffs do not have a valid claim for breach of contract against the state. We also conclude, as we did in CGE, that absent a valid breach of contract claim, plaintiffs\u2019 claims for injunctive and declaratory relief against the state have no place in the Court of Claims because they require consideration of the constitutionality of the 1996 amendment. See CGE, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 439-40. \u201cSince the Court of Claims has no power to construe the constitutionality of a statute, its injunctive powers lack a predicate in this case.\u201d CGE, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 439-40.\nWe turn to the merits of this appeal. We must decide whether the 1996 amendment abolishes plaintiffs\u2019 right to the special rate of reimbursement under the Retail Rate Law. Because the parties focus on the retroactivity of the amendment, we look first to the principles governing retroactive application of amendatory acts. In Com monwealth Edison Co. v. Will County Collector, 196 Ill. 2d 27, 33, 749 N.E.2d 964 (2001), our supreme court adopted the approach to retroactivity outlined by the United States Supreme Court in Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 128 L. Ed. 2d 229, 114 S. Ct. 1483 (1994). Commonwealth Edison, 196 Ill. 2d at 36-39. Under Landgraf, if the legislature has expressed the temporal reach of a statutory amendment, then, absent a constitutional prohibition, the legislative intent will be given effect. Commonwealth Edison, 196 Ill. 2d at 38. If the legislature has not expressed the temporal reach, then the court must decide whether applying the statute would have a retroactive impact by impairing rights a party possessed when he acted, increasing a party\u2019s liability for past conduct or imposing new duties with respect to transactions already completed. Commonwealth Edison, 196 Ill. 2d at 38. Absent retroactive impact, the amended statute will apply. Commonwealth Edison, 196 Ill. 2d at 38.\nWhile affirming the adoption of Landgraf, the court in Caveney v. Bower, 207 Ill. 2d 82, 94, 797 N.E.2d 596 (2003), said \u201cit is virtually inconceivable that an Illinois court will ever go beyond step one of the Landgraf approach,\u201d which \u201crequires a court to ascertain whether the legislature has clearly indicated the temporal reach of the amended statute.\u201d Relying on People v. Glisson, 202 Ill. 2d 499, 782 N.E. 2d 251 (2002), the court cited section 4 of the Statute on Statutes (5 ILCS 70/4 (West 2000)), as clear indication by the legislature that, unless otherwise expressed in the amendment itself, all statutory amendments should apply prospectively if they are substantive in nature. Caveney, 207 Ill. 2d at 92. Procedural changes to existing laws may be applied retroactively. Caveney, 207 Ill. 2d at 92.\nWe conclude that the legislature expressed the temporal reach of the 1996 amendment by entitling the amendment: \u201cAn Act to abolish incinerator subsidies under the retail rate law.\u201d Pub. Act 89 \u2014 448, eff. March 14, 1996. To \u201cabolish\u201d means \u201c[t]o annul or destroy, esp. an ongoing practice or thing.\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 5 (7th ed. 1999). Under the plain language of the title, we believe the legislature intended that the 1996 amendment abolish subsidies formerly available to incinerator plants from the date of the amendment forward. We note that we would reach the same result if we were to apply section 4 of the Statute on Statutes. Because the 1996 amendment is a substantive change in the law \u2014 it abolishes a previously available subsidy \u2014 it must be applied prospectively.\nBecause we find that the 1996 amendment applies prospectively, we need not consider whether application of the amendment to plaintiffs is constitutionally prohibited. We are unaware of authority that would support a finding that prospective application of amendatory acts implicates constitutionally protected rights. Caveney illustrates this point. The plaintiffs in Caveney were shareholders in a corporation treated as a subchapter S corporation for tax purposes. Caveney, 207 Ill. 2d at 84. At issue was a 1999 amendment to section 201(k) of the Illinois Income Tax Act (35 ILCS ILCS 5/201(k) (West 1996)) that would allow shareholders of a subchapter S corporation to receive tax credits for research and development expenditures. Caveney, 207 Ill. 2d at 85. The plaintiffs sued the state, seeking a return of taxes paid before the effective date of the amendment. Caveney, 207 Ill. 2d at 85. The state argued retroactive application of the amendment was impermissible because it would affect vested rights held by the state. Caveney, 207 Ill. 2d at 91. The supreme court, relying on section 4 of the Statute on Statutes, held the amendment applied prospectively because it constituted a substantive change in the law by establishing a tax credit for S corporation shareholders that previously did not exist. Caveney, 207 Ill. 2d at 95-96. Due to the prospective nature of the amendment, the court did not engage in a constitutional analysis.\nTo the extent plaintiffs argue they held a constitutionally protected interest in the continuation of the former law, we disagree. \u201cA right, to be within the protection of the constitution, must be a vested right. It must be something more than a mere expectancy based upon an anticipated continuance of an existing law.\u201d Dodge v. Board of Education of City of Chicago, 364 Ill. 547, 552, 5 N.E.2d 84 (1936). Our supreme court has held there is no vested right in the mere continuation of a law and the legislature has an ongoing right to amend a statute. See Premier Property Management, Inc. v. Chavez, 191 Ill. 2d 101, 109, 728 N.E.2d 476 (2000); People ex rel. Sklodowski v. State, 182 Ill. 2d 220, 232, 695 N.E.2d 374 (1998); First of America Trust Co. v. Armstead, 171 Ill. 2d 282, 291, 664 N.E.2d 36 (1996); Envirite Corp. v. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 158 Ill. 2d 210, 215, 632 N.E.2d 1035 (1994). Because plaintiffs did not have a vested right in the continuation of the Retail Rate Law as adopted in 1987, prospective application of the 1996 amendment to plaintiffs is not prohibited by the constitution.\nPlaintiffs also argue that application of the 1996 amendment would impair plaintiffs\u2019 contracts with ComEd. See Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a7 16; Panzella v. River Trails School District 26, 313 Ill. App. 3d 527, 535, 729 N.E.2d 954 (2000) (Illinois Constitution prohibits the legislature from enacting laws that impair the obligation of contracts). Plaintiffs allege they possessed an \u201cunquestioned right\u201d under the ComEd contracts to sell electricity to ComEd at the retail rate for a period of 20 years. But plaintiffs\u2019 \u201cunquestioned right\u201d was explicitly limited by the following escape clause contained in each of the contracts: ,\n\u201cService and billing, hereunder *** shall continue for 20 years from the date Customer\u2019s [QSWEF] begins commercial operations, unless terminated earlier by the written agreement of [the parties], the Customer loses its status as a [QSWEF] (see 83 III. Adm. Code \u00a7 445.50) or the company ceases to obtain full Public Utilities Revenue Tax Credits *** associated with purchases under this [c]ontract for any reason.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nThe contracts contemplated, and were subject to, the possibility that plaintiffs would lose their status as QSWEFs under the Retail Rate Law and that ComEd would no longer be eligible for the tax credit associated with paying plaintiffs the higher rate. The amendment merely provided the method by which plaintiffs and ComEd were no longer eligible for benefits under the Retail Rate Law.\nPlaintiffs argue the escape clause was not triggered because plaintiffs\u2019 status as QSWEFs was not terminated by an agency or court decision. Plaintiffs cite section 445.50(d) of the Illinois Administrative Code, referred to in the escape clause, which requires a QSWEF to notify the ICC and public utility companies \u201cwithin 30 days of the date of a decision by a court or agency of competent jurisdiction in which the facility loses its status under the Act or this Part.\u201d 83 Ill. Adm. Code \u00a7 445.50 (1996). Plaintiffs\u2019 argument is unpersuasive. The escape clause is triggered when any one of the three events occurs: (1) the contract is terminated by written agreement of the parties; (2) plaintiffs lose their status as QSWEFs; or (3) ComEd ceases to obtain the tax credit associated with the purchase of electricity from incinerator plants. It is undisputed that ComEd was informed by the Department that under the 1996 amendment ComEd would no longer be eligible for the tax credit previously available, thereby triggering the third event.\nIn sum, plaintiffs do not have a constitutionally protected interest in the continuation of the Retail Rate Law as adopted in 1987. The 1996 amendment applies prospectively from its effective date to abolish subsidies formerly available to plaintiffs.\nWe now consider plaintiffs\u2019 arguments on cross-appeal, challenging the trial court\u2019s dismissal of their claims alleging breach of contract against the state and challenging the constitutionality of the 1996 amendment.\nPlaintiffs first argue that the 1996 amendment unconstitutionally impairs plaintiffs\u2019 contract with the state. Plaintiffs\u2019 argument is premised on a finding that the Retail Rate Law, as adopted in 1987, created a contract between plaintiffs and the state. We find that no such contract existed.\nA law is presumed to declare a policy to be pursued until the legislature declares otherwise and not to create private contractual or vested rights. National R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Atchinson Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 470 U.S. 451, 466, 84 L. Ed. 2d 432, 446, 105 S. Ct. 1441, 1451 (1985). A party asserting contractual rights created through legislation has the burden of overcoming this presumption. Fumarolo v. Chicago Board of Education, 142 Ill. 2d 54, 104, 566 N.E.2d 1283 (1990). In deciding whether a statute was intended to create a contractual relationship between the state and the affected party, the court must examine the language of the statute. Fumarolo, 142 Ill. 2d at 104. A finding that a legislative enactment creates a contract with the state is warranted only when there exists clear evidence that the legislature intended such result. See Fumarolo, 142 Ill. 2d at 105.\nPlaintiffs argue the language and circumstances surrounding the Retail Rate Law show an intent by the legislature to enter into contracts with plaintiffs. Plaintiffs cite the original purpose of the statute to encourage development of alternate energy production plants for the disposal of solid waste. Plaintiffs also cite language in the statute itself requiring utility companies to enter into 20-year contracts with certified QSWEFs. Neither the purpose nor the language of the Retail Rate Law evidences a clear legislative intent to be bound under contract. Cf. Indiana ex rel. Anderson v. Brand, 303 U.S. 95, 82 L. Ed. 685, 58 S. Ct. 443 (1938) (legislative intent to create contract shown by legislature\u2019s use of the term \u201ccontract\u201d to describe the relationship between the parties). To the contrary, the statute merely provides incentive for the development of incinerator plants by requiring public utility companies, not the state, to enter into 20-year contracts with QSWEFs for the sale of electricity at a special rate of reimbursement.\nPlaintiffs next argue the 1996 amendment constitutes special legislation. The legislature is prohibited under the Illinois Constitution from conferring a special benefit or exclusive privilege on a person or class to the exclusion of others similarly situated. Ill. Const. 1970, art. iy \u00a7 13; In re Petition of the Village of Vernon Hills, 168 Ill. 2d 117, 122, 658 N.E.2d 365 (1995). The special legislation clause of the Illinois Constitution does not protect against all classifications. In re Estate of Jolliff, 199 Ill. 2d 510, 519, 771 N.E.2d 346 (2002). It protects against arbitrary classifications that discriminate in favor of a select group without a sound and rational basis. Jolliff, 199 Ill. 2d at 519.\nPlaintiffs maintain the 1996 amendment violates the special legislation clause because it confers a special benefit to owners of methau 3-burning plants to the exclusion of incinerator plants. The weakness in plaintiffs\u2019 argument is the absence of facts negating a legitimate state purpose for the classification. Plaintiffs\u2019 failure to plead such facts is sufficient ground to affirm the dismissal of plaintiffs\u2019 claim that the 1996 amendment constitutes special legislation. See Chandler v. Illinois Central R.R. Co., 207 Ill. 2d 331, 798 N.E.2d 724 (2003). Regardless, we find sufficient facts in this case that the 1996 amendment was enacted with several legitimate purposes in mind, including: (1) to curtail the harmful health concerns associated with the burning of solid waste; (2) to discourage solicitation of out-of-state waste for the purpose of obtaining greater subsidies under the Retail Rate Law; and (3) to correct the mistaken belief that landfill space in Illinois is scarce.\nPlaintiffs also challenge the constitutionality of the 1996 amendment on single-subject grounds. \u201c[A] legislative enactment violates the single-subject requirement only when the statute, on its face, clearly embraces more than one subject.\u201d People v. Dunigan, 165 Ill. 2d 235, 254-55, 650 N.E.2d 1026 (1995). The single-subject rule is not a limitation on the comprehensiveness of a subject but rather is designed to prevent the joinder of incongruous and unrelated matters in one statute. Dunigan, 165 Ill. 2d at 255. In considering whether a statute embraces more than one subject, our supreme court has held the term \u201csubject,\u201d in the constitutional sense, is comprehensive in scope and must be liberally construed. Dunigan, 165 Ill. 2d at 255.\nPlaintiffs argue the 1996 amendment violates the single-subject rule because the original subject of House Bill 1523, which became Public Act 89 \u2014 448, concerned the Service Occupation Tax Act (35 ILCS 115/1 et seq. (West 1996)). See 89th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, May 23, 1995, at 33 (House Bill 1523 introduced to exempt dental appliances from sales tax). When introduced in the Senate, a conference committee was held wherein the text of the original bill was deleted in its entirety and what was later adopted as the 1996 amendment was added in its place. Relying on Dunigan, plaintiffs argue the amendment must be struck down as unconstitutional because the Service Occupation Tax Act is wholly unrelated to the Retail Rate Law.\nIn Dunigan, the court rejected a single-subject challenge where the statute under attack originated as a bill to make feticide a criminal offense but was later amended by deleting the bill\u2019s original text and replacing it with a paragraph expanding the types of felonies that trigger the habitual offender statute. Dunigan, 165 Ill. 2d at 251. The court rejected the challenge, finding that the bill, from inception to passage, related to a single-subject: amendments to the Criminal Code of 1961 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, par. 1 \u2014 1 et seq.). Dunigan, 165 Ill. 2d at 255-56.\nPlaintiffs argue under Dunigan that the 1996 amendment is unconstitutional because it does not relate to the original text of House Bill 1523. To the contrary, applying the term \u201csubject\u201d liberally, we find that House Bill 1523 as originally introduced related to the subject of taxation. So, too, does the 1996 amendment. There is no single-subject violation under these facts.\nFinally, plaintiffs raise a three-readings challenge to the constitutionality of the 1996 amendment. See Ill. Const. 1970, art. iy \u00a7 8(d). We need not address this issue because plaintiffs concede their argument is barred by the \u201cenrolled bill doctrine\u201d as affirmed by our supreme court in Friends of Parks v. Chicago Park District, 203 Ill. 2d 312, 786 N.E.2d 161 (2003).\nWe reverse the grant of summary judgment for plaintiffs and against defendants. The order transferring plaintiffs\u2019 breach of contract claims against ComEd to the law division is reversed and those counts are dismissed with prejudice in light of our decision. Finally, we affirm the dismissal of plaintiffs\u2019 claims alleging breach of contract against the state defendants and challenging the constitutionality of the 1996 amendment.\nAffirmed in part and reversed in part; stay vacated.\nWOLFSON, EJ., and GARCIA, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE CAHILL" } ], "attorneys": [ "David M. Stahl and Jonathan I. Flaum, both of Eimer, Stahl, Klevorn & Solberg, of Chicago, for appellant Commonwealth Edison Company.", "Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, and Holland & Knight, L.L.C., both of Chicago (Steven B. Varick, Richard A. Redmond, and Malcolm H. Brooks, Special Assistant Attorneys General, of counsel), for other appellants.", "Gino L. DiVito, of Tabet, DiVito & Rothstein, L.L.C., Robert G. Black, of Law Offices of Robert G. Black, David Berten, Rhett Dennerline, Greg Smith, and Kelly J. Eberspecher, all of Competition Law Group, L.L.C., John Blim, of Blim & Edelson, L.L.C., and Christopher G. Walsh, Jr., and Daniel Cummings, both of Rothschild, Barry & Myers, all of Chicago, and Mark H. Sterk, of Odelson & Sterk, Ltd., of Evergreen Park, for appellees.", "Howard A. Learner and Ann Alexander, both of Environmental Law and Policy Center, of Chicago, for amici curiae Environmental Law and Policy Center, American Lung Association of Metropolitan Chicago, Sierra Club, South Cook County Environmental Action Coalition, Illinois Environmental Council and Citizens Utility Board." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "NEW HEIGHTS RECOVERY AND POWER, LLC, f/k/a CGE Ford Heights, LLC, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees and Cross-Appellants, v. GLEN BOWER, as Director of the Department of Revenue, et al., Defendants-Appellants and Cross-Appellees (Commonwealth Edison Company, Defendant; U.S. Bank Trust National Association, f/k/a First Trust of Illinois, National Association, as Liquidating Trustee of the CGE Ford Heights Liquidating Trusts, formerly as Indenture Trustee, Intervening Plaintiff).\u2014THE VILLAGE OF ROBBINS et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees and Cross-Appellants, v. KEVIN WRIGHT et al., as Commissioners of the Illinois Commerce Commission, et al., Defendants-Appellants and Cross-Appellees (Commonwealth Edison Company, Defendant-Appellant).\u2014NEW HEIGHTS RECOVERY AND POWER, LLC, f/k/a CGE Ford Heights, LLC, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY et al., Defendants-Appellants (U.S. Bank Trust National Association, f/k/a First Trust of Illinois, National Association, as Liquidating Trustee of the CGE Ford Heights Liquidating Trusts, formerly as Indenture Trustee, Intervening Plaintiff-Appellee; The Department of Revenue, Intervenor).\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNos. 1\u201402\u20143557, 1\u201402\u20143688, 1\u201402\u20143894 cons.\nOpinion filed March 9, 2004.\nDavid M. Stahl and Jonathan I. Flaum, both of Eimer, Stahl, Klevorn & Solberg, of Chicago, for appellant Commonwealth Edison Company.\nLisa Madigan, Attorney General, and Holland & Knight, L.L.C., both of Chicago (Steven B. Varick, Richard A. Redmond, and Malcolm H. Brooks, Special Assistant Attorneys General, of counsel), for other appellants.\nGino L. DiVito, of Tabet, DiVito & Rothstein, L.L.C., Robert G. Black, of Law Offices of Robert G. Black, David Berten, Rhett Dennerline, Greg Smith, and Kelly J. Eberspecher, all of Competition Law Group, L.L.C., John Blim, of Blim & Edelson, L.L.C., and Christopher G. Walsh, Jr., and Daniel Cummings, both of Rothschild, Barry & Myers, all of Chicago, and Mark H. Sterk, of Odelson & Sterk, Ltd., of Evergreen Park, for appellees.\nHoward A. Learner and Ann Alexander, both of Environmental Law and Policy Center, of Chicago, for amici curiae Environmental Law and Policy Center, American Lung Association of Metropolitan Chicago, Sierra Club, South Cook County Environmental Action Coalition, Illinois Environmental Council and Citizens Utility Board." }, "file_name": "0089-01", "first_page_order": 107, "last_page_order": 118 }