{ "id": 5436613, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KENNETH ELDERS, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Elders", "decision_date": "2004-06-29", "docket_number": "No. 1-02-3298", "first_page": "573", "last_page": "587", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "349 Ill. App. 3d 573" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "800 N.E.2d 168", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "strict compliance was not required in the cases before the courts" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "344 Ill. App. 3d 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3777793 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "339", "parenthetical": "strict compliance was not required in the cases before the courts" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/344/0334-01" ] }, { "cite": "808 N.E.2d 10", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "16" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "347 Ill. App. 3d 578", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3950020 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "586" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/347/0578-01" ] }, { "cite": "804 N.E.2d 116", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "strict compliance required in the cases before the courts" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "345 Ill. App. 3d 1064", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3738804 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1082-83", "parenthetical": "strict compliance required in the cases before the courts" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/345/1064-01" ] }, { "cite": "804 N.E.2d 661", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "345 Ill. App. 3d 974", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5873684 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "984" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/345/0974-01" ] }, { "cite": "788 N.E.2d 1169", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "338 Ill. App. 3d 379", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 25341 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "384" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/338/0379-01" ] }, { "cite": "469 N.E.2d 195", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "103 Ill. 2d 327", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3152474 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "332" }, { "page": "333" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/103/0327-01" ] }, { "cite": "636 N.E.2d 682", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "discussions in the presence of the defendant that would have indicated to him he could choose between a bench or jury trial were sufficient to demonstrate waiver" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "263 Ill. App. 3d 968", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5370281 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "972", "parenthetical": "discussions in the presence of the defendant that would have indicated to him he could choose between a bench or jury trial were sufficient to demonstrate waiver" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/263/0968-01" ] }, { "cite": "660 N.E.2d 1320", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "277 Ill. App. 3d 571", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1172428 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "572-73" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/277/0571-01" ] }, { "cite": "683 N.E.2d 977", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "trial court reversed where no written jury waiver was filed and there was \"no express indication that the defendant was ever given a choice of a bench or a jury trial\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "291 Ill. App. 3d 18", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 456096 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "21", "parenthetical": "trial court reversed where no written jury waiver was filed and there was \"no express indication that the defendant was ever given a choice of a bench or a jury trial\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/291/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "724 N.E.2d 167", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "311 Ill. App. 3d 54", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 415311 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "56" }, { "page": "56" }, { "page": "57" }, { "page": "59" }, { "page": "59" }, { "page": "60" }, { "page": "61" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/311/0054-01" ] }, { "cite": "253 N.E.2d 397", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "43 Ill. 2d 256", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2843220 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/43/0256-01" ] }, { "cite": "664 N.E.2d 110", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "278 Ill. App. 3d 960", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1156780 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/278/0960-01" ] }, { "cite": "711 N.E.2d 426", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "305 Ill. App. 3d 33", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1208097 ], "weight": 14, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "35" }, { "page": "37" }, { "page": "37" }, { "page": "37-38" }, { "page": "38" }, { "page": "38-39" }, { "page": "39" }, { "page": "39" }, { "page": "40" }, { "page": "40" }, { "page": "40" }, { "page": "41" }, { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/305/0033-01" ] }, { "cite": "292 N.E.2d 115", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "9 Ill. App. 3d 185", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2851666 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "185" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/9/0185-01" ] }, { "cite": "757 N.E.2d 887", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "197 Ill. 2d 358", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 259135 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "364" }, { "page": "363" }, { "page": "362" }, { "page": "367", "parenthetical": "where \"neither the right to a jury trial nor a jury waiver was discussed in [the defendant's] presence in open court,\" the defendant did not validly waive his right to a jury trial" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/197/0358-01" ] }, { "cite": "636 N.E.2d 86", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "263 Ill. App. 3d 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5368598 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "351" }, { "page": "351" }, { "page": "351-52" }, { "page": "351-52" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/263/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "683 N.E.2d 193", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "291 Ill. App. 3d 38", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 456119 ], "weight": 11, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41" }, { "page": "41" }, { "page": "40" }, { "page": "40" }, { "page": "41" }, { "page": "41" }, { "page": "41" }, { "page": "42" }, { "page": "43" }, { "page": "43" }, { "page": "43" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/291/0038-01" ] }, { "cite": "710 N.E.2d 833", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "186 Ill. 2d 283", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 243894 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "285" }, { "page": "285" }, { "page": "285" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/186/0283-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1062, "char_count": 35995, "ocr_confidence": 0.704, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.236633350856408e-08, "percentile": 0.43184718491309726 }, "sha256": "aedc39cf5d890e610f9a5fce683a485e050ca3a18fdb27a0b73bfc12faf16152", "simhash": "1:aaf1386c2337bdd7", "word_count": 6303 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:18:36.100393+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "CAHILL and GARCIA, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KENNETH ELDERS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE BURKE\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a bench trial, defendant Kenneth Elders was convicted of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver within 1,000 feet of a public park and was sentenced to seven years\u2019 imprisonment. On appeal, defendant contends: (1) he did not validly waive his right to a jury trial; (2) he was denied effective assistance of counsel because counsel failed to inform him of a plea offer made by the State; (3) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt because it failed to establish defendant\u2019s intent to deliver; (4) the stipulated testimony of the forensic chemist did not sufficiently establish that the substance recovered from defendant was cocaine; and (5) he was not properly admonished pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 605(a) (210 Ill. 2d R. 605). For the reasons set forth below, we reverse and remand this cause for a new trial.\nSTATEMENT OF FACTS\nDefendant was arrested on November 24, 2001, at approximately 4:43 a.m., after police officers conducted a surveillance and observed him engaging in suspected narcotics transactions. On December 26, 2001, defendant was indicted on three counts of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver \u2014 count I alleged defendant did so within 1,000 feet of a school, count II alleged defendant did so within 1,000 feet of a public park, and count III was general.\nOn March 11, 2002, attorney Raymond Prusak appeared on behalf of defendant at a status conference. There is no evidence defendant was present at this time. Counsel stated, \u201cI\u2019d like to set this down for bench trial date.\u201d The case was continued to April 4. On April 4, a different attorney, John Miraglia, appeared on behalf of defendant. The court inquired whether this was to be a bench or jury trial, but received no response. The case was continued to April 8. Again, there is no evidence defendant was present at this time. On April 8, Prusak appeared on defendant\u2019s behalf and the case was continued to April 15. On April 15, Prusak again appeared on defendant\u2019s behalf. When the court inquired whether this was to be a bench or jury trial, counsel responded it would be a bench trial. There is no evidence defendant was present. On May 15, Prusak again appeared on behalf of defendant. At this time, defendant was present. Counsel stated, \u201cThis is Kenneth Elders before the Court. He is set for a bench trial today.\u201d Counsel then requested a short status date because he was attempting to locate a witness. Counsel indicated that if he did not find the witness, defense strategy would change and there probably would not be a trial. Counsel then stated, \u201cThe State made an offer to me earlier today. If they can keep this offer open until the next court date.\u201d The case was then continued to June 13. On June 13, William Breen appeared on behalf of defendant and indicated that the case was set for status or \u201cpossible plea.\u201d He asked that the matter be reset for a trial date of August 6.\nThe case was set for trial on the morning of August 6. Because John Morelli, counsel who was to try the case on behalf of defendant, was caught in traffic, it was continued to the afternoon. When the parties returned to the court in the afternoon, the State nol-prossed count I and proceeded on counts II and III. Immediately after doing so, the State began calling its witnesses.\nChicago police officer Louis Carrizal was called as a witness on behalf of the State. Carrizal testified that on November 24, 2001, at approximately 4:30 a.m., he was working near 3430 West Madison with his partner, Officer Perez. The two set up a surveillance in Garfield Park to observe suspected narcotics transactions on Madison. Carrizal testified that they parked their car nearby and walked into the park. Carrizal positioned himself behind a tree and conducted surveillance of the 3400 block of Madison, no more than 50 feet away. According to Carrizal, the area was well fit by artificial lighting and he was using binoculars.\nCarrizal observed defendant walking along Madison on the sidewalk. During his surveillance, defendant was on both the north and south sides of Madison, ranging from 50 to 70 feet away from Carrizal. On four occasions, Carrizal observed defendant approach the driver\u2019s side of a car, engage in a brief conversation (which Carrizal could not hear), receive an unknown amount of money, walk to the base of a tree approximately 10 feet away, retrieve something from a plastic bag lying at the base of the tree, return to the car, and hand the driver an unknown item. Carrizal testified that two of the transactions were conducted with the cars facing eastbound, at which time defendant was facing Carrizal, and two of them were conducted with the cars facing westbound, at which time defendant\u2019s back was to Carrizal.\nAfter observing the four transactions, Carrizal and Perez returned to their car and drove to the location where defendant was. Perez detained defendant and Carrizal went to the tree and recovered a plastic bag that contained seven Ziploc baggies inside with a white rock substance that Carrizal suspected was crack cocaine. They also recovered $113 from defendant.\nOn cross-examination, Carrizal stated that he and his partner observed defendant for approximately 10 minutes. He further stated that he believed defendant was receiving money from the individuals in the cars based on the color and shape of the object. Carrizal admitted that when the cars were facing westbound, defendant\u2019s back was to him and it was more difficult to observe what was occurring. However, it was still his belief that defendant received something, walked to the tree, etc.\nThe State then offered the stipulated testimony of Elizabeth Ilowski, a forensic chemist with the Illinois State Police lab. According to the stipulation, Ilowski, who was qualified as a expert, received \u201cseven items which she tested using tests commonly accepted in the area of forensic chemistry and found the estimated weight to be 1.4 grams of a chunky substance and found it to be cocaine.\u201d Defense counsel stipulated to this testimony. The State then rested. Defendant moved for a directed finding, which was denied. Defendant then rested. After closing arguments, the trial court found defendant guilty on count II. At this time the following colloquy occurred:\n\u201cTHE COURT: Wait a minute. State, we have a problem. I don\u2019t have a jury waiver in the file.\nMS. O\u2019CONNOR [Assistant State\u2019s Attorney]: Did the defendant sign one?\nTHE COURT: I don\u2019t believe so.\nMS. O\u2019CONNOR: Was the jury waiver taken on the record?\nTHE COURT: I don\u2019t believe it was.\nMS. O\u2019CONNOR: Can you do it retroactively? Was it the defendant\u2019s intent to sign a jury waiver?\nTHE COURT: He was never asked.\nMR. MORELLI [defendant\u2019s attorney]: The defendant indicates to me that he wanted a bench trial.\nTHE COURT: Pardon me?\nMR. MORELLI: The defendant just indicated to me that he wanted a bench trial. That was his intention.\nTHE COURT: His intention was what?\nMR. MORELLI: It was his intention to have a bench trial. He did not intend to have a jury trial.\nTHE COURT: Okay. He needs to sign a jury waiver.\nThe Court acknowledges the defendant signed a jury waiver in open court.\u201d\nDefendant\u2019s bail was revoked, a presentence investigation report ordered, and the matter continued.\nOn September 27, defendant\u2019s motion for a new trial was denied and the court sentenced him to seven years\u2019 imprisonment. Prior to sentencing defendant, the court stated:\n\u201cTHE COURT: Mr. Elders, anything you wish to say before I sentence you?\nDEFENDANT ELDERS: That I would like to apologize for the length of time and if the State would have made me that offer for my offense then I probably would have took it.\nTHE COURT: What offer did they make?\nMR. MIRAGLIA [defendant\u2019s attorney]: They offered six years.\nTHE COURT: That was the minimum.\nMS. O\u2019CONNOR: Judge, I object to this. I don\u2019t see that offer in here on my file so I don\u2019t know where he is getting that.\nDEFENDANT ELDERS: I would like to apologize for taking up your Honor\u2019s time and I hope your Honor has consideration and would grant me the opportunity to continue my life and that would be all.\nTHE COURT: Counsel, did you ever receive an offer that you are aware of?\nMR. MIRAGLIA: I had talked with, there was an[ ] offer of six years prior to trial.\u201d\nFollowing imposition of sentence, the trial court admonished defendant pursuant to Rule 605(a), as set forth in detail below. This appeal followed.\nANALYSIS\nI. Jury Waiver\nDefendant first contends that he is entitled to a new trial because he was not admonished as to his right to have a jury trial and did not sign a jury waiver until after he was found guilty. According to defendant, a jury waiver must come before a trial, not after. Defendant also argues that his attorney\u2019s statement that defendant desired a bench trial, made after he was found guilty, and defendant\u2019s failure to object are not sufficient factors to demonstrate a valid waiver. Defendant further notes that the trial court never personally addressed him with respect to waiver of a jury trial. Defendant asks us to review this claimed error under plain error since he failed to preserve it below.\nThe State contends that defendant\u2019s waiver was understandingly made and done in open court, the only requirements for a valid waiver, and, therefore, no error occurred. According to the State, the fact that the waiver occurred after defendant\u2019s trial is irrelevant. The State further argues that defendant did not object when his counsel indicated his intent to have a bench trial, nor did defendant object at any point during the trial or when the court raised the issue of a lack of waiver. The State further maintains that because defendant had pled guilty four other times and was admonished at those times, he knew what he was waiving here.\nA defendant validly waives his right to a jury trial only if the waiver is made \u201c(1) understandingly; and (2) in open court.\u201d People v. Scoff, 186 Ill. 2d 283, 285, 710 N.E.2d 833 (1999). A knowing and understanding oral waiver can be found if, in the defendant\u2019s presence and without objection from him, \u201cdefense counsel expressly advises the cotut\u201d that the defendant desires to proceed by way of a bench trial. People v. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d 38, 41, 683 N.E.2d 193 (1997). This rule, however, requires \u201csome affirmative statement by defendant\u2019s attorney, in his presence, that the defendant wishes not to exercise his right to a jury trial and, instead, chooses a bench trial.\u201d People v. Roberts, 263 Ill. App. 3d 348, 351, 636 N.E.2d 86 (1994). A defendant, however, \u201cwill not be deemed to have acquiesced in a jury waiver made by his counsel outside the accused\u2019s presence.\u201d Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 41. Whether a jury wavier is valid does not \u201crest on any precise formula but depends on the facts and circumstances of each particular case.\u201d In re R.A.B., 197 Ill. 2d 358, 364, 757 N.E.2d 887 (2001).\nWe review this claimed error under the plain error doctrine since it involves \u201cthe knowing waiver of the fundamental right to a jury trial.\u201d In re R.A.B., 197 Ill. 2d at 363. Since the facts are not disputed, the issue is a question of law, which we review de novo. In re R.A.B., 197 Ill. 2d at 362.\nOnly one case appears to be directly, factually on point, i.e., where waiver came after, or was attempted after, the defendant was found guilty. In People v. Collins, 9 Ill. App. 3d 185, 292 N.E.2d 115 (1972), the court concluded that the defendant had not waived his right to a jury trial where the record was \u201cdevoid of any mention of a jury trial until after the evidence had been heard and a finding of guilty had been entered against defendant.\u201d Collins, 9 Ill. App. 3d at 185. However, Collins is not particularly instructive. We note that while Collins does not have any negative history, it has only been cited once. More importantly, the procedural facts, i.e., what occurred prior to trial and on the day of trial, are not detailed by the court in the opinion. Lastly, there is no evidence a written jury waiver was executed, as in the instant case. Other than Collins, the parties have not cited, nor has our independent research disclosed, any case where a jury waiver was executed after the defendant was found guilty.\nThe closest case we have discovered is People v. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d 33, 711 N.E.2d 426 (1999). In Lombardi, the defendant\u2019s bench trial began on September 5, 1997. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 35. On September 19, the trial court heard closing arguments and continued the matter to September 29 for a ruling. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 37. On September 29, the trial court noted that the defendant had not filed a jury waiver and wanted to correct this situation before it took the case under advisement. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 37. At this time, the trial court thoroughly admonished the defendant with respect to her right to have a jury trial and stated that, although the court had already heard the evidence, it would declare a mistrial if the defendant wanted the case heard by a jury. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 37-38. The court then continued the case to October 6 so that the defendant could think about her decision. On October 6, defense counsel advised the court that he had explained the defendant\u2019s rights to her and she wanted the court to render its ruling. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 38. The court again admonished the defendant, stating that it would declare a mistrial and allow the case to be heard by a jury should she so desire. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 38-39. The defendant signed a jury waiver and thereafter the court allowed the defendant to reopen proofs at which time defense counsel presented two additional witnesses. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 39. On October 23, the corut found the defendant guilty.\nOn appeal, the defendant argued that she was entitled to a new trial because she was not admonished with respect to the right to have a jury trial until 17 days after the bench trial had begun. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 39. The Lombardi court disagreed, noting that a defendant \u201cwill not be permitted \u2018 \u201cto gamble on the outcome before the judge without a jury and then if dissatisfied make a belated demand for a jury.\u201d \u2019 [Citation.]\u201d Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 40. The court first found that the defendant had made a knowing waiver prior to trial when the trial court had asked both counsel if they were ready to proceed and defense counsel responded, \u201c \u2018[R]eady for the bench trial,\u2019 \u201d and thereafter stated, \u201c \u2018We wish to proceed on the bench trial as planned,\u2019 \u201d since the defendant was present and did not object. Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 40. The court further noted that, assuming there was no waiver prior to trial, \u201cdefendant knowingly waived her right before the bench trial was completed\u201d (Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 40) and concluded that \u201cthe trial court gave the defendant every opportunity to demand a jury trial, and, after being completely admonished of her rights,\u201d the defendant waived them (Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 41). It was the court\u2019s belief that the defendant wanted to have it both ways \u2014 \u201cshe wanted the trial court to rule and then she wanted to decide whether she wanted another bite at the apple by requesting a jury trial.\u201d Lombardi, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 41.\nOther cases are instructive as well. In Eyen, relied upon by defendant, on December 13, 1995, at a pretrial conference at which the defendant was not present, defense counsel asked for a bench trial, which was set for February 29, 1996. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 40. On February 29, before the bench trial began, the trial court simply asked both counsel if they were ready, to which they responded in the affirmative. Immediately thereafter, the State presented its witnesses. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 40. The defendant was thereafter found guilty and filed a motion for a new trial on the basis that, inter alia, he had not validly waived a jury trial. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 41. On April 10, the trial court denied this motion and then sentenced the defendant. Following sentencing, the trial court noted that there was no jury waiver in the record and asked if the defendant would be willing to sign a jury waiver. Defense counsel indicated that the defendant would not do so. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 41. The record disclosed that the trial court never admonished the defendant as to his right to have a jury trial nor did it confirm in the defendant\u2019s presence that he had waived a jury trial.\nThe Eyen court concluded that the defendant did not validly waive a jury trial. According to the court, prior to trial, the issue was discussed only one time when the defendant was not present. The next time the issue of a jury waiver was raised, in the defendant\u2019s presence, was six weeks after he was convicted in a bench trial. At this time, defense counsel insisted that the defendant did not waive a jury trial. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 41. With respect to the State\u2019s argument that the defendant should be deemed to have waived a jury trial because he acquiesced in his counsel\u2019s conduct by proceeding to a bench trial, the court disagreed. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 42. The court looked to People v. Asselborn, 278 Ill. App. 3d 960, 664 N.E.2d 110 (1996), and People v. Sailor, 43 Ill. 2d 256, 253 N.E.2d 397 (1969), relied upon by the State here. According to the Eyen court, in both cases the defendants were present when counsel expressly waived their right to a jury trial. In Asselborn, in the defendant\u2019s presence, counsel specifically asked for a bench trial. In Sailor, again in the defendant\u2019s presence, counsel stated that the defendant had waived a jury trial. Neither of the defendants objected to his counsel\u2019s statements, and they were deemed to have waived their right to a jury trial based on acquiescence. The Eyen court distinguished these cases, finding that counsel in Eyen did not expressly waive the right to a jury trial in the defendant\u2019s presence on the day of trial. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 43. Rather, on the day of trial, there was no mention made of whether the case would proceed to a jury or bench trial and the court simply asked counsel if they were ready to proceed. According to the court, \u201c[u]nder these circumstances, where nothing is stated in defendant\u2019s presence to suggest that defendant has an option between a bench trial and a jury trial, we cannot deem defendant to have acquiesced knowingly in his counsel\u2019s participation in a bench trial.\u201d Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 43. The court concluded that \u201cthe record shows that defendant neither executed a written jury waiver nor made a knowing and understanding oral waiver of his right to a jury trial\u201d and, therefore, found that the defendant did not waive his right to a jury trial. Thus, the cause was remanded for a new trial. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 43.\nIn People v. Williamson, 311 Ill. App. 3d 54, 724 N.E.2d 167 (1999), relied upon by defendant here, the court again concluded that the defendant had not validly waived his right to a jury trial. On March 1, 1996, at a status hearing, defense counsel stated that the defendant would take a bench trial. Williamson, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 56. On March 29, at another hearing, the assistant State\u2019s Attorney stated that, by agreement, the case was continued to April 26 for motions and a bench trial. On April 26, the assistant State\u2019s Attorney again stated the case was continued, to May 10, for motions and a bench trial. The same was true on May 10. On June 5, at another hearing, defense counsel made a similar statement. On June 27, when the matter actually proceeded to trial, no mention of a jury waiver was made. Williamson, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 56. There was also no written jury waiver contained in the record.\nReviewing the issue under plain error, the Williamson court noted that the State maintained that the defendant had waived a jury trial because in his presence, when a bench trial was discussed, the defendant did not object, nor did he object when his attorney proceeded to a bench trial. Williamson, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 57. The Williamson court first looked to the Illinois Supreme Court\u2019s recent decision in Scott, in which the court held that mere reference to a bench trial on the day of trial did not constitute a waiver of a jury trial. Specifically, the Scott court stated that it had \u201cnever found a valid jury waiver where the defendant was not present in open court when a jury waiver, written or otherwise, was at least discussed.\u201d Scott, 186 Ill. 2d at 285. Although the defendant in Scott had executed a jury waiver in his attorney\u2019s office that was later filed outside the defendant\u2019s presence, the defendant was never present in open court when a jury waiver had been discussed. Scott, 186 Ill. 2d at 285. The Williamson court noted that on March 1, March 29, April 26, and May 10, although \u201cbench\u201d was referred to, nothing was said that the defendant had a right to a jury trial or that that right had been waived. Williamson, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 59. Additionally, on the day of trial, there was no discussion with respect to the defendant\u2019s right to a jury trial, nor any waiver of same. Specifically, there was no mention of whether the case would proceed by jury or bench trial when the court simply proceeded to a bench trial. The Williamson court concluded that the previous references to \u201cbench\u201d were \u201cinsufficient to constitute a \u2018discussion\u2019 of jury waiver in open court.\u201d Williamson, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 59. The court also noted that the record did not demonstrate whether the defendant had been in court except for on May 10 and June 27, and that on June 27 there was no statement from the defendant or his attorney with respect to a jury waiver or proceeding by way of bench trial. Williamson, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 60. The Williamson court therefore reversed the trial court\u2019s judgment and remanded the case for a new trial. Williamson, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 61.\nIn Roberts, the court concluded that the defendant had not validly waived her right to a jury trial where neither \u201cdefendant nor her attorney, while [the defendant] was present, made any affirmative statement waiving a jury trial or requesting a bench trial.\u201d Roberts, 263 Ill. App. 3d at 351. The court further concluded that \u201cdefendant\u2019s silence during the trial court\u2019s few references to a bench trial and her simple acquiescence to the bench trial at the time it occurred [were] not sufficient to show she knowingly waived her right to a jury trial, in the absence of some affirmative action by her or by her attorney while she was present.\u201d Roberts, 263 Ill. App. 3d at 351-52. See also In re R.A.B., 197 Ill. 2d at 367 (where \u201cneither the right to a jury trial nor a jury waiver was discussed in [the defendant\u2019s] presence in open court,\u201d the defendant did not validly waive his right to a jury trial); People v. Taylor, 291 Ill. App. 3d 18, 21, 683 N.E.2d 977 (1997) (trial court reversed where no written jury waiver was filed and there was \u201cno express indication that the defendant was ever given a choice of a bench or a jury trial\u201d); People v. Williams, 277 Ill. App. 3d 571, 572-73, 660 N.E.2d 1320 (1996) (finding that the defendant validly waived his right to a jury trial even though the jury waiver was not executed until after the court had heard arguments on the defendant\u2019s posttrial motion since, before the bench trial, the defendant was admonished by the court of his right to have a jury trial); People v. George, 263 Ill. App. 3d 968, 972, 636 N.E.2d 682 (1993) (discussions in the presence of the defendant that would have indicated to him he could choose between a bench or jury trial were sufficient to demonstrate waiver).\nThe State here relies on People v. Frey, 103 Ill. 2d 327, 469 N.E.2d 195 (1984), in support of its argument that defendant acquiesced in counsel\u2019s conduct and, therefore, validly waived his right to a jury trial. In Frey, the court reiterated that \u201cthe accused typically speaks and acts through his attorney, [and] we have given effect to jury waivers made by defense counsel in defendant\u2019s presence where defendant gave no indication of any objection to the court hearing the case.\u201d Frey, 103 Ill. 2d at 332. The court in Frey concluded that the defendant had validly waived his right to a jury trial where the record demonstrated he was aware of his right to a jury trial and had been present in court \u201cat some point prior to trial\u201d when the jury waiver had been discussed. Frey, 103 Ill. 2d at 333.\nBased on the foregoing authority, we find that, at the very least, the record must disclose some evidence of some discussion in defendant\u2019s presence, prior to being found guilty, with respect to a jury waiver. There is no evidence of same here. Rather, there was one single reference to proceeding to a bench trial, in defendant\u2019s presence, some 2Va weeks prior to trial. This does not constitute a discussion of a jury waiver or demonstrate that defendant was aware he could choose between a jury and bench trial. Accordingly, we find the evidence here is insufficient to establish a valid jury waiver by defendant. The instant case is akin to Eyen with the exception that no written jury waiver was present in the record there and \u201cbench trial\u201d was never mentioned in the defendant\u2019s presence prior to trial, whereas here, a \u201cbench trial\u201d was mentioned one time in defendant\u2019s presence prior to trial. However, as in Eyen, defendant here was never admonished about his right to a jury trial, nor did the trial court, prior to a trial, confirm that defendant had waived a jury trial. Also, as in Eyen, on the day of trial, no mention was made of whether the case would proceed to a bench or jury trial \u2014 the State simply proceeded to introduce evidence. Lastly, there was nothing stated in defendant\u2019s presence either before trial or on the day of trial that he had a choice between a jury or bench trial, which was the same situation in Eyen. The same is true with respect to Williamson. In Williamson, although \u201cbench trial\u201d was mentioned one time in the defendant\u2019s presence prior to trial, as in the instant case, nothing was stated that the defendant had a right to a jury trial or had waived same. Again, no mention was made on the day of trial in Williamson whether the case would proceed to a bench or jury trial.\nThe State focuses on the fact that defendant should be deemed to have acquiesced because he did not object to proceeding to a bench trial. We do not agree. The only time a bench trial was referenced in defendant\u2019s presence was on May 15, at which time defense counsel only mentioned in passing that the case was set for a bench trial. This comment is not even like the one in Asselhom where counsel specifically requested a bench trial. Defendant\u2019s silence when the case proceeded to a bench trial is not sufficient without some affirmative act on his or his attorney\u2019s part to waive a jury trial. See Roberts, 263 Ill. App. 3d at 351-52. There is no evidence in the instant case that defendant was even given the option of proceeding with a jury trial or a jury waiver ever being discussed. This is what distinguishes the instant case from Williams, George, and Frey. In all of those cases, there was some discussion prior to a trial of a jury waiver in the defendants\u2019 presence or the defendants had been given a choice of whether to proceed to a bench or jury trial. As the court stated in Scott, a valid waiver has never been found where there was not at least a discussion of a jury waiver in the defendant\u2019s presence.\nMoreover, even when the trial court here finally addressed the issue, after defendant had been found guilty, defendant was not admonished, even cursorily, that he had a right to be tried by a jury, like the defendant in Lombardi was, or given an opportunity to think about his choice. In fact, the court here did not even address defendant personally. Defendant was given absolutely no opportunity to demand a jury trial or to waive same.\nAlthough our case is different from most of those discussed above because a written jury waiver is present in the record, we do not find this fact dispositive. In this regard, we note that in Scott a jury waiver was filed and, apparently, found to be of no import given the other factors in the case, particularly the lack of any discussion with respect to a jury waiver in the defendant\u2019s presence.\nAlthough ordering a new trial in the instant case may not be a matter of judicial economy, the trial court\u2019s error in failing to fulfil its duty to obtain a valid jury waiver in open court prior to trying defendant or, at the least, prior to rendering a finding against him, cannot be excused. Accordingly, we reverse and remand this cause for a new trial.\nIn light of our decision to reverse and remand, we address only those remaining issues likely to recur upon retrial or to have an impact on a new trial.\nII. Evidence of Intent\nThe material in this section is nonpublishable under Supreme Court Rule 23 (166 Ill. 2d R. 23).\nIII. Proof of Nature of Substance Recovered\nThe material in this section is nonpublishable under Supreme Court Rule 23 (166 Ill. 2d R. 23).\nFor double jeopardy purposes, we find that there was sufficient evidence for the trial court or a jury to find defendant guilty of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver beyond a reasonable doubt.\nIV Rule 605(a) Admonishments\nLastly, defendant contends that the Rule 605(a) admonishments given to him were insufficient because they omitted admonishments with respect to (a)(1), (a)(3)(B), (a)(3)(C), and (a)(3)(D), and therefore we must remand this matter for readmonishment. Specifically, defendant argues that he was not informed that: (1) before filing an appeal, he could file a motion to reconsider sentence; (2) he could request the clerk of the court to prepare and file a notice of appeal; (3) the filing of a motion to reconsider sentence tolled the 30-day period for filing a notice of appeal, but, rather, \u201cthe court seemed to tell\u201d defendant that both a motion to reconsider sentence and the notice of appeal were to be filed within the 30-day period; (4) any issues omitted from his motion to reconsider would be deemed waived; (5) an attorney could be appointed for him for appeal; and (6) a free transcript would be available also if he filed a notice of appeal. The State contends that defendant was properly admonished since he was informed of the necessary procedures to follow to perfect his appeal righ+s, i.e., to file a motion to reconsider sentence and that issues not raised would be waived.\nWe address this issue so that it does not reoccur on remand and so the trial courts understand they need to properly admonish defendants and, if they fail to do so, the case will be remanded.\nRule 605(a) provides:\n\u201c(1) In all cases in which the defendant is found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment, *** the trial court shall, at the time of imposing sentence or modifying the conditions of the sentence, advise the defendant of the right to appeal, of the right to request the clerk to prepare and file a notice of appeal, and of the right, if indigent, to be furnished, without cost to the defendant, with a transcript of the proceedings at the trial or hearing.\n(2) In addition to the foregoing rights, in cases in which the defendant has been convicted of a felony or a Class A misdemeanor or convicted of a lesser offense and sentenced to imprisonment, *** the trial court shall advise the defendant of the right to have counsel appointed on appeal.\n(3) At the time of imposing sentence or modifying the conditions of the sentence, the trial court shall also advise the defendant as follows:\nA. that the right to appeal the judgment of conviction, excluding the sentence imposed or modified, will be preserved only if a notice of appeal is filed in the trial court within thirty (30) days from the date on which sentence is imposed;\nB. that prior to taking an appeal, if the defendant seeks to challenge the correctness of the sentence, or any aspect of the sentencing hearing, the defendant must file in the trial court within 30 days of the date on which sentence is imposed a written motion asking to have the trial court reconsider the sentence imposed, or consider any challenges to the sentencing hearing, setting forth in the motion all issues or claims of error regarding the sentence imposed or the sentencing hearing;\nC. that any issue or claim of error regarding'the sentence imposed or any aspect of the sentencing hearing not raised in the written motion shall be deemed waived; and\nD. that in order to preserve the right to appeal following the disposition of the motion to reconsider sentence, or any challenges regarding the sentencing hearing, the defendant must file a notice of appeal in the trial court within 30 days from the entry of the order disposing of the defendant\u2019s motion to reconsider sentence or order disposing of any challenges to the sentencing hearing.\u201d 210 Ill. 2d R. 605.\nThis issue concerns compliance with a supreme court rule and, therefore, our standard of review is de novo. People v. Lloyd, 338 Ill. App. 3d 379, 384, 788 N.E.2d 1169 (2003). The courts disagree whether strict compliance with Rule 605(a) is required or whether substantial compliance is sufficient. Compare People v. Glenn, 345 Ill. App. 3d 974, 984, 804 N.E.2d 661 (2004), and People v. Taylor, 345 Ill. App. 3d 1064, 1082-83, 804 N.E.2d 116 (2004) (strict compliance required in the cases before the courts), with People v. Garner, 347 Ill. App. 3d 578, 586, 808 N.E.2d 10, 16 (2004), and People v. Williams, 344 Ill. App. 3d 334, 339, 800 N.E.2d 168 (2003) (strict compliance was not required in the cases before the courts). We need not decide which standard applies since the trial court\u2019s admonishments in the instant case did not even substantially comply with the requirements of Rule 605(a). The trial court admonished defendant as follows:\n\u201cYou have a right to appeal the decision of this Court. If you wish to do so you must file a notice of appeal within thirty days. If you don\u2019t do it within thirty days you will lose your right to do so.\nYou may, if you wish, file a motion to have your sentence reduced. You must do that within thirty days. If you don\u2019t have a lawyer for that purpose or cannot afford one one will be appointed for you. You will also be entitled to a free transcript of the trial and this proceeding.\u201d\nIt is clear that the trial court did not admonish defendant that: (1) he had a right to request the clerk to prepare and file a notice of appeal; (2) that, prior to taking an appeal, he could file a motion to reconsider sentence; (3) that in the motion to reconsider sentence, he must set forth all issues or claims of error regarding his sentence and any challenges regarding the sentencing hearing; (4) that any issue not set forth in the motion to reconsider sentence shall be deemed waived; and (5) that after disposition on a motion to reconsider sentence, he could file a notice of appeal.\nThe trial court is instructed that it must comply with the dictates of Rule 605(a) and properly admonish defendants. The simplest way to do so would be to read the contents of Riile 605(a) to a defendant.\nCONCLUSION\nFor the reasons stated, we reverse and remand this cause to the circuit court of Cook County for a new trial.\nReversed and remanded.\nCAHILL and GARCIA, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE BURKE" } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael J. Pelletier and Joshua Moshe Bernstein, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Margaret J. Campos, and Michelle L. Feola, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KENNETH ELDERS, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1\u201402\u20143298\nOpinion filed June 29, 2004.\nMichael J. Pelletier and Joshua Moshe Bernstein, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.\nRichard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Margaret J. Campos, and Michelle L. Feola, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0573-01", "first_page_order": 591, "last_page_order": 605 }