{ "id": 5436214, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TARA L. TAYLOR, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Taylor", "decision_date": "2004-06-30", "docket_number": "No. 2-03-0138", "first_page": "839", "last_page": "845", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "349 Ill. App. 3d 839" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "127 Ill. 2d 12", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5563775 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "43" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/127/0012-01" ] }, { "cite": "334 Ill. App. 3d 420", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 521959 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "425" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/334/0420-01" ] }, { "cite": "159 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 781339 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "25" }, { "page": "25" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/159/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 Ill. 2d 269", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5463289 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "274" }, { "page": "272" }, { "page": "274" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/66/0269-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 Ill. 22", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2993262 ], "year": 1891, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "25" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/136/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 Ill. 2d 253", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5490754 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "257-58" }, { "page": "257-58" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/77/0253-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 Ill. App. 3d 285", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2655345 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "294" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/186/0285-01" ] }, { "cite": "314 Ill. App. 3d 206", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 140168 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "208" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/314/0206-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 Ill. 2d 159", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 609702 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "172" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/204/0159-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 800, "char_count": 14990, "ocr_confidence": 0.7, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0819436336740379e-07, "percentile": 0.5627189075502085 }, "sha256": "2e570bbe85514fa2f7f7c12b64a33d104289d7166508548d94b4ed4bc48abead", "simhash": "1:a2850eac6a55e4d9", "word_count": 2522 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:18:36.100393+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "HUTCHINSON and GILLERAN JOHNSON, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TARA L. TAYLOR, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE BYRNE\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Tara L. Taylor, appeals her conviction of harassment by telephone under section 1 \u2014 1(2) of the Harassing and Obscene Communications Act (Act) (720 ILCS 135/1 \u2014 1(2) (West 2002)), contending that the evidence was insufficient to allow the court to find that she had the requisite intent to harass. Because we do not think that one can infer such intent from the use of a few vulgarities, we agree, and we reverse her conviction.\nDefendant was charged by information with one count of harassment by telephone (making a telephone call with intent to harass) and was given a bench trial. GreDel Brown testified that on May 30, 2002, she found a single message on her answering machine, which she recalled as, \u201cAre you and your friends that effing ghetto that you have to go to the web site and talk shit about a baby that\u2019s an innocent baby that just came into the world?\u201d Her seven-year-old daughter was with her when she played the message, and she felt harassed by the message. She used \u201cStar 69\u201d to identify the source of the message and called the Gurnee police to report telephone harassment. Officer Frank V Tuggle came to Brown\u2019s house to investigate the complaint. He made a tape of the message, which the State played for the court:\n\u201cI was just wondering if you and your friends are that [inaudible, one word] ghetto and low class that you have to go onto a web site uh talking shit on-line about a child that just came into this world just because you\u2019re jealous that it\u2019s not yours. [Inaudible, several words] grow up and learn how to spell.\u201d\nThe quality of the recording is generally poor and background noises nearly drown out the speech at some points. At the point transcribed as \u201cinaudible, one word,\u201d a spike of background noise occurs. At that point, the speaker uses a word which one could reasonably understand as either \u201ceffing\u201d or \u201cfucking.\u201d\nOfficer Tuggle testified that he called defendant to question her about the message, and defendant admitted that she was the one who left it. He called her again later that day to tell her that the complaining witness was going to press charges against her. Early in the morning of May 31, defendant went to the police station. She asked Officer Tuggle what the nature of the charge was, nd after he explained, she said that leaving the message was wrong and she should not have done it. She made a written statement, which the court admitted:\n\u201cI, Tara Taylor am stating that I called Del Brown\u2019s house on 5/31/02 [sic] leaving a message that was my opinion. I was upset that there were nasty comments (that I believe she wrote) on the Lake Forest Hospital!\u2019] s web nursery about a child that was born. This child is fathered by her boyfriend Bryant Jones. She calls and harasses me and my best friend Jessica Ruple (the baby\u2019s Mother). We are both in the process of getting charges filed against Del Brown.\u201d\nDefendant testified that she did make the call. She thought her use of such language was wrong, but she used it because she was angry. Under cross-examination, she admitted that she had used the word \u201cfucking\u201d in the message. She called Brown because she was upset about a series of approximately 35 messages posted on an Internet bulletin board or guest book regarding her goddaughter, Teagan. Teagan was the daughter of Jessica Ruple, who had been defendant\u2019s friend for seven years. Moreover, defendant had been with Jessica when she gave birth and had baby-sat Teagan from her birth until sometime after May 2002. Teagan\u2019s father was Bryant Jones, but Jones was in a relationship with Brown. Teagan was born at Lake Forest Hospital, which maintains a website that displays photographs of babies born at the hospital next to the first names of the parents and the infants\u2019 dates of birth. The site allows visitors to post messages. Defendant had visited the site and seen a series of messages disparaging Jessica and Teagan \u2014 saying, for instance, that Teagan was ugly, fat, and had \u00e1 big head. Some of the messages were signed \u201cDel,\u201d the name by which defendant knew Brown. Defendant believed that Brown had left the messages, and defendant had called Brown to express her opinion of Brown\u2019s actions.\nThe court found defendant guilty:\n\u201c[I]f she had merely called to ask why it was needed to put those negative comments on the web site, that would not have been harassment by telephone pursuant to the statute. But *** by her very own statements she says that the language was wrong and within the purview of the statute of harassment by telephone.\u201d\nDefendant filed a posttrial motion, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to establish defendant\u2019s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The court denied the motion, and defendant timely appeals.\nDefendant argues that the State had no evidence that defendant intended to harass Brown. We agree. A trier of fact cannot infer an intent to harass in the required sense solely from the use of some vulgar language in a telephone call that otherwise had a legitimate purpose. Defendant also contends that the proof that Brown felt harassed was insufficient. Because we resolve this matter in defendant\u2019s favor based on her first claim, we need not consider the second contention.\nThe State charged defendant under section 1 \u2014 1(2) of the Act, which prohibits \u201c[m]aking a telephone call, whether or not conversation ensues, with intent to abuse, threaten or harass any person at the called number.\u201d 720 ILCS 135/1 \u2014 1(2) (West 2002). Specifically, it charged her with calling with intent to harass. Before we can consider whether the State presented satisfactory evidence that defendant called Brown with intent to harass, we need to consider what \u201cto harass\u201d means in this context. We review the interpretation of a statute de novo. People v. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d 159, 172 (2003).\nIn People v. Spencer, 314 Ill. App. 3d 206, 208 (2000), a previous case considering section 1 \u2014 1(2), we adopted the definition of \u201charassment\u201d from the Illinois Domestic Violence Act of 1986 (Domestic Violence Act) (750 ILCS 60/101 el seq. (West 2002)): \u201cknowing conduct which is not necessary to accomplish a purpose that is reasonable under the circumstances; would cause a reasonable person emotional distress; and does cause emotional distress to the petitioner\u201d (750 ILCS 60/103(7) (West 2002)). In People v. Zarebski, 186 Ill. App. 3d 285, 294 (1989), we found that the word \u201charassment\u201d in the Domestic Violence Act implies \u201cintentional acts which cause someone to be worried, anxious, or uncomfortable.\u201d However, as the present context shows, considerations of constitutionality and statutory interpretation require that emotional distress, worry, anxiety, and discomfort must refer to emotional disturbances significantly more serious than the mildest states those words suggest.\nThe structure of section 1 \u2014 1 of the Act implies that the meaning of \u201charass\u201d is distinct from that of \u201coffend.\u201d Section 1 \u2014 1(1) bars telephone communication for the purpose of \u201c[mjaking any comment, request, suggestion or proposal which is obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent with an intent to offend.\u201d 720 ILCS 135/1 \u2014 1(1) (West 2002). If showing intent to offend were sufficient to show intent to harass, section 1 \u2014 1(1) would he superfluous, because a person could be convicted under subsection 1 \u2014 1(2) simply for making a call with the intent to offend.\nFurther, as our supreme court recognized, a broad interpretation of \u201charass\u201d would place section 1 \u2014 1(2) in serious constitutional jeopardy. When faced with a first amendment challenge to that section, the court invoked the maxim \u201cnoscitur a soeiis\u201d \u2014 that one knows a word by the company it keeps \u2014 to hold that \u201cthe words \u2018abuse\u2019 and \u2018harass\u2019 take color from the word \u2018threaten\u2019 and acquire more restricted meanings.\u201d People v. Parkins, 77 Ill. 2d 253, 257-58 (1979). In this way, the court found that these words had meanings narrow enough to satisfy first amendment concerns. The classic gloss of \u201cnoscitur a soeiis\u201d is that \u201cgeneral and specific words which are capable of an analogous meaning[,] being associated together, take color from each other, so that the general words are restricted to a sense analogous to the less general.\u201d Misch v. Russell, 136 Ill. 22, 25 (1891). Thus, we take it that \u201charass\u201d and \u201cabuse,\u201d which do not necessarily imply disturbing or frightening actions, take some of that implication from the word \u201cthreaten.\u201d Thus, for a call to be made with intent to harass, the caller must have had the intent to produce emotional distress akin to that of a threat.\nThe court\u2019s earlier opinion in People v. Klick, 66 Ill. 2d 269, 274 (1977), confirms that \u201charass\u201d in section 1 \u2014 1(2) cannot include the less serious actions the word sometimes implies. In Klick, the court held unconstitutional on first amendment grounds the previous telephone harassment statute, section 26 \u2014 1(a)(2) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 38, par. 26 \u2014 1(a)(2)) (a provision of the disorderly conduct law). It found that section 26 \u2014 1(a)(2), which prohibited \u201c \u2018[w]ith intent to annoy another, [the] mak[ing of] a telephone call, whether or not conversation thereby ensues,\u2019 \u201d encroached upon the first amendment right to communicate with another in a reasonable manner. Klick, 66 Ill. 2d at 272, quoting Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 38, par. 26 \u2014 1(a)(2). Evidently, then, if a prohibition on a call made with intent to harass is not constitutionally offensive, the level of emotional distress or discomfort the caller intended to produce must be substantially greater than mere annoyance.\nThe Klick court also explicitly noted that the law must not improperly impede speech delivering a rebuke or expressing a dispute:\n\u201cWe do not suggest that the first amendment gives one the unlimited right to annoy another, by speech or otherwise. There are, however, many instances when, without breaching the peace, one may communicate with another with the possible intention of causing a slight annoyance in order to emphasize an idea or opinion, or to prompt a desired course of action that one is legitimately entitled to seek. Conceivably, [the former section 26\u2014 1(a)(2)] could make criminal a single telephone call made by a consumer who wishes to express his dissatisfaction over the performance of a product or service; a call by a businessman disturbed with another\u2019s failure to perform a contractual obligation; by an irate citizen, perturbed with the state of public affairs, who desires to express his opinion to a public official; or by an individual bickering over family matters. First amendment protection is not limited to amiable communications.\u201d Klick, 66 Ill. 2d at 274.\nThe court thus recognized that expressions of displeasure, and even anger, are protected objects of telephone communication.\nRecognizing the meaning of \u201charass\u201d in section 1 \u2014 1(2), we hold that the evidence in this case does not support the inference that defendant intended her call to harass Brown. Although we think the trial court might properly have inferred from defendant\u2019s words an intent to express anger and perhaps to offend, this was insufficient for it to infer that she had an intent to harass in the relevant sense.\nWe will not set aside a criminal conviction on review for want of evidence unless the evidence was so improbable or unsatisfactory that there remains a reasonable doubt of the defendant\u2019s guilt. People v. Kitchen, 159 Ill. 2d 1, 25 (1994). To preserve the trier of fact\u2019s role as weigher of the evidence, we consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. We then ask whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Kitchen, 159 Ill. 2d at 25. The trier of fact may properly infer intent from the circumstances surrounding the alleged criminal act (People v. Jones, 334 Ill. App. 3d 420, 425 (2002)), and we accept any reasonable inferences that the trier of fact might have drawn from the evidence (see People v. Jimerson, 127 Ill. 2d 12, 43 (1989)).\nHere, the court properly recognized that it could not infer an intent to harass from defendant\u2019s calling to deliver a rebuke: \u201cIf she had merely called to ask why it was needed to put those negative comments on the web site, that would not have been harassment by telephone pursuant to the statute.\u201d The law cannot bar defendant from expressing her displeasure with Brown\u2019s actions. However, the court incorrectly found that defendant\u2019s use of vulgarity brought the call within the provision\u2019s reach: \u201cby her very own statements she says that the language was wrong and within the purview of the statute of harassment by telephone.\u201d Section 1 \u2014 1(2) does not bar the use of vulgar or indecent language in a telephone call. It bars only calls made with improper intent. 720 ILCS 135/1 \u2014 1(2) (West 2002). The use of vulgar language is relevant only to the extent that it can support an inference of an intent to harass.\nWe do not rule out the possibility that marked and extensive use of vulgarities could support such an inference, even in a call with a discernable legitimate purpose, particularly if the use of such language appears to have become an end in itself to the caller. However, defendant\u2019s language, assuming even the more offensive understanding of what she said, was not of that kind. It simply lacks any indication of intent to cause emotional distress in the relevant sense. Defendant may have intended her language to offend, as her admission that leaving the message was wrong suggests, but intent to offend is not sufficient to sustain her conviction.\nFor the reasons stated, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County.\nReversed.\nHUTCHINSON and GILLERAN JOHNSON, JJ., concur.\nThe State specifically charged defendant under section 1 \u2014 1(2), and therefore we do not need to consider the applicability of section 1 \u2014 1(1) to her actions. We do not, however, wish to leave the impression that we are reversing defendant\u2019s conviction simply because the State charged her under the wrong section. We suspect that section 1 \u2014 1(1) is subject to an analysis corresponding to the analysis of section 1 \u2014 1(2) in People v. Parkins, 77 Ill. 2d 253, 257-58 (1979), so that the words \u201cfilthy\u201d and \u201cindecent\u201d take color from the words \u201cobscene,\u201d \u201clewd,\u201d and \u201clascivious,\u201d and that therefore the \u201ccomment, request, suggestion or proposal\u201d must be pronouncedly sexual to fall within the scope of the provision.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE BYRNE" } ], "attorneys": [ "G. Joseph Weller and Kathleen J. Hamill, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.", "Michael J. Waller, State\u2019s Attorney, of Waukegan (Martin E Moltz and Cynthia N. Schneider, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TARA L. TAYLOR, Defendant-Appellant.\nSecond District\nNo. 2\u201403\u20140138\nOpinion filed June 30, 2004.\nG. Joseph Weller and Kathleen J. Hamill, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.\nMichael J. Waller, State\u2019s Attorney, of Waukegan (Martin E Moltz and Cynthia N. Schneider, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0839-01", "first_page_order": 857, "last_page_order": 863 }