{ "id": 3364151, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. STEVEN M. CRUTCHFIELD, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Crutchfield", "decision_date": "2004-10-19", "docket_number": "No. 5\u201403\u20140043", "first_page": "1014", "last_page": "1026", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "353 Ill. App. 3d 1014" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "537 U.S. 101", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9190761 ], "weight": 6, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "112-13" }, { "page": "599-600" }, { "page": "740" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/537/0101-01" ] }, { "cite": "398 U.S. 323", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6170963 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "327" }, { "page": "304" }, { "page": "1760" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/398/0323-01" ] }, { "cite": "395 U.S. 711", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1772134 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "717" }, { "page": "664-65" }, { "page": "2076" }, { "page": "720-21" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "2078" }, { "page": "720-21" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "2078" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/395/0711-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 3d 1002", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 252848 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1003" }, { "page": "1003" }, { "page": "1004" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/272/1002-01" ] }, { "cite": "536 U.S. 584", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1254507 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "an aggravating factor necessary to impose the death penalty instead of life imprisonment must be considered by a jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt rather than by a judge, in accord with Apprendi" }, { "parenthetical": "an aggravating factor necessary to impose the death penalty instead of life imprisonment must be considered by a jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt rather than by a judge, in accord with Apprendi" }, { "parenthetical": "an aggravating factor necessary to impose the death penalty instead of life imprisonment must be considered by a jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt rather than by a judge, in accord with Apprendi" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/536/0584-01" ] }, { "cite": "542 U.S. 348", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 2528610 ], "weight": 6, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "354" }, { "page": "450" }, { "page": "2524" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/542/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "339 Ill. App. 3d 347", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2468838 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "362" }, { "page": "362" }, { "page": "362" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/339/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "202 Ill. 2d 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1442047 ], "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/202/0378-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 Ill. 2d 518", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 351227 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "526" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/196/0518-01" ] }, { "cite": "530 U.S. 466", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9413911 ], "weight": 6, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "490" }, { "page": "455" }, { "page": "2362-63" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/530/0466-01" ] }, { "cite": "194 Ill. 2d 361", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1096315 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "376" }, { "page": "377" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/194/0361-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 Ill. 2d 261", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5464950 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "a court should consider certain factors to determine whether there is a manifest necessity for a defendant to wear shackles at the trial" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/66/0261-01" ] }, { "cite": "347 Ill. App. 3d 1001", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3950690 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1004" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/347/1001-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 Ill. 2d 352", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 799391 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "363" }, { "page": "363-64" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/203/0352-01" ] }, { "cite": "206 Ill. 2d 465", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1578235 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "475" }, { "page": "476" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/206/0465-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 Ill. 2d 176", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5550081 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "186" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/122/0176-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1216, "char_count": 30682, "ocr_confidence": 0.751, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.2399012687590655e-07, "percentile": 0.6076742312003518 }, "sha256": "653ed347ff67a0ecec1c802b2fbac4c5885a19436bc2eaaea161ab8a774d109e", "simhash": "1:b010fb38634ec4f7", "word_count": 5207 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:37:49.624900+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. STEVEN M. CRUTCHFIELD, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HOPKINS\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a jury trial, the defendant, Steven M. Crutchfield, was convicted of first-degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 1(a)(1) (West 1996)) and sentenced to natural life in the Department of Corrections. On appeal, the defendant argues that (1) he was denied a fair trial because he was required to wear a stun belt during the trial, (2) the circuit court erred in prohibiting him from presenting evidence that supported his defense that he had committed the murder under a sudden and intense passion, (3) the circuit court erred in admitting evidence of \u201cother crimes,\u201d and (4) his sentence of natural-life imprisonment should be vacated because it violates the ex post facto and double jeopardy clauses of the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution (U.S. Const., art. I, \u00a7 9, cl. 3; U.S. Const., amends. V, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a7\u00a7 10, 16). We affirm.\nFACTS\nThe defendant\u2019s case comes before this court for the second time. At the defendant\u2019s first trial for first-degree murder, he was found guilty but mentally ill. In his first appeal, this court reversed and remanded for a new trial because the trial court had erred in refusing to instruct the jury with the defendant\u2019s tendered second-degree-murder instruction. People v. Crutchfield, No. 5 \u2014 00\u20140004 (2001) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23 (166 Ill. 2d R. 23)).\nOn remand, on March 22, 2002, the State filed a \u201cNotice of Intent to Seek Aggravating Factor\u201d pursuant to section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) (West 2002)). In the notice, the State asserted that it would present evidence to the jury that the murder had been accompanied by exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty. The State also asserted that if the jury found that this aggravating factor had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, the State intended to seek a sentence of natural-life imprisonment.\nOn August 28, 2002, before the defendant\u2019s second trial began, and out of the presence of the jury, the following colloquy ensued concerning the defendant\u2019s wearing a \u201cbelt\u201d during the trial:\n\u201cMR. BROEKING [defense counsel]: *** I don\u2019t remember last time. Did he have the belt on or not?\nMR. CURRIE [assistant State\u2019s Attorney]: He did.\nMR. BROEKING: What\u2019s the court\u2019s ruling going to be in regard to that? I would ask that he not be shackled and that there \u2014 if he\u2019s going to be belted, would ask that he wouldn\u2019t be, but if he\u2019s going to be, we ensure that he is seated at all times when the jury is going to be able to view him.\nTHE COURT: I think the way we\u2019ve done it in the past \u2014 of course, the sheriff *** runs security, but we\u2019re not going to have obviously jail clothes or shackles or manacles in front of the jury. If the sheriff believes a belt is necessary, that\u2019s not easily seen, but we would want to make certain that the defendant is in place and seated so that there isn\u2019t any opportunity for it to be seen.\nAnyone have any objection to that?\nMR. BROEKING: No.\u201d\nA second discussion concerning the belt ensued the following day, again out of the presence of the jury, regarding how the defendant was to enter and exit the room so that the jury would be unaware that he was wearing the belt. The trial judge stated that he had seen the defendant in the hallway and that he did not see the belt. Defense counsel made no other objection concerning the defendant\u2019s wearing the belt during the trial. The trial court did not hold a hearing on the issue, and the defendant did not raise the issue in his posttrial motion.\nAlso before the second trial, the State filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude evidence of an X-rated videotape visible on the defendant\u2019s ex-wife\u2019s entertainment center at the crime scene. The defendant argued that the evidence was admissible because it supported his defense of provocation. The court granted the State\u2019s motion in limine.\nThe evidence adduced at the defendant\u2019s second trial was as follows. Tracie Teffertiller testified that the defendant is her ex-husband. Tracie and the defendant were married in May 1998 and divorced in May 1999. During the marriage, Tracie and her daughter, Tori, lived with the defendant at 916 South 14th Street in Herrin, Illinois.\nTracie testified that in October or November 1998, the defendant struck her in the face. The defendant objected to Tracie\u2019s testimony and moved for a mistrial. The court sustained the objection, denied the motion for a mistrial, and instructed the jury to disregard Tracie\u2019s comments.\nTracie testified that she and Michael Sasso, the victim, had been friends for a couple of months, but on the evening of Friday, March 12, 1999, she began an intimate relationship with him. When Tracie returned home late that evening, the defendant was upset. The defendant accused her of being with another man, beat her with the buckle end of a belt, choked her, and tried to smother her with a pillow. Tracie reported the defendant\u2019s abuse on the following Monday and obtained an order of protection.\nAbout 6 a.m. on March 18, 1999, after spending the night with her parents, Tracie returned to her home in Herrin to get dressed for work. Tracie found the defendant unconscious in bed with pill bottles and a suicide note beside him. Tracie called 9-1-1. The defendant was treated at the Veterans Administration Medical Center (VA Hospital) in Marion, Illinois.\nAfter the defendant\u2019s attempted suicide, Tracie and the defendant agreed to separate and live apart. Tracie remained in the home on South 14th Street, and the defendant rented an apartment on North 13th Street in Herrin.\nOn Friday, April 2, 1999, Tracie spent the night at Michael\u2019s apartment. The next morning, Tracie and Michael returned to her house. Later that afternoon, Tracie picked up Tori from Tori\u2019s father\u2019s house. She also rented three movies, none of which were X-rated.\nMichael, who was still at Tracie\u2019s house, went out with Tracie\u2019s sister\u2019s boyfriend about 6 or 7 p.m. that evening. Tracie called and had a pizza delivered, and then she and Tori watched a movie before Tori went to bed. About 11:30 p.m., Michael returned, and Tracie locked and chained her front door.\nShortly thereafter, while Tracie and Michael sat on her love seat watching a movie, the defendant broke the front door open and came into the living room. Michael noticed that the defendant had a knife and ran toward the dining room. Tracie tried to call 9-1-1, but her telephone had no dial tone. When Tracie tried to use her cell phone, the defendant grabbed the phone out of her hand and threw it on the floor. Tracie stood between the defendant and Michael to keep the defendant from attacking Michael, but Tori came out of her bedroom crying. Tracie picked up Tori and told the defendant that he was upsetting her daughter. The defendant said that it did not matter because they were all \u201cgoing to die tonight.\u201d The defendant followed Michael into the dining room.\nTracie testified that Michael and the defendant wrestled on the dining room floor. Michael got away and ran into the living room, but the defendant caught up with and tackled Michael. Tracie heard Michael yell: \u201cStop it. You\u2019re killing me. You\u2019re stabbing me.\u201d Tracie grabbed the back of the defendant\u2019s shirt to pull the defendant off Michael. Michael again got away and ran out the front door. The defendant tried to pull Michael back into the house, but he was unsuccessful. Tracie saw Michael go to a neighboring house.\nTracie tried to get the defendant to calm down and wait for the police, but the defendant left. Tracie saw the defendant run south down the street.\nTracie went to the house of her neighbors, the Woolards, where Michael lay on the ground next to the front steps. Tracie testified that the knife the defendant had used and a Benchtop screwdriver found in her home were not hers. Tracie also testified that, on the evening of the murder, the defendant had worn dark blue jogging pants made of a \u201cslick\u201d material and a black T-shirt.\nTammy Woolard testified that at the time of the murder, she and her husband lived next door to Tracie and the defendant on South 14th Street in Herrin. Between 11:30 and midnight that night, Tammy heard two men yelling. Tammy looked out her bedroom window, which faced Tracie\u2019s home, and saw Michael at the bottom of Tracie\u2019s porch steps covered in blood. Tammy\u2019s husband called 9-1-1.\nTammy\u2019s husband went outside to Michael and told Tammy to get towels. When Tammy returned, Tracie and Tori were there. Tammy testified that Tracie was hysterical and screamed: \u201cI can\u2019t believe Steve killed Michael. I can\u2019t believe he stabbed him. He stabbed him.\u201d Tammy called the police and informed them that the defendant had stabbed Michael.\nTammy testified that when the police were shining lights around the area, she saw the defendant\u2019s car backed into the driveway at a house across the street and south of Tracie\u2019s house. The car was partially blocked from view by trees. Tammy testified that a person sitting in the defendant\u2019s car could see the front of Tracie\u2019s house.\nWarren Blake, a Herrin police officer, testified that when he arrived at Tracie\u2019s house shortly before midnight on the evening of the murder, he saw Tammy and Bob Woolard, Tracie, and Michael, who was lying on the ground clutching his stomach in front of the Wool-ards\u2019 house at 912 South 14th Street. An ambulance arrived soon thereafter and took Michael to the hospital.\nAfter talking to Tracie and the Woolards, Blake broadcast a description of the defendant. Blake confirmed that the defendant\u2019s car was found at 1005 South 14th Street approximately 30 minutes after he arrived.\nSteve Cannon, a Marion police officer, testified that about 4:49 a.m. on the morning after the murder, he saw the defendant walking on the VA Hospital grounds in Marion. He arrested the defendant.\nBruce Graul, a Herrin police officer, testified that about 3:05 p.m. on the day after the murder, he found a knife in the ditch in front of 1104 South 14th Street in Herrin.\nJohn Nagle, a crime scene investigator for the Illinois State Police, testified that he went to Tracie\u2019s house at 916 South 14th Street about 4:48 a.m. on the morning after the murder to investigate the murder scene. Nagle found that the screws on the phone box had been loosened with a flathead screwdriver and the wires to the outside phone box were disconnected. Nagle found a black-handled, Benchtop flathead screwdriver on the floor behind the front door. There appeared to be bloodstains on the handle and the blade of the screwdriver. Nagle did not find in Tracie\u2019s house the knife connected with the stabbing.\nNagle saw the defendant at the Williamson County sheriff\u2019s department about 6 a.m. that morning. Nagle observed that the defendant had scratches on his lower back above his waistline, two scratches on the left side of his neck, a small injury to his left index finger, small scratches on the top of his right hand, and brownish stains on his fingertips. Nagle testified that the defendant was wearing dark blue nylon jogging pants. The cotton liner of the defendant\u2019s pants was stained with blood.\nLater that afternoon, Nagle went to the 1100 block of South 14th Street in Herrin, where he retrieved a knife from a ditch. The knife was six inches long and had bloodstains on the blade and the wooden handle.\nNagle also went to the defendant\u2019s apartment on North 13th Street in Herrin. On the defendant\u2019s kitchen table, Nagle found a black-handled, Benchtop Phillips-head screwdriver, the same brand as the flathead screwdriver found at Tracie\u2019s house. In a kitchen drawer, Nagle found a set of knives that matched the brand name of the knife found two blocks from Tracie\u2019s home.\nWhen Nagle attended Michael\u2019s autopsy the following day, he took the knife and the screwdriver with him and asked Dr. Cavanaugh, a forensic pathologist who conducted Michael\u2019s autopsy, if Michael\u2019s injuries were consistent with these weapons, and Dr. Cavanaugh confirmed that they were.\nStacie Speith, a forensic biologist for the Illinois State Police, testified that she tested the knife and the screwdriver and determined that both items had human blood on them. Speith also tested the bloodstains on the lining of the defendant\u2019s jogging pants and determined that the stains were human blood.\nDr. Cavanaugh testified that Michael had 31 stab or puncture wounds, including two stab or puncture wounds to the heart, the right lung, and the left lung; a stab wound that passed through the spleen and the splenic artery, through the pancreas, and into the stomach; and a stab wound to the right renal artery. Dr. Cavanaugh testified that Michael\u2019s cause of death was bleeding from a stab wound to the heart, but he noted that several of the other wounds were also potentially lethal injuries.\nThe defendant did not testify in his own behalf. The defendant\u2019s evidence consisted of the testimony of Dr. Lisa McCutcheon, a psychiatrist at the VA Hospital, and Dr. Daniel Holly, a clinical psychologist at the VA Hospital. Both Dr. McCutcheon and Dr. Holly testified concerning their treatment of the defendant at the VA Hospital and as an outpatient following the defendant\u2019s suicide attempt on March 18, 1999. Their diagnosis of the defendant was that he was suffering from major depression and a narcissistic personality. Dr. Holly also opined that the defendant was highly intelligent. Both Dr. McCutcheon and Dr. Holly testified that the defendant admitted that he had been charged with domestic battery for hitting his wife.\nAt the close of the evidence, the jury found the defendant guilty of first-degree murder. On an additional verdict form, the jury also found beyond a reasonable doubt that Michael\u2019s murder had been accompanied by exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty. The court entered a judgment on the jury\u2019s verdict and, based upon the aggravating factor found by the jury, imposed a sentence of natural-life imprisonment. The defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.\nANALYSIS\nStun Belt\nThe defendant first argues that he was denied a fair trial because he was required to wear a stun belt at his jury trial without the trial court determining that the belt was necessary. The defendant argues that he was denied his constitutional right to due process and a fair trial because the court was required to conduct a hearing to determine the necessity of his wearing the belt, failed to hold such a hearing, and abdicated its role in deciding the necessity of his wearing the belt.\nAt the trial, defense counsel made a cursory objection to the defendant\u2019s wearing the stun belt, but he failed to raise the issue in his posttrial motion. A failure to object at the trial and raise the issue in a posttrial motion results in a waiver of the issue on appeal. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). However, the defendant claims that this issue should be considered under the plain error doctrine.\nUnder the plain error doctrine, issues not brought to the attention of the trial court may be considered when either the evidence is closely balanced or the error is so substantial that it affects the fundamental fairness of the proceeding and remedying the error is necessary to preserve the integrity of the judicial process. People v. Graham, 206 Ill. 2d 465, 475 (2003). Under a plain error analysis, it is the defendant\u2019s burden to show that the error prejudiced him, and a forfeited error cannot be corrected on appeal unless the defendant shows that the error was prejudicial. People v. Thurow, 203 Ill. 2d 352, 363 (2003). Even constitutional errors can be waived (see Thurow, 203 Ill. 2d at 363-64) if the error is not of such magnitude that it deprives the defendant of a fair trial. See Graham, 206 Ill. 2d at 476.\nThe defendant was convicted of first-degree murder by overwhelming evidence. In fact, on appeal, the defendant does not argue that the evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.\nThe issue of whether the alleged error affects the fundamental fairness of the proceeding is a closer question. The defendant equates his wearing of the stun belt with the wearing of shackles and manacles. In a recent case, People v. Martinez, 347 Ill. App. 3d 1001 (2004), the appellate court determined that a due process violation had occurred when a trial court required a defendant to wear a stun belt at the trial and the court had not made findings of necessity and had not considered the factors set out in People v. Boose, 66 Ill. 2d 261 (1977) (a court should consider certain factors to determine whether there is a manifest necessity for a defendant to wear shackles at the trial), and instead had deferred to the sheriffs judgment. Martinez, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 1004. While we agree with Martinez that requiring a defendant to wear a stun belt without conducting a hearing on the necessity for the restraint once he objects is a due process violation, we find that the defendant has not met his burden of showing that the error prejudiced him to the extent that it deprived him of a fair trial, i.e., he did not show that the jury verdict would have been different without the error. The defendant did not testify at the trial. The stun belt did not hamper the presentation of his defense. In addition, there is no evidence that the jury was even aware that the defendant was wearing the belt. Therefore, because it is clear that the error did not contribute to the defendant\u2019s conviction, we find that the plain error doctrine is inapplicable and that the error has been waived.\nWe note, however, that we do not believe stun belts should be worn as a standard practice, as was done in this case. Had the evidence against the defendant not been so overwhelming, our decision might have been different. The court, and not the sheriff, should control the security of the courtroom.\nThe defendant also claims, alternatively, that his counsel was ineffective for not objecting to his wearing the stun belt. To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the two-prong test established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984), must be met. People v. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d 361 (2000). The test requires that a defendant prove that his counsel\u2019s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel\u2019s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d at 376. A failure to satisfy either prong of the two-prong test precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d at 377.\nWe have already found that because of the overwhelming evidence against him, the defendant was not prejudiced by being required to wear the stun belt. Because the defendant failed to establish the prejudice prong of the Strickland two-prong test, his ineffective assistance claim fails.\nImproper Sentence\nFinally, the defendant argues that his sentence of natural-life imprisonment violates the ex post facto and double jeopardy clauses of the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., art. I, \u00a7 9, cl. 3; U.S. Const., amends. V, XIV) and the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a7\u00a7 10, 16). The defendant argues that the court erred when, pursuant to section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) (West 2002)), it instructed and submitted to the jury an additional verdict form concerning the aggravating factor of whether the murder had been accompanied by exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty. The defendant claims that the application of section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) violates the prohibition against ex post facto laws because he was convicted of an offense that was not in existence at the time of the murder, first-degree murder accompanied by exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty. The defendant also claims that, for similar reasons, the application of section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) constitutes a double jeopardy violation because he was charged with and tried for a greater offense at his retrial. The defendant argues that section 111\u2014 3(c \u2014 5) is unconstitutional as applied in his case. In essence, the defendant argues that the jury\u2019s consideration of the aggravating factor that the murder had been accompanied by brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty added another element to the elements of first-degree murder.\nThe present version of section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) (West 2002)), which became effective on February 23, 2001, was enacted in response to the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000), wherein the Supreme Court held that whenever a fact is considered that enhances a penalty beyond the statutory maximum, that fact must be considered by a jury and be found to exist beyond a reasonable doubt. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 455, 120 S. Ct. at 2362-63. Section 111\u2014 3(c \u2014 5) provides in pertinent part as follows:\n\u201cNotwithstanding any other provision of law, in all cases in which the imposition of the death penalty is not a possibility, if an alleged fact (other than the fact of a prior conviction) is not an element of an offense but is sought to be used to increase the range of penalties for the offense beyond the statutory maximum that could otherwise be imposed for the offense, the alleged fact must be included in the charging instrument or otherwise provided to the defendant through a written notification before trial, submitted to a trier of fact as an aggravating factor, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d 725 ILCS 5/111 \u2014 -3(c\u20145) (West 2002).\nThe question of whether a statute is constitutional is reviewed de novo. People v. Carney, 196 Ill. 2d 518, 526 (2001). Similarly, the interpretation of a statute is also reviewed de novo. People v. Swift, 202 Ill. 2d 378 (2002).\nA law that violates the ex post facto prohibition is one that is retrospective, affects substantial rights, and disadvantages the defendant. People v. O\u2019Quinn, 339 Ill. App. 3d 347, 362 (2003). A law violates the ex post facto prohibition if it is both retroactive and more onerous than the law in effect at the time of the offense, but the ex post facto clause does not limit the legislature\u2019s control of remedies or modes of procedure, as long as they do not affect matters of substance. O\u2019Quinn, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 362. A new decision that modifies the elements of an offense is substantive rather than procedural. Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 159 L. Ed. 2d 442, 124 S. Ct. 2519 (2004).\n\u201cNew elements alter the range of conduct the statute punishes, rendering some formerly unlawful conduct lawful or vice versa. [Citation.] But that is not what Ring [(Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 153 L. Ed. 2d 556, 122 S. Ct. 2428 (2002) (an aggravating factor necessary to impose the death penalty instead of life imprisonment must be considered by a jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt rather than by a judge, in accord with Apprendi))] did; the range of conduct punished by death in Arizona was the same before Ring as after. Ring held that, because Arizona\u2019s statutory aggrava-tors restricted (as a matter of state law) the class of death-eligible defendants, those aggravators effectively were elements for federal constitutional purposes[ ] and so were subject to the procedural requirements the Constitution attaches to trial of elements. [Citation.] This Court\u2019s holding[,] that[ ] because Arizona has made a certain fact essential to the death penalty, that fact must be found by a jury, is not the same as this Court\u2019s making a certain fact essential to the death penalty. The former was a procedural holding; the latter would be substantive.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) Schriro, 542 U.S. at 354, 159 L. Ed. 2d at 450, 124 S. Ct. at 2524.\nThe rule stated in Apprendi, and correspondingly in Ring, which is reflected in section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145), is a new procedural rule and not one of substance and, therefore, does not create an element of the offense of first-degree murder. This court held similarly in O\u2019Quinn that the requirement of section 111 \u2014 3(e\u20145) that a jury consider a sentence-enhancing factor is a mode of procedure. O\u2019Quinn, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 362.\nIn the instant case, the defendant was found guilty of first-degree murder by a jury at his first trial in 1999, prior to Apprendi. At sentencing, the trial court, and not the jury, found that the murder had been accompanied by exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty, and the court imposed a sentence of natural-life imprisonment.\nOn remand, the State followed the requirements of section 111\u2014 3(c \u2014 5). At the close of the defendant\u2019s retrial, the jury was instructed that if the defendant was found guilty, then it should consider the sentence-enhancing factor, and the jury was given two verdict forms entitled \u201cAdditional Verdict Form.\u201d The jury found the defendant guilty of first-degree murder and signed the additional verdict form that stated that the evidence had established the aggravating factor beyond a reasonable doubt. At sentencing, based upon the jury\u2019s finding at the trial, the court imposed a sentence of natural-life imprisonment. The defendant received the same sentence at his retrial as he received at his first trial. The elements of murder were the same at the defendant\u2019s first trial as they were at the retrial. The range of conduct for murder did not change between the defendant\u2019s first trial and his second trial; only the mode of procedure for finding an aggravating factor for an enhanced sentence changed. The procedural change required by the statute did not violate the ex post facto provisions of the United States Constitution or the Illinois Constitution.\nThe defendant also argues that section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) violates the double jeopardy clauses of the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution. His argument rests on the same premise that section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) violates the ex post facto prohibitions of the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution \u2014 that he was tried on a greater offense at the retrial than he was during his first trial because the aggravating factor that must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt was an added element, i.e., first-degree murder with an aggravating factor.\nThe double jeopardy clauses of the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution provide that a person will not twice be put in jeopardy for the same offense. People v. Pudlo, 272 Ill. App. 3d 1002, 1003 (1995). The double jeopardy clause protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after an acquittal, a second prosecution for the same offense after a conviction, and multiple punishments for the same offense. North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717, 23 L. Ed. 2d 656, 664-65, 89 S. Ct. 2072, 2076 (1969); Pudlo, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 1003. A well-recognized principle of constitutional jurisprudence is that when a defendant voluntarily seeks to have his original conviction set aside and is successful, it is as though the slate has been wiped clean and the conviction is wholly nullified, and a defendant is not placed in double jeopardy at a retrial. Pearce, 395 U.S. at 720-21, 23 L. Ed. 2d at 667, 89 S. Ct. at 2078. However, a defendant cannot be retried on an offense greater than the offense for which he was found guilty at his first trial. Price v. Georgia, 398 U.S. 323, 327, 26 L. Ed. 2d 300, 304, 90 S. Ct. 1757, 1760 (1970). Two offenses are the same if they have identical statutory elements or if one offense is a lesser-included offense of the other. Pudlo, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 1004.\nIn Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania, 537 U.S. 101, 154 L. Ed. 2d 588, 123 S. Ct. 732 (2003), the Supreme Court determined that the double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution was not violated where a defendant was tried for first-degree murder and a jury became deadlocked at sentencing regarding whether there was an aggravating factor that allowed for the imposition of the death penalty. In accord with Pennsylvania law, the judge imposed a sentence of natural-life imprisonment because of the jury\u2019s deadlock on the death penalty aggravating factor. The defendant successfully appealed, his conviction was reversed, and his case was remanded for a retrial. At the retrial, the defendant was again found guilty of first-degree murder; this time, the jury unanimously found the existence of the aggravating factor, and the death penalty was imposed. The defendant appealed. The Supreme Court held that the double jeopardy clause was not violated because the jury made no finding concerning the aggravating factor at the first trial, there was no \u201cacquittal\u201d regarding that factor, and the jury was free to consider the aggravating factor and make a finding on it at the retrial. Therefore, the Supreme Court affirmed the imposition of the death penalty at the retrial. Sattazahn, 537 U.S. at 112-13, 154 L. Ed. 2d at 599-600, 123 S. Ct. at 740.\nIn the case sub judice, we have already held, in the context of the ex post facto issue, that the jury determination of the aggravating factor was not an element of the offense of first-degree murder but was only a new mode of procedure. Thus, the defendant was tried for first-degree murder at his first trial and for the same offense at his retrial. He was not placed in double jeopardy for being tried for the same offense after having had his first conviction set aside at his behest. See Pearce, 395 U.S. at 720-21, 23 L. Ed. 2d at 667, 89 S. Ct. at 2078. Because section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) does not violate the ex post facto clause or the double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution or the Illinois Constitution, section 111 \u2014 3(c\u20145) was constitutional as applied to the defendant.\nCONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Williamson County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nWELCH and MAAG, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HOPKINS" } ], "attorneys": [ "Daniel M. Kirwan and Dan W Evers, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellant.", "Charles Garnati, State\u2019s Attorney, of Marion (Norbert J. Goetten, Stephen E. Norris, and T. David Purcell, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. STEVEN M. CRUTCHFIELD, Defendant-Appellant.\nFifth District\nNo. 5\u201403\u20140043\nOpinion filed October 19, 2004.\nDaniel M. Kirwan and Dan W Evers, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellant.\nCharles Garnati, State\u2019s Attorney, of Marion (Norbert J. Goetten, Stephen E. Norris, and T. David Purcell, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "1014-01", "first_page_order": 1034, "last_page_order": 1046 }