{ "id": 3749987, "name": "JOSEPH M. SUTHERLAND, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Sutherland v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co.", "decision_date": "2005-03-28", "docket_number": "No. 1-04-1631", "first_page": "620", "last_page": "630", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "356 Ill. App. 3d 620" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20703", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 C.F.R \u00a7 225", "category": "laws:admin_compilation", "reporter": "C.F.R.", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20109", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)" }, { "page": "(c)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "873 F.2d 60", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10526083 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "64" }, { "page": "64" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/873/0060-01" ] }, { "cite": "49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20101", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "et seq." } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "406 U.S. 320", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6170538 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "325" }, { "page": "100" }, { "page": "1565" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/406/0320-01" ] }, { "cite": "49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20112", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)(2)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20111", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)(1)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 21302", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)(1)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "609 N.E.2d 378", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "rejecting a claim for retaliatory discharge by a farm laborer not covered by the Workers' Compensation Act" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "241 Ill. App. 3d 331", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2434749 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "rejecting a claim for retaliatory discharge by a farm laborer not covered by the Workers' Compensation Act" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/241/0331-01" ] }, { "cite": "463 N.E.2d 918", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "123 Ill. App. 3d 1038", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5677115 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/123/1038-01" ] }, { "cite": "488 N.E.2d 542", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "543, 544" }, { "page": "543" }, { "page": "546" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 Ill. 2d 473", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3126107 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "474, 476" }, { "page": "480" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/109/0473-01" ] }, { "cite": "763 F. Supp. 989", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 5760047 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "994", "parenthetical": "\"[ajssuming that Amtrak discharged Sabich because he submitted an injury report, there are no policy concerns that are implicated by the discharge\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/763/0989-01" ] }, { "cite": "02 C 9303", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cow.", "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "24", "parenthetical": "the plaintiffs report of an injury resulting from her tripping over an electrical socket does not implicate the general public welfare so as to qualify her as a whistle-blower" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "726 N.E.2d 1136", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1140" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "312 Ill. App. 3d 360", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 411621 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "365" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/312/0360-01" ] }, { "cite": "793 N.E.2d 128", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "134" }, { "page": "134" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "341 Ill. App. 3d 694", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5572595 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "701" }, { "page": "701-02" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/341/0694-01" ] }, { "cite": "528 N.E.2d 429", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Abrams" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "174 Ill. App. 3d 434", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3515949 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Abrams" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/174/0434-01" ] }, { "cite": "582 N.E.2d 196", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "221 Ill. App. 3d 440", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5794038 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/221/0440-01" ] }, { "cite": "731 N.E.2d 384", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "McGrath" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "314 Ill. App. 3d 431", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 140130 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "McGrath" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/314/0431-01" ] }, { "cite": "485 N.E.2d 359", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 Ill. 2d 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3125759 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/109/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "706 N.E.2d 491", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "185 Ill. 2d 372", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 122021 ], "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/185/0372-01" ] }, { "cite": "805 N.E.2d 1165", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1167" }, { "page": "1168" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "209 Ill. 2d 30", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5461702 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "44" }, { "page": "35" }, { "page": "36" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/209/0030-01" ] }, { "cite": "188 Ill. 2d 455", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 535962 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "459-60" }, { "page": "460-61" }, { "page": "468" }, { "page": "460" }, { "page": "458" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/188/0455-01" ] }, { "cite": "645 N.E.2d 877", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "879-80" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "164 Ill. 2d 29", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477029 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "34-35" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/164/0029-01" ] }, { "cite": "601 N.E.2d 720", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 Ill. 2d 142", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3291423 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/151/0142-01" ] }, { "cite": "519 N.E.2d 909", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 Ill. 2d 526", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3192772 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/119/0526-01" ] }, { "cite": "478 N.E.2d 1354", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "106 Ill. 2d 520", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3138751 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/106/0520-01" ] }, { "cite": "473 N.E.2d 1280", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "105 Ill. 2d 143", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3141727 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/105/0143-01" ] }, { "cite": "421 N.E.2d 876", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Palmateer" }, { "page": "878", "parenthetical": "what is complained of must \"affect[ ] the citizens of the State collectively\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 Ill. 2d 124", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5469094 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Palmateer" }, { "page": "130" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/85/0124-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 N.E.2d 353", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "357" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "74 Ill. 2d 172", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2994390 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "181-82" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/74/0172-01" ] }, { "cite": "512 U.S. 246", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 39105 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "260" }, { "page": "216" }, { "page": "2247" }, { "page": "266" }, { "page": "220" }, { "page": "2251" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/512/0246-01" ] }, { "cite": "676 F. Supp. 224", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3968130 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "227" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/676/0224-01" ] }, { "cite": "45 U.S.C. \u00a7 151", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "et seq." } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "493 F.2d 685", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 198877 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/493/0685-01" ] }, { "cite": "799 F.2d 1281", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1605675 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1289" }, { "page": "1289" }, { "page": "1289" }, { "page": "1289", "parenthetical": "in enacting the RLA, \"Congress specifically intended *** to keep railroad labor disputes out of the courts and instead requires the use of grievance procedures and arbitration\" (emphasis in original)" }, { "page": "1289" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/799/1281-01" ] }, { "cite": "721 F.2d 254", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1908863 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "256" }, { "page": "256" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/721/0254-01" ] }, { "cite": "805 F.2d 1250", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1111601 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1252-53", "parenthetical": "\"one who helps a co-worker file an FELA claim may have a cause of action under [the FELA] for retaliatory discharge. One who is discharged for filing his own FELA claim, however, does not\"" }, { "page": "1252-53" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/805/1250-01" ] }, { "cite": "70 F.3d 255", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 11926073 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "257-58", "parenthetical": "an employee discharged for filing his or her own FELA claim does not have a cause of action under the FELA for retaliatory discharge" }, { "page": "258" }, { "page": "258" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/70/0255-01" ] }, { "cite": "245 F. Supp. 2d 896", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9353710 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "899", "parenthetical": "the FELA offers exclusive remedy for railroad employees seeking to recover for personal injury incurred in course of employment" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp-2d/245/0896-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 N.E. 175", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "year": 1920, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "176", "parenthetical": "\"Where an injury occurs to an employee while engaged in interstate commerce there is no choice of remedy. The remedy under the Federal Employers' Liability Act is exclusive and all State laws covering the same character of facts are superseded\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "295 Ill. 231", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5064864 ], "year": 1920, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "234", "parenthetical": "\"Where an injury occurs to an employee while engaged in interstate commerce there is no choice of remedy. The remedy under the Federal Employers' Liability Act is exclusive and all State laws covering the same character of facts are superseded\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/295/0231-01" ] }, { "cite": "803 N.E.2d 988", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "991" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "346 Ill. App. 3d 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3833458 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "68" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/346/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "770 N.E.2d 684", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "692-93" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "329 Ill. App. 3d 908", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1472432 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "918" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/329/0908-01" ] }, { "cite": "639 N.E.2d 1282", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1289" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 Ill. 2d 469", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 781334 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "484" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/159/0469-01" ] }, { "cite": "49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20701", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "45 U.S.C. \u00a7 51", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "et seq." } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1143, "char_count": 25836, "ocr_confidence": 0.792, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.673883505692976e-08, "percentile": 0.4921611259961488 }, "sha256": "1343c66b352c10fa11b066a9db514ec5dd4af7d44dd3c1f2a4ba49d8b42fef79", "simhash": "1:3348901cbfb2080e", "word_count": 4166 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:18:02.423948+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "JOSEPH M. SUTHERLAND, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE GORDON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff Joseph M. Sutherland filed a three-count complaint against his former employer, Norfolk Southern Railway Company (Norfolk Southern). Counts I and II sought relief under the Federal Employers\u2019 Liability Act (FELA) (45 U.S.C. \u00a7 51 et seq. (2000)) and the Federal Boiler Inspection Act (FBIA) (49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20701 (2000)), respectively, for personal injuries Sutherland sustained while employed by Norfolk Southern. Count III was a common-law claim for retaliatory discharge. The circuit court granted Norfolk Southern\u2019s motion to dismiss count III. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.\nBACKGROUND\nThe factual allegations common to all three counts are summarized as follows. Sutherland was employed by Norfolk Southern as a conductor/yard foreman at Norfolk Southern\u2019s Calumet Yard. On April 21, 2000, Sutherland and his crew were engaged in moving groups of railcars to different tracks in the Calumet Yard. During one of the movements, Sutherland entered a cab of the locomotive in use by his crew and sat in a chair. The chair\u2019s back support broke, and he fell to the cab floor, sustaining injuries.\nOn July 3, 2000, Sutherland was terminated from his.employment. On March 5, 2003, Sutherland filed his complaint, alleging, as noted, personal injury in counts I and II and retaliatory discharge in count III. Sutherland claimed that Norfolk Southern discharged him in order to prevent him from presenting damages for wage loss in his FELA/FBIA action, to avoid reporting his on-the-job injury to the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and to avoid reporting Norfolk Southern\u2019s violation of the FBIA to the Secretary of Transportation. Norfolk Southern moved to dismiss count III pursuant to section 2 \u2014 615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (the Code) (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 615 (West 2002)) on the grounds that Sutherland\u2019s right of action is not protected under the Illinois retaliatory discharge law. The circuit court agreed with Norfolk Southern and dismissed count III. Upon receiving Rule 304(a) (155 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)) certification, Sutherland filed this appeal.\nANALYSIS\nThe central issue on this appeal is whether a railroad employee has the protection of the Illinois retaliatory discharge law, where his discharge was brought about in anticipation or as a result of his filing a claim under the FELA and/or the FBIA. Sutherland contends that the Illinois retaliatory discharge law affords him that protection. Norfolk Southern, on the other hand, argues that Sutherland\u2019s claim of retaliatory discharge falls outside the scope of the tort.\nA section 2 \u2014 615 motion to dismiss attacks the legal sufficiency of the complaint by alleging defects appearing on its face. Illinois Graphics Co. v. Nickum, 159 Ill. 2d 469, 484, 639 N.E.2d 1282, 1289 (1994). Such a motion should be granted if the complaint does not allege sufficient facts to state a cause of action. Bianchi v. Savino Del Bene International Freight Forwarders, Inc., 329 Ill. App. 3d 908, 918, 770 N.E.2d 684, 692-93 (2002). Our review on appeal is generally de novo. Unterschuetz v. City of Chicago, 346 Ill. App. 3d 65, 68, 803 N.E.2d 988, 991 (2004).\nThe parties agree that, as a railroad employee, Sutherland was covered by the FELA, which provides the sole remedy for workplace injuries to the exclusion of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act (820 ILCS 305/1 et seq. (West 2002)). See, e.g., Hines v. Industrial Comm\u2019n, 295 Ill. 231, 234, 129 N.E. 175, 176 (1920) (\u201cWhere an injury occurs to an employee while engaged in interstate commerce there is no choice of remedy. The remedy under the Federal Employers\u2019 Liability Act is exclusive and all State laws covering the same character of facts are superseded\u201d); Starks v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 245 F. Supp. 2d 896, 899 (N.D. Ill. 2003) (the FELA offers exclusive remedy for railroad employees seeking to recover for personal injury incurred in course of employment). The Workers\u2019 Compensation Act itself provides that \u201c[ejmployees are not included within the provisions of this Act when excluded by the laws of the United States relating to liability of employers to their employees for personal injuries where such laws are held to be exclusive.\u201d 820 ILCS 305/ 1(b)(3) (West 2002).\nIt has long been held that the FELA provisions do not in themselves prohibit the discharge of an employee for invoking their protections and benefits. See Shrader v. CSX Transportation Inc., 70 F.3d 255, 257-58 (2d Cir. 1995) (an employee discharged for filing his or her own FELA claim does not have a cause of action under the FELA for retaliatory discharge); accord Mayon v. Southern Pacific Transportation Co., 805 F.2d 1250, 1252-53 (5th Cir. 1986) (\u201cone who helps a co-worker file an FELA claim may have a cause of action under [the FELA] for retaliatory discharge. One who is discharged for filing his own FELA claim, however, does not\u201d); Landfried v. Terminal R.R. Ass\u2019n of St. Louis, 721 F.2d 254, 256 (8th Cir. 1983); Lewy v. Southern Pacific Transportation Co., 799 F.2d 1281, 1289 (9th Cir. 1986). As one court explained:\n\u201cCourts have not treated injuries resulting from allegedly wrongful discharges and other labor law violations as \u2018on the job\u2019 injuries in [the FELA] context, and therefore, with the single exception [of Sharkey v. Penn Central Transportation Co., 493 F.2d 685 (2d Cir. 1974)], they have not authorized the award of damages under [the] FELA *** for such injuries.\u201d Lewy, 799 F.2d at 1289.\nRather, discharged employees have recourse under the grievance and arbitration procedures of the Railway Labor Act (RLA) (45 U.S.C. \u00a7 151 et seq. (2000)). Shrader, 70 F.3d at 258; Mayon, 805 F.2d at 1252-53; Landfried, 721 F.2d at 256; Lewy, 799 F.2d at 1289. Both reinstatement and back pay are available under the RLA. See Maas v. Frontier Airlines, Inc., 676 F. Supp. 224, 227 (D. Colo. 1987).\nUntil the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. v. Norris, 512 U.S. 246, 129 L. Ed. 2d 203, 114 S. Ct. 2239 (1994), it had been held that the RLA remedies were exclusive and foreclosed an action in federal and state courts. See Lewy, 799 F.2d at 1289 (in enacting the RLA, \u201cCongress specifically intended *** to keep railroad labor disputes out of the courts and instead requires the use of grievance procedures and arbitration\u201d (emphasis in original)). Hawaiian Airlines, however, carved out an exception to that rule, holding that a state-law claim of retaliatory discharge is not preempted by federal law if it involves rights and obligations that exist independent of the collective-bargaining agreement. Hawaiian Airlines, 512 U.S. at 260, 129 L. Ed. 2d at 216, 114 S. Ct. at 2247. In other words, a state-law claim of retaliatory discharge is not preempted by the RLA where it involves \u201conly the purely factual inquiry into any retaliatory motive of the employer.\u201d Hawaiian Airlines, 512 U.S. at 266, 129 L. Ed. 2d at 220, 114 S. Ct. at 2251. Sutherland\u2019s claim of retaliatory discharge is, therefore, excluded from federal preemption under Hawaiian Airlines since Norfolk Southern does not contend that Sutherland\u2019s claim implicates a collective-bargaining agreement so as to allow Norfolk Southern to avoid the retaliatory discharge analysis under Illinois law.\nWe therefore proceed to the main issue in the instant case\u2014 whether Illinois law recognizes Sutherland\u2019s cause of action for retaliatory discharge, where the discharge occurred either in anticipation or as a result of his filing a claim under the FELA and where the provisions of the collective-bargaining agreement are not implicated. For the reasons that follow, we hold that it does not. The tort of retaliatory discharge has unusual origins. In Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc., 74 Ill. 2d 172, 384 N.E.2d 353 (1978), the supreme court first recognized a common-law remedy for retaliatory discharge as implied from the provisions of and the public policy underlying the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. Kelsay, 74 Ill. 2d at 181-82, 384 N.E.2d at 357. Subsequent decisions of the supreme court progressively defined the scope of the new tort. In Palmateer v. International Harvester Co., 85 Ill. 2d 124, 421 N.E.2d 876 (1981), the supreme court extended the tort of retaliatory discharge beyond its workers\u2019 compensation origins to provide a remedy to an employee fired for reporting criminal activity of a coworker. In Midgett v. Sackett-Chicago, Inc., 105 Ill. 2d 143, 473 N.E.2d 1280 (1984), the supreme court held that the action for retaliatory discharge was available to unionized employees, independently of the collective-bargaining agreement. However, in Barr v. Kelso-Burnett Co., 106 Ill. 2d 520, 478 N.E.2d 1354 (1985), Hinthorn v. Roland\u2019s of Bloomington, Inc., 119 Ill. 2d 526, 519 N.E.2d 909 (1988), and Hartlein v. Illinois Power Co., 151 Ill. 2d 142, 601 N.E.2d 720 (1992), the supreme court expressed disinclination to further expand the tort of retaliatory discharge. Similarly, in Zimmerman v. Buchheit of Sparta, Inc., 164 Ill. 2d 29, 645 N.E.2d 877 (1994), after tracing the \u201cguarded development\u201d and \u201cnarrow construction\u201d of the tort of retaliatory discharge, the supreme court declined to extrapolate from the rationale of Kelsay a cause of action predicated upon retaliatory demotion. Most recently, in Fisher v. Lexington Health Care, Inc., 188 Ill. 2d 455, 722 N.E.2d Ill. (1999), and Metzger v. DaRosa, 209 Ill. 2d 30, 44, 805 N.E.2d 1165 (2004), the supreme court emphasized that it \u201chas consistently sought to restrict the common law tort of retaliatory discharge.\u201d\nIn Fisher, the supreme court addressed whether there was a private right of action implied from section 3 \u2014 608 of the Nursing Home Care Act (210 ILCS 45/3 \u2014 608 (West 1996)), which prohibited retaliation against, among others, nursing home employees who reported abuse and neglect of nursing home residents. Fisher, 188 Ill. 2d at 459-60, 722 N.E.2d at 1117. Although noting that nursing home employees were required by law to report abuse and neglect of nursing home residents to the Illinois Department of Public Health, the supreme court declined to imply a private right of action for nursing home employees discharged or otherwise retaliated against for reporting such abuse and neglect. Fisher, 188 Ill. 2d at 460-61, 722 N.E.2d at 1118. Similarly, in Metzger, the supreme court\u2019s subsequent decision on the subject, the court declined to imply a private right of action from section 19c. 1 of the Personnel Code (20 ILCS 415/19c.l (West 2002)), which prohibited retaliation against state employees for reporting violations of \u201c \u2018any law, rule, or regulation\u2019 \u201d or \u201c \u2018mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.\u2019 \u201d Metzger, 209 Ill. 2d at 35, 805 N.E.2d at 1167, quoting 20 ILCS 415/19c.l (West 2002).\nAs the law presently stands, actions for retaliatory discharge have been sustained in only two situations: (1) where the discharge stems from exercising rights pursuant to the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act or (2) where the discharge is for \u201cwhistle-blowing\u201d activities, namely, the reporting of illegal or improper conduct:\n\u201cIllinois courts have applied the tort of retaliatory discharge in only two situations: (1) where the discharge stems from asserting a worker\u2019s compensation claim (Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc., 74 Ill. 2d 172, 384 N.E.2d 353 (1978)) and (2) where the discharge is for certain activities referred to as \u2018whistle-blowing\u2019 (Palmateer v. International Harvester Co., 85 Ill. 2d 124, 421 N.E.2d 876 (1981) (Palmateer)). Jacobson v. Knepper & Moga, P.C., 185 Ill. 2d 372, 706 N.E.2d 491 (1998). Other than these two circumstances, however, Illinois courts consistently have refused to expand the tort to encompass a private and individual grievance. See Price v. Carmack Datsun, Inc., 109 Ill. 2d 65, 485 N.E.2d 359 (1985); McGrath v. CCC Information Services, Inc., 314 Ill. App. 3d 431, 731 N.E.2d 384 (2000) (McGrath); Eisenbach v. Esformes, 221 Ill. App. 3d 440, 582 N.E.2d 196 (1991); Abrams v. Echlin Corp., 174 Ill. App. 3d 434, 528 N.E.2d 429 (1988) (Abrams).\u201d Geary v. Telular Corp., 341 Ill. App. 3d 694, 701, 793 N.E.2d 128, 134 (2003).\nSutherland contends that he is a whistle-blower within the meaning of Palmateer because he \u201calleged that [Norfolk Southern] fired him in retaliation for filing a claim for injuries he sustained at work, for reporting a defective locomotive and for reporting his injury, and that the discharge violated a clear mandate of public policy.\u201d We note that in count III of his complaint, Sutherland alleged that he was discharged for \u201cfalsifiying] a personal injury and *** ME \u2014 60 forms in accordance [sic] with his *** injury\u201d; to \u201cprevent [him] from presenting damages of wage loss *** in his FELA action *** and FBIA action\u201d; \u201cin order [for Norfolk Southern] to avoid reporting [his] on the job injury *** to the Federal Railroad Administration\u201d and the Secretary of Transportation; and \u201cin order to avoid reporting [Norfolk Southern\u2019s] violation of the FBIA to the Secretary of Transportation.\u201d Norfolk Southern argues that to be considered a whistle-blower, it is essential that during the course of his employment, the employee had actively complained of some aspect of his employer\u2019s or coworker\u2019s conduct, with such complaints having been made either to an outside law enforcement or regulatory authority or to internal company management. We agree and further note that the reporting of certain dangerous or unsafe conditions is also within the scope of whistle-blower protections. See Stebbings v. University of Chicago, 312 Ill. App. 3d 360, 726 N.E.2d 1136 (2000). However, as Norfolk Southern points out, Sutherland\u2019s complaint contains no allegations that he was dismissed for blowing the whistle on Norfolk Southern\u2019s misconduct. As noted, Sutherland alleged that he was fired to prevent him from presenting damages in his FELA/FBIA action and so that Norfolk Southern would avoid compliance with its reporting requirements. Nowhere in his complaint did Sutherland allege that he was discharged in retaliation for reporting any alleged wrongdoing or a dangerous or unsafe condition. Granted, Norfolk Southern does not dispute that plaintiff reported to his supervisor his injury and what caused it. However, this is not whisle-blowing under Illinois law.\nA whistle-blower must allege that his or her discharge violated a clear mandate of public policy because the reported wrongful conduct or unsafe condition affected the health, safety or welfare of Illinois residents as a whole. See Palmateer, 85 Ill. 2d at 130, 421 N.E.2d at 878 (what is complained of must \u201caffect[ ] the citizens of the State collectively\u201d); Stebbings, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 365, 726 N.E.2d at 1140. Consequently, courts repeatedly have held that a railroad employee cannot qualify as a whistle-blower under Illinois law simply because he or she reported his or her own injury and the condition that caused it. See Emery v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., No. 02 C 9303 at 24 (N.D. Ill. 2003) (the plaintiffs report of an injury resulting from her tripping over an electrical socket does not implicate the general public welfare so as to qualify her as a whistle-blower); Sabich v. National R.R. Passenger Corp., 763 F. Supp. 989, 994 (N.D. Ill. 1991) (\u201c[ajssuming that Amtrak discharged Sabich because he submitted an injury report, there are no policy concerns that are implicated by the discharge\u201d); see also Brown v. Grand Trunk Western R.R., No. 1:01\u2014cv\u2014666, slip op. at 8 (W.D. Mich., January 22, 2003) (reporting one\u2019s own injury and the condition that caused it does not rise to the level of whistle-blowing under state law). Accordingly, because Sutherland\u2019s report to Norfolk Southern that he was injured as a result of a broken locomotive cab chair can hardly be said to \u201caffect[ ] the citizens of the State collectively,\u201d he is not a whistle-blower under Illinois law.\nWe will, therefore, next address whether Illinois law of retaliatory discharge offers Sutherland redress for being discharged for filing an FELA claim. Sutherland contends that the supreme court decided this issue in his favor in Koehler v. Illinois Central Gulf R.R. Co., 109 Ill. 2d 473, 488 N.E.2d 542 (1985). In Koehler, the plaintiff alleged that he was discharged by the defendant railroad in retaliation for filing an FELA claim. Koehler, 109 Ill. 2d at 474, 476, 488 N.E.2d at 543, 544. The appellate court entered a judgment dismissing the complaint on the ground that the tort of retaliatory discharge was not available to an employee covered by a collective-bargaining agreement. Koehler v. Illinois Central Gulf R.R. Co., 123 Ill. App. 3d 1038, 463 N.E.2d 918 (1984). On further appeal, the supreme court initially entered a supervisory order, reversing the judgment of dismissal and remanding the cause to the circuit court to proceed in conformity with Midgett, decided in the interim, which, as noted, extended the action for retaliatory discharge to unionized employees. Koehler, 109 Ill. 2d at 475, 488 N.E.2d at 543. However, upon a motion for reconsideration, the supreme court affirmed the dismissal on the sole ground that the plaintiffs action for retaliatory discharge was preempted by the RLA. Koehler, 109 Ill. 2d at 480, 488 N.E.2d at 546. Sutherland contends that, but for preemption, Koehler would have allowed a nearly identical retaliatory discharge action to proceed. Now that Hawaiian Airlines removed the preemption obstacle to state retaliatory discharge actions not implicating collective-bargaining agreements, Sutherland argues that the rationale of the initial supervisory order of the supreme court in Koehler is now revived and implicitly endorses the viability of a private right of action implied from the policies embodied in the FELA, the federal analog to the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act.\nThis argument is without merit. Aside from the fact that the initial supervisory order in Koehler was superceded by a published opinion and, therefore, has no precedential force, our supreme court\u2019s subsequent decisions foreclosed the viability of such an action. As noted, after Kelsay and Palmateer, the supreme court has viewed new implied actions for retaliatory discharge exceedingly less favorably. See Fisher, 188 Ill. 2d at 468, 722 N.E.2d at 1121 (\u201cwe must *** hesitate to imply [retaliatory discharge] actions under a statute without explicit legislative authority\u201d). As discussed in Geary, this court, too, has declined to expand a private right of action to cover retaliatory discharges which did not occur in the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act or whistle-blowing settings. See Geary, 341 Ill. App. 3d at 701-02, 793 N.E.2d at 134; see also Mitchell v. Deal, 241 Ill. App. 3d 331, 609 N.E.2d 378 (1993) (rejecting a claim for retaliatory discharge by a farm laborer not covered by the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act); Eisenbach, 221 Ill. App. 3d 440, 582 N.E.2d 196 (rejecting a claim for retaliatory discharge by a plaintiff who was fired for bringing a lawsuit against an affiliate of his employer).\nBased upon the clearly expressed disinclination of our supreme court to expand the scope of protection offered by Illinois law of retaliatory discharge, we hesitate to imply a private right of action from the public policies embodied in the FELA. In narrowing the scope of protection afforded by the law of retaliatory discharge, the supreme court has delineated four factors to be considered in determining if a private right of action may be implied from a statute:\n\u201c \u2018Implication of a private right of action is appropriate if: (1) the plaintiff is a member of the class for whose benefit the statute was enacted; (2) the plaintiffs injury is one the statute was designed to prevent; (3) a private right of action is consistent with the underlying purpose of the statute; and (4) implying a private right of action is necessary to provide an adequate remedy for violations of the statute.\u2019 \u201d Metzger, 209 Ill. 2d at 36, 805 N.E.2d at 1168, quoting Fisher, 188 Ill. 2d at 460, 722 N.E.2d at 1117-18.\nLooking to these four factors, we find that although the FELA was enacted to benefit employees such as Sutherland, as discussed, the provisions of the FELA, unlike those in the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act, do not purport to protect against retaliatory discharge (see Lewy, 799 F.2d at 1289) and, therefore, a private right of action would not be consistent with the underlying purposes of the FELA. Moreover, Sutherland was not without a remedy for the alleged retaliatory discharge. As discussed, the remedy for retaliatory discharge for filing an FELA claim lies under the RLA\u2019s grievance and arbitration procedures. See Shrader, 70 F.3d at 258. Sutherland thus need not resort to the Illinois tort of retaliatory discharge to vindicate his rights. Accordingly, there is no compelling rationale to afford protection under Illinois retaliatory discharge law to cover employees discharged for filing FELA claims, in the face of clearly articulated policy of our supreme court to narrow rather than expand the range of such protections.\nLastly, Sutherland\u2019s claim can be construed as being, in part, premised upon the theory that Norfolk Southern dismissed him in order to avoid complying with the reporting requirements under the applicable FRA and FBIA regulations. However, Sutherland fails to cite any authority for the proposition that there is a private right to damages under Illinois law in the event a railroad attempts to evade the reporting requirements. Rather, the applicable federal regulations provide that a railroad violating the reporting requirements is subject to a civil penalty in the range of $500 to $10,000 per violation (49 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 21302(a)(1), (a)(2) (2000)), which the FRA on behalf of the Secretary of Transportation has the exclusive authority to impose (49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20111(a)(1) (2000)) and which the Attorney General has the exclusive authority to collect (49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20112(a)(2) (2000)).\nFor the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.\nAffirmed.\nMcBRIDE and O\u2019MALLEY, JJ., concur.\nApparently, Sutherland meant by this allegation that Norfolk Southern fired him either in anticipation or as a result of his filing a claim under the FELA and/or the FBIA. With respect to this allegation (his discharge for filing the FELA/FBIA claim), Sutherland appears to have abandoned any claims involving the FBIA and focuses exclusively on the consequences of being discharged for availing himself of the remedies afforded by the FELA. We, therefore, limit our analysis to his FELA-related claim, although we think that the same reasoning would apply to his FBIA-related claim, had that argument been made and preserved.\nIn contrast to the express provision of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act, that \u201c[i]t shall be unlawful for any employer *** to discharge or to threaten to discharge, or to refuse to rehire or recall *** an employee because of the exercise of his or her rights or remedies granted to him or her by this Act\u201d (820 ILCS 305/4(h) (West 2002)), although the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act does not purport to create a private right of action in the event this provision was violated (see Zimmerman v. Buchheit of Sparta, Inc., 164 Ill. 2d 29, 34-35, 645 N.E.2d 877, 879-80 (1994)).\nMoreover:\n\u201cA party who has litigated an issue before the Adjustment Board on the merits may not relitigate that issue in an independent judicial proceeding. [Citation.] He is limited to the judicial review of the Board\u2019s proceedings that the Act itself provides.\u201d Andrews v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co., 406 U.S. 320, 325, 32 L. Ed. 2d 95, 100, 92 S. Ct. 1562, 1565 (1972).\nThe \u201cwhistle-blower\u201d cause of action has since been codified in the Whistleblower Act (740 ILCS 174/15 (West Supp. 2003)).\nIn Barr, the supreme court declined to expand the tort to encompass discharge for the exercise of the right to free speech. In Hinthorn and Hartlein, the supreme court declined to expand the tort of retaliatory discharge to encompass constructive discharge.\nAlthough Fisher could also be characterized as a whistle-blower action, the plaintiffs opted not to argue their case under the Palmateer standard. The sole count of the complaint in Fisher purported to allege an implied private right of action for damages pursuant to section 3\u2014608. Fisher, 188 Ill. 2d at 458.\nMetzger, unlike Fisher, involved a retaliatory action short of discharge and, therefore, under Zimmerman, did not fall within the scope of the tort of retaliatory discharge unless the supreme court chose to expand the narrow confines of the tort.\nRather, in this respect, Sutherland may have the protection under the Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1994 (FRSAA) (49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20101 et seq. (2000)), which grants a broad federal remedy to railroad \u201cwhistle-blowers\u201d (see Rayner v. Smirl, 873 F.2d 60, 64 (4th Cir. 1989)). It has been held that the plaintiffs report of unsafe conditions and/or an injury may be considered to constitute an action relating to the enforcement of railroad safety, causing the FRSAA protections found in 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20109(a) (2000) to apply. Brown, slip op. at 14. The remedy, again, lies under the RLA. 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20109(c) (2000); Rayner, 873 F.2d at 64; Brown, slip op. at 9, 14.\n49 C.F.R \u00a7 225 (2003) and 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 20703 (2000), respectively.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE GORDON" } ], "attorneys": [ "John S. Bishof, Jr., of Law Office of John Bishof, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Raymond H. Groble III, of Daley & Mohan, EC., and James S. Whitehead, of Sidley, Austin, Brown & Wood, L.L.E, both of Chicago, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JOSEPH M. SUTHERLAND, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.\nFirst District (1st Division)\nNo. 1\u201404\u20141631\nOpinion filed March 28, 2005.\nJohn S. Bishof, Jr., of Law Office of John Bishof, of Chicago, for appellant.\nRaymond H. Groble III, of Daley & Mohan, EC., and James S. Whitehead, of Sidley, Austin, Brown & Wood, L.L.E, both of Chicago, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0620-01", "first_page_order": 638, "last_page_order": 648 }