{ "id": 4260042, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. HENRY MERCHANT, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Merchant", "decision_date": "2005-09-27", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201404\u20141765", "first_page": "69", "last_page": "75", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "361 Ill. App. 3d 69" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "826 N.E.2d 1225", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "357 Ill. App. 3d 73", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3538840 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "719" }, { "page": "719-20" }, { "page": "721" }, { "page": "721" }, { "page": "721" }, { "page": "721" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/151/0718-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 N.E.2d 422", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 Ill. App. 2d 459", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2592326 ], "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/69/0459-01" ] }, { "cite": "267 N.E.2d 685", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "131 Ill. App. 2d 799", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2909442 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/131/0799-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 N.E.2d 1013", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "67 Ill. App. 3d 754", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3313120 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/67/0754-01" ] }, { "cite": "355 N.E.2d 597", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "42 Ill. App. 3d 134", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2642295 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/42/0134-01" ] }, { "cite": "407 N.E.2d 661", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 Ill. App. 3d 886", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3191378 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "892" }, { "page": "888" }, { "page": "888-89" }, { "page": "892" }, { "page": "892" }, { "page": "892" }, { "page": "892" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/85/0886-01" ] }, { "cite": "389 N.E.2d 1174", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "76 Ill. 2d 45", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2983813 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "49" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/76/0045-01" ] }, { "cite": "88 N.E. 170", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "year": 1909, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "239 Ill. 410", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 849025 ], "year": 1909, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "412" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/239/0410-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 N.E.2d 372", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "23 Ill. 2d 295", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2794398 ], "year": 1961, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "301" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/23/0295-01" ] }, { "cite": "488 N.E.2d 995", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 Ill. 2d 58", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3166591 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "63" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/111/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "708 N.E.2d 365", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "185 Ill. 2d 532", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 121990 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "541" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/185/0532-01" ] }, { "cite": "315 U.S. 543", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 374805 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1942, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "558", "parenthetical": "Frankfurter, J., dissenting, joined by Stone, C.J." }, { "page": "1025", "parenthetical": "Frankfurter, J., dissenting, joined by Stone, C.J." }, { "page": "761", "parenthetical": "Frankfurter, J., dissenting, joined by Stone, C.J." } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/315/0543-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 776, "char_count": 14733, "ocr_confidence": 0.797, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.790798605492167e-08, "percentile": 0.4568192971868244 }, "sha256": "4f989ceffaf762703111c0882ccdddcc01898814590edaed984722863bd0c078", "simhash": "1:383e3c9f324afd44", "word_count": 2552 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:43:20.596028+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. HENRY MERCHANT, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE WOLFSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFelix Frankfurter wrote: \u201cIn law, as in life, lines have to be drawn.\u201d Pearce v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 315 U.S. 543, 558, 86 L. Ed. 1016, 1025, 62 S. Ct. 754, 761 (1942) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting, joined by Stone, C.J.). In this case, we are called on to draw the line between theft from a person and robbery of that person. The answer depends on our evaluation of the moment and purpose when force was used to take something from the victim.\nFollowing a bench trial, the defendant, Henry Merchant, was convicted of robbery and sentenced to six years in prison.\nDefendant contends he was not proved guilty of robbery beyond a reasonable doubt because there was no evidence that he used force before or at the time of the taking of the money. At best, he says, he should have been convicted of theft from the person. He also contends his sentence is excessive in light of the mitigating factors presented at his sentencing hearing. We affirm the conviction and the sentence.\nFACTS\nAt trial, Albert Dean testified that on June 9, 2003, at approximately 11 p.m., he saw the defendant on the 2100 block of East 71st Street in Chicago. He did not know defendant and had never seen him before. Defendant was holding a handful of money and counting it. Dean approached the defendant. He asked him for change for a $20 bill. Defendant snatched the $20 bill and told Dean to \u201cget the fuck on.\u201d After defendant made that statement, Dean \u201clooked at him, like, out of surprise, you just not going to take my money. Then we grabbed each other, and he slammed me into a window.\u201d Then the two men tussled.\nDean saw a police car down the street and beckoned the police to come over. Defendant started running. One police officer chased defendant on foot, and the other turned the car around. The officers brought the defendant back in the police car about three or four minutes later. Dean identified the defendant. The officers returned his $20 bill.\nOn cross-examination, Dean testified the defendant grabbed him around the throat and threw him into a window. Dean said, \u201c[h]e snatched the money, throws me against the window, told me to get the fuck on.\u201d Dean also testified, \u201c[h]e grabbed me. When I was trying to get my money back, he grabbed me and slammed me into the window.\u201d\nChicago police officer Charles Walter testified that as he was driving eastbound on 71st Street he saw two men tussling on the sidewalk. As he and his partner approached, the defendant looked toward them, then started running away. Officer Walter chased defendant on foot and apprehended him. He searched the defendant and found a crumpled $20 bill in one pocket and $76 in the other pocket. He inventoried the money and returned the $20 bill to Dean.\nFollowing closing arguments, the court found defendant guilty of robbery.\nAt the sentencing hearing, the State presented evidence of defendant\u2019s three felony convictions \u2014 for possession of a firearm, possession of a controlled substance, and reckless homicide. In mitigation, the defense argued the defendant was 23 years old, had been employed at a temporary employment agency, and had a six-year-old daughter. The court sentenced defendant to six years in prison.\nDECISION\nI. Sufficiency of the Evidence\nDefendant contends the State failed to prove he was guilty of the crime of robbery because the force used was not contemporaneous with the taking of the property. He asks us to reduce his conviction to theft from the person and remand for resentencing.\nIn an appeal challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, we ask whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d 532, 541, 708 N.E.2d 365 (1999).\nA person commits robbery when he or she takes property \u201cfrom the person or presence of another by the use of force or by threatening the imminent use of force.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/18 \u2014 1(a) (West 2002). Robbery is a Class 2 felony, punishable by not less than three and no more than seven years in prison. 720 ILCS 5/18 \u2014 1(b) (West 2002); 730 ILCS 5/5 \u2014 8\u20141(a)(5) (West 2002). A person commits theft when he or she knowingly obtains or exerts unauthorized control over property of the owner with the intent to deprive the owner permanently of the use or benefit of the property. 720 ILCS 5/16 \u2014 1(a)(1) (West 2002). Theft of property from the person not exceeding $300 in value is a Class 3 felony, punishable by not less than two years and not more than five years in prison. 720 ILCS 5/16 \u2014 1(b)(4) (West 2002); 730 ILCS 5/5\u2014 8 \u2014 1(a)(6) (West 2002).\n\u201c \u2018[T]he degree of force necessary to constitute robbery must be such that the power of the owner to retain his property is overcome, either by actual violence physically applied, or by putting him in such fear as to overpower his will.\u2019 \u201d People v. Bowel, 111 Ill. 2d 58, 63, 488 N.E.2d 995 (1986), quoting People v. Williams, 23 Ill. 2d 295, 301, 178 N.E.2d 372 (1961); see also People v. Ryan, 239 Ill. 410, 412, 88 N.E. 170 (1909). Although a simple snatching or taking of property from the person is not sufficient force to constitute robbery, the act may be robbery where a struggle ensues, the victim is injured in the taking, or the property is so attached to the victim\u2019s person or clothing as to create resistance to the taking. People v. Patton, 76 Ill. 2d 45, 49, 389 N.E.2d 1174 (1979).\nThe defendant relies on People v. Romo, 85 Ill. App. 3d 886, 892, 407 N.E.2d 661 (1980), where the court found the defendant\u2019s kicking, pushing, and threatening the victim before leaving the scene was not sufficient proof of force to support a robbery conviction. In that case, the defendant impersonated a police detective and asked to see the victim\u2019s driver\u2019s license. Romo, 85 Ill. App. 3d at 888. When the victim removed his wallet, the defendant \u201cgrabbed\u201d it, removed all the money, and returned it to the victim. The victim asked the defendant to give him some money to buy food for his family. The defendant gave him $10. Before leaving the scene, the defendant pushed the victim, kicked him in the left calf, and threatened to kill him if he told anyone about the incident. Romo, 85 Ill. App. 3d at 888-89.\nThe court found grabbing the wallet from the victim\u2019s hands was not sufficient force to constitute robbery, because the property was taken before the victim knew what was happening and could put up a struggle. Romo, 85 Ill. App. 3d at 892. The court noted \u201cthe absence of any struggle or verbal threats by defendant during the events leading up to or at the time of the taking.\u201d Romo, 85 Ill. App. 3d at 892, citing People v. Williams, 42 Ill. App. 3d 134, 355 N.E.2d 597 (1976).\nFor a crime to constitute robbery, the court held, the force must precede or be contemporaneous with the taking of the property. Romo, 85 Ill. App. 3d at 892, citing People v. King, 67 Ill. App. 3d 754, 384 N.E.2d 1013 (1979). The pushing, kicking, and threats by the defendant before leaving the scene were insufficient evidence of force because \u201cthey did not immediately follow the taking or constitute part of the res gestae of the robbery.\u201d Romo, 85 Ill. App. 3d at 892, citing People v. Heller, 131 Ill. App. 2d 799, 267 N.E.2d 685 (1971), and People v. Chambliss, 69 Ill. App. 2d 459, 217 N.E.2d 422 (1966).\nRomo does not control our decision in this case. We are not inclined to rely on the outdated, vague, and imprecise concept of res gestae. In addition, the facts in Romo are different. The defendant in Romo pushed and kicked the victim after taking his money and after the victim approached him to ask for money to feed his family. In effect, the taking of the wallet and the use of force were separate incidents. In contrast, the force in this case took place almost immediately after the taking, in the context of a struggle for possession of the victim\u2019s property. In more recent cases, this court has sustained convictions for robbery where a struggle ensued following the taking or the perpetrator used force when escaping the scene.\nIn People v. Houston, the victim, who was confined to a wheelchair, confronted a man in her office. She believed he had stolen her wallet. People v. Houston, 151 Ill. App. 3d 718, 719, 502 N.E.2d 1174 (1986). She accused the man of taking her wallet. She shouted at him to put it back. As the defendant moved toward the doorway to leave the room, the victim took hold of his arm and was knocked over and fell to the floor. Houston, 151 Ill. App. 3d at 719-20. The court found the defendant pushing against the victim when she resisted his attempt to escape was force sufficient to support the robbery conviction. Houston, 151 Ill. App. 3d at 721.\nThe Houston court held it is not necessary that the perpetrator use or intend to use force to accomplish the theft. Houston, 151 Ill. App. 3d at 721. A theft may constitute robbery where \u201cthe perpetrator\u2019s departure is accomplished by the use of force,\u201d or \u201cthe felonious possession of a perpetrator is challenged immediately upon the forcible taking and such possession is defended by the perpetrator.\u201d Houston, 151 Ill. App. 3d at 721.\nIn People v. Lewis, the victim had just completed a purchase at a liquor store when the clerk placed his $17 to $18 in change on the turnstile. People v. Lewis, 285 Ill. App. 3d 653, 654, 673 N.E.2d 1105 (1996). The defendant placed his hand on the money. The victim grabbed his hand and tried to hold him, but some of the money fell on the floor. As defendant broke away, the victim grabbed his coat and pushed him. The defendant stooped down, causing the victim to fall over him, then fled. The court held the \u201cstruggle to retain the money\u201d was force sufficient to constitute robbery. Lewis, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 656. The court found the case involved more than a mere snatching: a struggle ensued, and force occurred between the victim and the defendant. Lewis, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 656. The dissenting judge believed there was no robbery because the force took place while the defendant was continuing his effort to flee the scene, not during the taking of the money. Lewis, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 659 (Gordon, J., dissenting).\nIn People v. Brooks, the victim was riding on a bus when she observed a man move to the seat behind her. She felt her purse being opened. People v. Brooks, 202 Ill. App. 3d 164, 168, 559 N.E.2d 859 (1990). She discovered her wallet was missing and saw defendant sitting behind her holding the wallet. She demanded return of the wallet. The defendant pushed the victim\u2019s shoulder and exited the bus. Brooks, 202 Ill. App. 3d at 168. On appeal, the defendant argued no force was used in the actual removal of the wallet; the \u201cpush\u201d did not occur in the context of a struggle for possession of the wallet. Brooks, 202 Ill. App. 3d at 169.\nThe court found sufficient force to constitute robbery because the victim offered immediate verbal resistance to the taking, followed by the defendant pushing the victim to accomplish his departure. \u201cThe force or threatened force need not transpire before or during the time the property is taken; the force may be used as part of a series of events constituting a single incident.\u201d Brooks, 202 Ill. App. 3d at 170, citing People v. Brown, 76 Ill. App. 2d 362, 222 N.E.2d 227 (1966). An offense may constitute robbery where \u201cthe perpetrator defends against a challenge immediately upon the taking or where the perpetrator\u2019s departure is accomplished by the use of force.\u201d Brooks, 202 Ill. App. 3d at 170, citing People v. Ditto, 98 Ill. App. 3d 36, 38, 424 N.E.2d 3 (1981); Houston, 151 Ill. App. 3d at 721.\nHere, the defendant did not use force to \u201csnatch\u201d the $20 bill from Dean\u2019s hands. Immediately following the taking, however, a mutual struggle ensued during which the defendant pushed Dean against a window. We find, in line with our holdings in Lewis, Houston, and Brooks, that this use of force elevates what would have been mere theft to robbery. The evidence strongly suggests Dean and the defendant struggled over possession of the money. That inference, combined with the immediacy of the struggle following the taking, supports our conclusion that the crime amounted to a robbery. We affirm the defendant\u2019s conviction.\nII. Sentencing\nThe defendant contends his six-year sentence is excessive because the trial court did not consider his young age, the particular circumstances of the offense, or his potential for rehabilitation. He asks this court to reduce his sentence or remand for resentencing.\nDefendant argues that at the time of the incident, he was 22 years old and had no prior felony convictions involving the intentional use of violence. According to defendant\u2019s presentence investigative report, he earned his General Equivalency Diploma and planned to earn college credits and pursue a career as a chef. He also had a six-year-old daughter whom he supported financially. Defendant argues the circumstances of the offense did not merit such a severe sentence, because Dean received no physical injuries and his $20 was returned to him.\nIn aggravation, the State presented evidence of defendant\u2019s three prior felony convictions \u2014 for possession of a controlled substance, possession of a firearm, and reckless homicide.\nA trial court\u2019s sentencing decision is entitled to great deference. People v. Henderson, 354 Ill. App. 3d 8, 19, 820 N.E.2d 108 (2004). Absent an abuse of discretion, this court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court, and we will not alter a defendant\u2019s sentence on review. Henderson, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 19.\nAlthough the trial court did not recite mitigating factors, we presume the court considered the evidence in mitigation. See People v. Smith, 357 Ill. App. 3d 73, 99, 826 N.E.2d 1225 (2005). Given the defendant\u2019s prior criminal history, it was not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to sentence defendant to six years\u2019 imprisonment, a sentence within the appropriate sentencing range for robbery.\nCONCLUSION\nWe affirm the defendant\u2019s conviction and sentence.\nAffirmed.\nSOUTH and HALL, JJ., concur.\nThe record is unclear as to whether Dean said those words to the defendant or merely thought them.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE WOLFSON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael J. Pelletier and Brett C. Zeeb, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (James Fitzgerald, Manny Magence, and Jeffery Beck, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. HENRY MERCHANT, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1 \u2014 04\u20141765\nOpinion filed September 27, 2005.\nMichael J. Pelletier and Brett C. Zeeb, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.\nRichard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (James Fitzgerald, Manny Magence, and Jeffery Beck, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0069-01", "first_page_order": 87, "last_page_order": 93 }