{ "id": 4259341, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL L. PERRY, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Perry", "decision_date": "2005-10-07", "docket_number": "No. 2\u201404\u20140398", "first_page": "703", "last_page": "716", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "361 Ill. App. 3d 703" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "267 Ill. App. 3d 870", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 333111 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "879" }, { "page": "879" }, { "page": "880" }, { "page": "880" }, { "page": "880" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/267/0870-01" ] }, { "cite": "215 Ill. 2d 397", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4060353 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "404" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/215/0397-01" ] }, { "cite": "263 Ill. App. 3d 853", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5368735 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "857", "parenthetical": "refusing to use the principle of statutory construction that statutes in derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed against the local public entity, because the language of the statute at issue was unambiguous" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/263/0853-01" ] }, { "cite": "332 F.3d 471", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 9114555 ], "weight": 5, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "473-74", "parenthetical": "holding that the use of the word \"includes\" in a statute defining \"crime of violence\" did not add an additional requirement to the general class but instead added separate additional classes not connected to the general class" }, { "page": "473" }, { "page": "473-74" }, { "page": "474" }, { "page": "474" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/332/0471-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 Ill. 2d 392", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 609696 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "395-96" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/204/0392-01" ] }, { "cite": "387 Ill. 301", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2496993 ], "year": 1944, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/387/0301-01" ] }, { "cite": "24 Ill. App. 3d 718", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5307093 ], "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "727" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/24/0718-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 Ill. App. 3d 838", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2580797 ], "weight": 16, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "842" }, { "page": "844-45" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846-47" }, { "page": "846" }, { "page": "846" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/203/0838-01" ] }, { "cite": "213 Ill. 2d 273", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8448695 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "291" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/213/0273-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 Ill. 2d 176", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5550081 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "186" }, { "page": "190" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/122/0176-01" ] }, { "cite": "215 Ill. 2d 317", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4059981 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "324" }, { "page": "324" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/215/0317-01" ] }, { "cite": "443 U.S. 307", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6182418 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "319" }, { "page": "573" }, { "page": "2789" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/443/0307-01" ] }, { "cite": "106 Ill. 2d 237", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3138930 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "261" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/106/0237-01" ] }, { "cite": "193 Ill. 2d 272", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 963716 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "299" }, { "page": "299" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/193/0272-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1150, "char_count": 32498, "ocr_confidence": 0.79, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.339701094470699e-08, "percentile": 0.272886952096435 }, "sha256": "308829811aaa6b99a2e74bcb88916376d4955e7527026e951bfbe8d7457f5708", "simhash": "1:bf0d3b676b05ff45", "word_count": 5307 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:43:20.596028+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL L. PERRY, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE KAPALA\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Michael L. Perry, appeals from his conviction in the circuit court of Du Page County of theft by deception (720 ILCS 5/16\u2014 1(a)(2)(A) (West 2000)). We affirm as modified.and remand for a new sentencing hearing.\nI. BACKGROUND\nDefendant was convicted at a jury trial of theft by deception (720 ILCS 5/16 \u2014 1(a)(2)(A) (West 2000)) for failing to pay charges related to a hotel room he and his wife and children used. At trial the following evidence was presented. The State called Kimberly Turnage, who was the senior sales manager at the Embassy Suites, in Lombard, Illinois. Her responsibilities included booking rooms for lodging and meetings and negotiating rates. In January 2000, Turnage was contacted by defendant. Defendant was already staying at the Embassy Suites. He indicated to Turnage that he wished to negotiate a long-term rate because he would be staying for an extended time for business reasons.\nAs a result of their conversation, Turnage drafted a confirmation letter containing different stay dates and a discounted room rate. Defendant then sent a letter to Turnage indicating that he wished to set up direct billing to his company, Prolific Development Corp. Defendant\u2019s letter also contained various trade references. The confirmation letter sent by Turnage was signed by defendant and returned to Turnage. Turnage then passed these documents on to the Embassy Suites accounting department.\nOn cross-examination, Turnage admitted that defendant\u2019s letter to her requested a reduction in the rate quoted in the confirmation letter. However, defendant did eventually accept the rate in the confirmation letter by signing it. Further, Turnage admitted that she had more than one conversation with defendant regarding the room rate. Turnage also did not request a deposit on the contract because defendant was already staying at the hotel when he contacted Turnage. However, Turnage did at one point prepare a credit card authorization letter because defendant wished to pay some of his charges with the credit card of someone named Brian Green. The letter was prepared so that Green could authorize the use of his credit card to pay some of defendant\u2019s room charges. Turnage further admitted that none of the vendors defendant listed as references was checked.\nOn redirect examination, Turnage stated that account balances and direct billing were not part of her duties. Further, she testified that the credit card authorization letter prepared for Green\u2019s signature had never been signed. However, she was unaware of whether any charges were incurred on Green\u2019s card, as this knowledge was beyond the scope of her duties. On re-cross-examination, Turnage indicated that the credit card authorization letter was faxed to Green.\nThe State also called Sandra Deen Neely to the stand. Neely was the director of human resources at the Embassy Suites in downtown Chicago. Neely had previously worked at the Embassy Suites in Lombard as the assistant deputy manager responsible for day-to-day operations. As the assistant deputy manager, Neely became familiar with the guests at the hotel, especially the longer-term guests. Neely was the assistant deputy during the period of February 2000 through May 2000. During this time, she became familiar with defendant because he was a long-term guest. Neely estimated that she had contact with defendant about four times, which consisted of just greetings.\nAlthough Neely had not spoken with defendant about billing or his account, she did become aware around April or May 2000 that there was a problem with defendant\u2019s billing and his account. This information was relayed to her by the controller of the hotel, Karen Trajkovich. Trajkovich was responsible for billing and accounting. Trajkovich provided Neely with defendant\u2019s letter requesting billing directly to Prolific and with defendant\u2019s list of references. Both documents were on \u201cProlific Development Corp.\u201d letterhead, which included an address, phone number, fax number, and e-mail address. The letter indicated that defendant was the president of Prolific. The documents also listed defendant and Lee Mandel, CPA, as the contact persons. Neely attempted to contact defendant through the e-mail address listed on the letterhead but was unsuccessful. Neely also contacted Lee Mandel, and he informed her that he was not connected with Prolific. Neely then contacted Budget Rent-A-Car because defendant had listed the company as a trade reference. Budget informed Neely that defendant did not have a valid account with the company. She was aware from defendant\u2019s file that his charges were in excess of $15,000. According to Neely, defendant never contacted her or made any efforts to pay his bill.\nOn cross-examination, Neely admitted that up until the point that she became involved with defendant\u2019s account, the responsibility for the account would have been solely with the controller. Further, she testified that the accounting department normally set up a process through the corporate office to check trade references before setting up direct billing. However, that was not done in this case, because the accounting department did not feel that it had all of the information that the corporate office required. Nonetheless, the general manager of the hotel signed off on the direct billing request without checking any of defendant\u2019s trade references. Neely admitted that even though the references were submitted by defendant in January 2000, they were not checked until May 2000. At the time defendant and his family initially checked in, they paid for their room with a credit card.\nThe State next called Trajkovich to the stand. She testified that she had been employed by the Embassy Suites in Lombard since November 1992 and has been controller since July 1999. Trajkovich was approached by Turnage to set up direct billing for defendant. Turnage provided Trajkovich with the letter and reference sheet from defendant. Trajkovich testified that the usual practice for approving direct billing requests involved running all application materials through the corporate office. This process required Trajkovich to supply background data such as bank information. The basic process involved a type of credit check based on the person\u2019s banking information. However, Trajkovich did not have the required information with respect to defendant.\nTrajkovich then informed Turnage that direct billing could not be set up due to the lack of information. Subsequently, the general manager at the time, Robert Hjort, approached Trajkovich and told her to set up direct billing for defendant anyway and that Hjort would approve it. As a result of this request, Trajkovich set up the direct billing account for defendant. The account was set up to bill Prolific as defendant had requested in his letter. Hjort signed the authorization for direct billing. Direct billing for defendant\u2019s charges began on February 8, 2000. Trajkovich sent a letter to defendant indicating the approval of his direct billing request. Among the terms indicated in the letter was that payment was due within 30 days of the statement date.\nThe first bill sent to Prolific was for $3,877.94 and included room charges plus tax as well as restaurant charges and copying charges. The bill was sent on March 3, 2000, to the address for Prolific that had been provided by defendant. On March 20, 2000, Trajkovich sent out another bill, again mailing it to Prolific. This bill showed the previous balance of $3,877.94, which had remained unpaid, and hew charges totaling $3,106.79, for a total due of $6,984.73. This new grand total covered charges from February 8, 2000, through March 16, 2000, and included charges for the room, tax, restaurant charges, laundry charges, and phone calls. There was a tax credit on the bill because after 30 days of stay, tax was no longer charged by the state. On April 4, 2000, because defendant had failed to pay any of the charges, Trajkovich left defendant a message at the phone number that defendant had provided in his letter. She left a message indicating that there was an outstanding balance and requesting the status of the payment. Defendant did not return the phone call.\nOn April 14, 2000, Trajkovich mailed to Prolific another billing statement, which stated the current and total charges, and a collection letter, which stated that payment was past due and that prompt payment would be appreciated. The total charges indicated in the statement and letter were through April 9, 2000, and amounted to $10,033.11. The new charges included room charges, restaurant charges, laundry charges, phone calls, and a postage charge. On April 28, 2000, Trajkovich sent another bill and collection letter because she had yet to receive a payment or a response from defendant. She slid this letter under defendant\u2019s hotel room door when she did not receive any payment or response after she mailed the letter. This letter indicated that over 60 days had passed since the initial bill had been mailed, that $10,033.11 was the previous unpaid balance, and that the current charges amounted to $1,992.81. The total balance amounted to $12,025.92 and covered February 8, 2000, through April 19, 2000. The letter also informed defendant to contact Trajkovich if he needed an explanation of the charges. Once again there were additional charges for incidentals consisting of restaurant charges and laundry charges. No payment or response was made.\nFollowing defendant\u2019s conviction and the denial of his motion for a new trial, the trial court sentenced defendant to six years in the Illinois Department of Corrections and ordered that he pay restitution to the Embassy Suites. This appeal followed.\nII. DISCUSSION\nDefendant asserts four contentions on appeal. First, that he was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, because the evidence was insufficient to establish that he intended to deceive or defraud the Embassy Suites. Second, that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he intended to permanently deprive the Embassy Suites of property. Third, that his trial counsel was ineffective such that a new trial is warranted. Fourth, and finally, that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he stole property worth over $10,000. Because we find that defendant\u2019s fourth contention impacts our analysis with respect to the first three contentions, we will begin our analysis by addressing defendant\u2019s fourth contention. Further, we note that only our analysis of defendant\u2019s fourth contention is contained in the published portion of this opinion and the remainder of our analysis is contained in the unpublished portion.\nA. Proof That the Property Stolen Exceeded $10,000 in Value\nDefendant contends that the State has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the property he stole by deception exceeded $10,000 in value. The offense of theft by deception requires that a person \u201cknowingly *** [o]btain[ ] by deception control over property of the owner\u201d and \u201c[i]ntend[ ] to deprive the owner permanently of the use or benefit of the property.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/16\u20141(a)(2)(A) (West 2000); People v. Kotlarz, 193 Ill. 2d 272, 299 (2000). To prove the offense of theft by deception, the State must show that: (1) the victim was induced to part with property; (2) the transfer of the property was based upon deception; (3) the defendant intended to permanently deprive the victim of the property; and (4) the defendant acted with specific intent to defraud the victim. See Kotlarz, 193 Ill. 2d at 299. Subsection (b) of section 16 \u2014 1 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Code) delineates different sentences dependent upon various factors, including the value of the property taken by deception. See 720 ILCS 5/16\u2014 1(b) (West 2000). Defendant in this case was sentenced under subsection (b)(5), which reads, \u201c[tjheft of property exceeding $10,000 and not exceeding $100,000 in value is a Class 2 felony.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/16\u2014 1(b)(5) (West 2000). Defendant claims that the State has not proven that the value of the property stolen exceeded $10,000, because the right to use the hotel room was not property within the meaning of section 16 \u2014 1.\nGenerally, in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a verdict on appeal, \u201c \u2018the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\u2019 \u201d (Emphasis in original.) People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985), quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979). However, defendant\u2019s contention sets forth a legal question. Namely, does property, as defined for purposes of section 16 \u2014 1, include the value of the right to use the hotel room? Therefore, defendant presents an issue of statutory construction, which we review de novo. People v. Ward, 215 Ill. 2d 317, 324 (2005).\nPreliminarily, we must address the State\u2019s contention that defendant has waived this issue by failing to raise it in the trial court. Defendant admits that he failed to raise the issue in the trial court but contends that a sufficiency of the evidence argument cannot be waived. The State responds that defendant is raising a sentencing issue and, therefore, waived this issue by failing to object at the sentencing hearing or in a postsentencing motion. We agree with defendant that this issue is one of sufficiency of the evidence and, therefore, can be raised at any time.\nDefendant correctly contends that the value of the property was an element of the offense of theft in this case. More specifically, subsection (c) of section 16 \u2014 1 states that \u201c[w]hen a charge of theft of property exceeding a specified value is brought, the value of the property involved is an element of the offense to be resolved by the trier of fact as either exceeding or not exceeding the specified value.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/16 \u2014 1(c) (West 2000). Therefore, there can be no doubt that the value of the property was an element of the offense in this case. Generally, a defendant must both specifically object at trial and raise the issue again in a posttrial motion to preserve any alleged error for review. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). However, the doctrine of waiver is inapplicable when a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 190. Because defendant\u2019s contention is that the evidence was insufficient to show that the value of the property exceeded $10,000, because the value of the right to use the hotel room was not \u201cproperty\u201d within the meaning of section 16 \u2014 1, we find waiver to be inapplicable.\nTurning to the merits of defendant\u2019s contention, we first note that the cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the true intent of the legislature. Ward, 215 Ill. 2d at 324. The best indicator of legislative intent is the language of the statute, which is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning. Eden Retirement Center, Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 213 Ill. 2d 273, 291 (2004). In this case, section 16 \u2014 1 requires that defendant obtained control over the \u201cproperty\u201d of another. 720 ILCS 5/16 \u2014 1 (West 2000). Section 15 \u2014 1 of the Code defines property for purposes of section 16 \u2014 1. 720 ILCS 5/15 \u2014 1 (West 2000). Section 15 \u2014 1 states:\n\u201c \u2018[P]roperty\u2019 means anything of value. Property includes real estate, money, commercial instruments, admission or transportation tickets, written instruments representing or embodying rights concerning anything of value, labor, or services, or otherwise of value to the owner; things growing on, affixed to, or found on land, or part of or affixed to any building; electricity, gas and water; telecommunications services; birds, animals and fish, which ordinarily are kept in a state of confinement; food and drink; samples, cultures, microorganisms, specimens, records, recordings, documents, blueprints, drawings, maps, and whole or partial copies, descriptions, photographs, computer programs or data, prototypes or models thereof, or any other articles, materials, devices, substances and whole or partial copies, descriptions, photographs, prototypes, or models thereof which constitute, represent, evidence, reflect or record a secret scientific, technical, merchandising, production or management information, design, process, procedure, formula, invention, or improvement.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/15 \u2014 1 (West 2000).\nDefendant contends that the right to use the hotel room was not property within the meaning of section 15 \u2014 1. We agree.\nIn determining the scope of section 15 \u2014 1, we find the court\u2019s decision in People v. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d 838 (1990), instructive. The alleged \u201cproperty\u201d at issue in Davis was the value of an employee\u2019s anticipated labor. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 842. The court discussed the meaning of property for purposes of theft, and thus the meaning of property as defined in section 15 \u2014 1, by first noting that, at common law, property for purposes of theft, known at the time as larceny, included only tangible personal property and excluded electrical energy, water power, written documents such as deeds and contracts, and things growing on, affixed to, or found on land partaking the nature of realty. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 844-45. Then, turning to the language of section 15 \u2014 1, the court found that including the value of an employee\u2019s anticipated labor under the definition of property delineated in section 15 \u2014 1 would require \u201ca liberal and expansive interpretation of the general definition, \u2018anything of value.\u2019 \u201d Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846. The court held that the legislature did not intend such an open-ended interpretation. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846. In so holding, the court recognized that section 15 \u2014 1 listed items as property that, at common law, would not have been considered property for purposes of the crime of larceny. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846. Thus, the court found that section 15 \u2014 1 was in derogation of the common law and, therefore, should be strictly construed. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846.\nIn further analyzing section 15 \u2014 1, the court next stated that the general term defining property as \u201canything of value\u201d was followed by specific items. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846. The list of specific items is preceded by the words, \u201c[pjroperty includes.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/15\u20141 (West 2000). According to the Davis court, use of the word \u201cincludes\u201d did not by itself necessarily limit the general term. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846. The court pointed out that some cases had held that the use of the word \u201cincludes\u201d was meant to broaden or enlarge the interpretation of a term, that is, the legislature\u2019s intent in using the word \u201cincludes\u201d was \u201cto provide as large an access as possible to the general term.\u201d Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846, citing Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 24 Ill. App. 3d 718, 727 (1974). Other cases have held that \u201cincludes\u201d is sometimes used to add to the general class a species that does not naturally belong to it. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846, citing Illinois Central R.R. Co. v. Franklin County, 387 Ill. 301 (1944).\nIn the case of section 15 \u2014 1, the court held that \u201cincludes\u201d was used more akin to the latter use described above, that is, to add species to the general class, not to enlarge the general class itself. More specifically, the court held that the specific items listed after \u201cincludes\u201d are \u201can enumeration excluding all other things not in the specific category.\u201d Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846. Thus, in accordance with the principle that statutes in derogation of the common law should be strictly construed, the court held that property as defined in section 15 \u2014 1 meant \u201ctangible personal property or property which falls within the specific categories enumerated in the definition.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846. That is, the court determined that the enumerated list did not enlarge access to the general term \u201canything of value\u201d but instead added independent categories of property. Further, the court found that such an interpretation comported with the requirement that criminal or penal statutes are to be strictly construed in favor of the accused and with the constitutional requirement that criminal statutes must be definite. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846-47.\nThe version of section 15 \u2014 1 applicable in Davis is identical to the current statute except, unlike the current statute, it did not list \u201ctelecommunications services\u201d as an enumerated type of property. Compare Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 38, par. 15 \u2014 1, with 720 ILCS 5/15 \u2014 1 (West 2000). Therefore, the rationale of Davis is still applicable.\nMoreover, we believe that the decision of the Davis court manifests the legislature\u2019s intent. In Davis, we believe, the court implicitly recognized that the word \u201cincludes\u201d as used in section 15 \u2014 1 was ambiguous. This recognition is evident because the court explicitly noted that the word \u201cincludes\u201d has more than one reasonable meaning. \u201cA statute is ambiguous if it is capable of being understood by reasonably well-informed persons in two or more different ways.\u201d Krohe v. City of Bloomington, 204 Ill. 2d 392, 395-96 (2003).\nThe court recognized that \u201cincludes\u201d could be read as indicating that the list provides specific examples of the general term. Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846. The list could enumerate items such that the general term must mean something more expansive than it would standing in isolation. Therefore, for purposes of section 15 \u2014 1, \u201cincludes\u201d could be read to indicate that the items following were specific examples of the general class of \u201canything of value\u201d and that, as a result, \u201canything of value\u201d could not mean only \u201ctangible personal property,\u201d because several of the enumerated items were not tangible personal property. Thus, the use of the word \u201cincludes\u201d in this sense would enlarge the meaning of \u201cproperty\u201d far beyond that of the common-law meaning, because property would embrace many items that are not tangible personal property.\nHowever, the Davis court also recognized that \u201cincludes\u201d could be interpreted another way. More specifically, the court recognized that \u201cincludes\u201d could indicate that the items following were not in any way connected to the general class but, instead, were additional independent enumerations of \u201cproperty.\u201d See Davis, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 846. This interpretation of the word \u201cincludes\u201d finds support in other cases interpreting criminal provisions. See United States v. Vargas-Garnica, 332 F.3d 471, 473-74 (7th Cir. 2003) (holding that the use of the word \u201cincludes\u201d in a statute defining \u201ccrime of violence\u201d did not add an additional requirement to the general class but instead added separate additional classes not connected to the general class).\nIn order to resolve this ambiguity, the court employed the rule that a statute in derogation of the common law must be strictly construed. Cf. Scott v. Rockford Park District, 263 Ill. App. 3d 853, 857 (1994) (refusing to use the principle of statutory construction that statutes in derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed against the local public entity, because the language of the statute at issue was unambiguous). Had the court chosen the enlarging application of \u201cincludes,\u201d the definition of \u201canything of value\u201d would have necessarily been expanded beyond the common-law definition of \u201cproperty\u201d because the enumerated list, which would represent examples of the general class, contains items that were not considered \u201cproperty\u201d under the common law. Thus, as we explained above, \u201canything of value\u201d would mean something more than \u201ctangible personal property\u201d because several of the enumerated items are not tangible personal property. However, by choosing the more limited application of \u201cincludes,\u201d the court was able to define \u201canything of value\u201d in accordance with the common law, that is, \u201ctangible personal property,\u201d and to limit the additional items that are considered \u201cproperty\u201d to only those items specifically enumerated. In essence, the Davis court chose meanings of \u201canything of value\u201d and \u201cincludes\u201d that, when taken together, limit the derogation of the common law as much as reasonably possible.\nWe find that this resolution of the ambiguity was the proper one because it limits the expansion of the common-law definition. Further, we believe that the structure of section 15 \u2014 1 also supports this conclusion. More specifically, if the legislature had intended the items following \u201cincludes\u201d to simply be an illustrative list of the general class, it could have written \u201cproperty is anything of value including ....\u201d However, the legislature instead chose to begin a new sentence with the phrase \u201c[p]roperty includes.\u201d We believe that this structure, that is, the beginning of a new sentence, was intended to convey that the items specifically enumerated were in addition to, not part of, the general class.\nOur reading finds support in Vargas-Garnica. In that case, the statute at issue read:\n\u201c \u2018 \u201cCrime of Violence\u201d\u2014\n(I) means an offense under federal, state, or local law that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; and\n(II) includes murder, manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated assault, forcible sex offenses (including sexual abuse of a minor), robbery, arson, extortion, extortionate extension of credit, and burglary of a dwelling.\u2019 [Citation.]\u201d Vargas-Garnica, 332 F.3d at 473.\nThe court found that the use of the word \u201cand\u201d coupled with \u201cincludes\u201d meant that in order to be a \u201ccrime of violence\u201d an offense could satisfy either part I or part II of the statute. Vargas-Garnica, 332 F.3d at 473-74. Additionally, the court found it worthwhile to note that \u201cand\u201d was followed by a new subsection. Vargas-Garnica, 332 F.3d at 474. This subsection contained the enumerated offenses. Vargas-Garnica, 332 F.3d at 474. In other words, \u201cand\u201d coupled with \u201cincludes\u201d followed by a new subsection signaled that the items following were in addition to, not exemplary of, the general definition. This structure is much like the period and beginning of a new sentence in section 15 \u2014 1.\nFurther, when the legislature chooses not to amend a statute after judicial construction, it is presumed that the legislature has acquiesced in the court\u2019s interpretation of legislative intent. R.D. Masonry, Inc. v. Industrial Comm\u2019n, 215 Ill. 2d 397, 404 (2005). In this case, the legislature has had over a decade to amend the statute if it disagreed with the Davis court\u2019s interpretation of section 15 \u2014 1. The only amendment made by the legislature since Davis was to add \u201ctelecommunications services\u201d to the list of enumerated categories. This addition in no way speaks to or modifies the decision of the Davis court. Thus, we presume that the legislature has acquiesced in the Davis interpretation. Additionally, we believe that the fact that the legislature actually did amend section 15 \u2014 1 but did not do anything to change the Davis interpretation in the process provides even stronger evidence of the legislature\u2019s acquiescence to that interpretation.\nConsequently, we apply the definition of \u201cproperty\u201d as set forth by the court in Davis, that is, that \u201cproperty\u201d is tangible personal property or anything specifically enumerated in section 15 \u2014 I. Under this test, we find that the right to use a hotel room is not tangible personal property and is not listed within the specific enumerated categories of section 15 \u2014 1. Thus, the value of the right to use the hotel room was not property under section 16 \u2014 1.\nHowever, the State contends that defendant did not take the right to use the hotel room but, instead, took the monetary value of the rate agreement for the room. The State\u2019s contention is unavailing. Defendant \u201ctook\u201d the right to use the room. The rate agreement was simply an expression of the value of that right and was not what was taken by defendant. Further, the monetary value of the rate agreement is not tangible personal property nor does it fall into one of the specific categories enumerated in section 15 \u2014 1. Therefore, even if defendant had \u201ctaken\u201d the monetary value of the rate agreement as the State suggests, this value would not be considered property for purposes of section 15 \u2014 1 or section 16 \u2014 1.\nDefendant contends, and the State does not dispute, that without the value of the right to use the hotel room, the proven value of the property stolen is far less than $10,000. However, defendant admits that the State did prove that the value of the items taken that do fit within section 15 \u2014 1 exceed $300 in value. More specifically, defendant admits that the restaurant charges represent charges for property within the meaning of section 15 \u2014 1 and that the restaurant charges exceed $300 in value. Therefore, defendant requests that we reduce the degree of his conviction from a Class 2 felony to a Class 3 felony and remand for a new sentencing hearing. Subsection (b)(4) of section 16 \u2014 1 states that \u201ctheft of property exceeding $300 and not exceeding $10,000 in value, is a Class 3 felony.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/16\u2014 1(b)(4) (West 2000). Further, Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(3) states that on review we may \u201creduce the degree of the offense of which the appellant was convicted.\u201d 134 Ill. 2d R. 615(b)(3).\nWe find People v. Williams, 267 Ill. App. 3d 870 (1994), instructive regarding our use of this power under the facts of this case. In Williams, the appellate court held that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant possessed more than 100 grams but less than 400 grams of a substance containing cocaine. Williams, 267 Ill. App. 3d at 879. However, the court found that the evidence was sufficient to prove that the defendant possessed more than 15 grams but less than 100 grams of a substance containing cocaine. Williams, 267 Ill. App. 3d at 879. This proof, along with the proof of the defendant\u2019s intent to deliver, amounted to a lesser degree offense than the crime charged. Williams, 267 Ill. App. 3d at 880. The court found that it could rule that a conviction be entered against the defendant for the lesser offense even though it was not the offense charged, because it was a lesser included offense of the offense charged. Williams, 267 Ill. App. 3d at 880. Additionally, the court held that Rule 615(b)(3) provided an independent basis upon which it had authority to reduce the degree of the offense. See Williams, 267 Ill. App. 3d at 880.\nThis case is similar to Williams. The State failed to prove that the value of the property stolen exceeded $10,000 but succeeded in proving a lesser value. This is akin to the State\u2019s failure in Williams to prove that the amount possessed was more than 100 grams but less than 400 grams but, instead, proved a lesser amount. Thus, we find that Williams and Rule 615(b)(3) give us authority to reduce the degree of defendant\u2019s conviction from a Class 2 felony to a Class 3 felony and we choose to exercise this power.\nHowever, before we remand for resentencing, we must determine whether defendant\u2019s remaining contentions requesting reversal or, in the alternative, a new trial, have merit. Because we have decided that the only \u201cproperty\u201d that defendant took was the incidentals and not the right to use the hotel room itself, we consider defendant\u2019s remaining contentions only as they relate to such incidentals.\nB. Defendant\u2019s Intent to Deceive or Defraud The material in sections II B through II D is nonpublishable under Supreme Court Rule 23 (166 Ill. 2d R. 23).\nIII. Conclusion\nFor the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant\u2019s conviction as modified, reducing his conviction to a Class 3 felony, and we remand the cause for a new sentencing hearing.\nAffirmed as modified and remanded.\nBOWMAN and GILLERAN JOHNSON, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE KAPALA" } ], "attorneys": [ "G. Joseph Weller and Thonias A. Lilien, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.", "Joseph E. Birkett, State\u2019s Attorney, of Wheaton (Martin P. Moltz, of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), and Kristine A. Karlin, of Mt. Prospect, for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL L. PERRY, Defendant-Appellant.\nSecond District\nNo. 2\u201404\u20140398\nOpinion filed October 7, 2005.\nG. Joseph Weller and Thonias A. Lilien, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.\nJoseph E. Birkett, State\u2019s Attorney, of Wheaton (Martin P. Moltz, of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), and Kristine A. Karlin, of Mt. Prospect, for the People." }, "file_name": "0703-01", "first_page_order": 721, "last_page_order": 734 }