{ "id": 4261513, "name": "JOS\u00c9 RICARDO NAJAS CORT\u00c9S, Petitioner-Appellant, v. ORION SECURITIES, INC., f/k/a Yorkton Securities, Inc., Respondent and Judgment Debtor-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Najas Cort\u00e9s v. Orion Securities, Inc.", "decision_date": "2005-12-20", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201404\u20142899", "first_page": "1043", "last_page": "1052", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "362 Ill. App. 3d 1043" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "247 F.3d 609", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 11108972 ], "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/247/0609-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 Cal. Rptr. 796", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "798" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "25 Cal. App. 3d 325", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 6036620 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "328" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-app-3d/25/0325-01" ] }, { "cite": "289 U.S. 361", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3917275 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1933, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "364" }, { "page": "1259" }, { "page": "626" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/289/0361-01" ] }, { "cite": "485 U.S. 478", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 13731 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "490" }, { "page": "578" }, { "page": "1347" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/485/0478-01" ] }, { "cite": "651 N.E.2d 586", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 3d 945", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 251464 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "949" }, { "page": "949" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/272/0945-01" ] }, { "cite": "232 S.E.2d 215", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "219" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "32 N.C. App. 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8550622 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "369" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/32/0362-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 L. Ed. 865", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "weight": 2, "year": 1950, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "874" }, { "page": "874" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "339 U.S. 306", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 362818 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1950, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "315" }, { "page": "657-58" }, { "page": "315" }, { "page": "658" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/339/0306-01" ] }, { "cite": "765 N.E.2d 1052", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "328 Ill. App. 3d 508", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2183314 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "518" }, { "page": "518" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/328/0508-01" ] }, { "cite": "776 N.E.2d 801", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "333 Ill. App. 3d 698", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 487171 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "707" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/333/0698-01" ] }, { "cite": "796 N.E.2d 623", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "343 Ill. App. 3d 303", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3719837 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "305" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/343/0303-01" ] }, { "cite": "453 F.2d 435", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 750028 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "443" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/453/0435-01" ] }, { "cite": "347 F.3d 589", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 9049242, 9084667 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "594" }, { "page": "594" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/347/0589-01", "/br/300/0589-01" ] }, { "cite": "654 N.E.2d 262", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "274 Ill. App. 3d 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 291536 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "508" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/274/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "518 U.S. 81", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1730168 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "100" }, { "page": "414", "parenthetical": "where the Supreme Court explained that \"fflittle turns *** on whether we label review of this particular question abuse of discretion or de novo, for an abuse-of-discretion standard does not mean a mistake of law is beyond appellate correction\"" }, { "page": "2047", "parenthetical": "where the Supreme Court explained that \"fflittle turns *** on whether we label review of this particular question abuse of discretion or de novo, for an abuse-of-discretion standard does not mean a mistake of law is beyond appellate correction\"" }, { "page": "100" }, { "page": "414" }, { "page": "2047-48" }, { "page": "100" }, { "page": "414" }, { "page": "2048" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/518/0081-01" ] }, { "cite": "724 N.E.2d 95", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "311 Ill. App. 3d 139", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 415308 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "150" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/311/0139-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 984, "char_count": 24164, "ocr_confidence": 0.774, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.776713437785856e-08, "percentile": 0.4957111399158793 }, "sha256": "5c139da58a1bcab4b758295acc5c170bbd689e2af25dd2e71c927dbbd01a0805", "simhash": "1:4954042e7944f460", "word_count": 3921 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:28:25.526171+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "JOS\u00c9 RICARDO NAJAS CORT\u00c9S, Petitioner-Appellant, v. ORION SECURITIES, INC., f/k/a Yorkton Securities, Inc., Respondent and Judgment Debtor-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE GARCIA\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nOn February 8, 1999, the plaintiff, Jos\u00e9 Ricardo Najas Cort\u00e9s, obtained a judgment against the defendant Orion Securities, formerly known as Yorkton Securities, Inc. (Yorkton Canada), in the Eighth Civil Court of Pichincha, Ecuador. On June 28, 2004, Najas registered the judgment with the circuit court of Cook County and sought its recognition and enforcement under the Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act (Recognition Act) (735 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 618 et seq. (West 2004)).\nYorkton Canada filed a motion to quash recognition of the judgment. The trial court adopted Yorkton Canada\u2019s arguments and granted its motion to quash. Najas appeals.\nBACKGROUND\nIn May 1997, Najas filed a lawsuit against Yorkton Canada in the Eighth Civil Court of Pichincha, Ecuador. Najas alleged that Yorkton Canada failed to pay him millions of dollars for his services in connection with the exploration and development of certain mining properties in Ecuador in violation of Article 5 of the \u201cLaw Protecting Representatives, Agents or Distributors of Foreign Companies\u201d (Agency Protection Act). In his complaint, Najas alleged that \u201cYork-ton Securities, Inc. [was] duly represented by Doctor Jorge Eduardo Pe\u00f1afiel Revelo, in his capacity as Court-Appointed Attorney (Curator) as shown in the documents enclosed herewith.\u201d Prior to the initiation of the lawsuit and in response to a petition by Najas, the Tenth Civil Court of Pichincha, Ecuador, appointed Pe\u00f1afiel as Curator to represent Yorkton Canada\u2019s interests in the lawsuit filed by Najas.\nIn his complaint, Najas alleged that his business relationship began with Yorkton Canada in March 1993, when he was appointed its representative in Ecuador. Najas negotiated the business agreement with Julia Aspillaga, general manager of Yorkton Canada\u2019s wholly owned subsidiary, Yorkton Securities, Inc. (Chile), Ltda. (Yorkton Chile), and who, according to Najas, is also a corporate officer for Yorkton Canada. An agreement formalizing this relationship was signed on April 1, 1993, and provided in part:\n\u201cThe following agreement between Yorkton Securities Inc. (Chile) Ltda. (YSI) signed on April 1st, 1993 in Santiago, Chile defines a working arrangement for a period of two years, renewable if the parties desire so for another period of two years.\u201d\nThe written agreement set out the respective duties and obligations of Najas and Yorkton Securities, Inc., with a provision that Aspillaga would inform \u201cYorkton Canada\u201d of the transactions between the parties. Najas alleged that although he acquired mining properties for Yorkton Canada, Yorkton did not pay him the commissions that he earned.\nNajas did not serve Yorkton Canada or Yorkton Chile at the commencement of the lawsuit. The only notice to Yorkton was in the form of a letter mailed by the Curator, on June 17, 1997, to Aspillaga at her office in Santiago, Chile. Yorkton Canada contends that Yorkton Chile ceased doing business and closed its office in Santiago two years prior to the mailing of the Curator\u2019s letter to Aspillaga.\nOn February 8, 1999, the Ecuadorean court entered default judgment in favor of Najas. During the proceedings, the Curator did not deny the accusations in the lawsuit or raise any defenses on Yorkton Canada\u2019s behalf. The court found that the hearing was procedurally valid and that Najas was entitled to payment. On April 20, 1999, the court entered a written order granting judgment in favor of Najas in the amount of $14,050,000. On September 15, 1999, Yorkton Canada received notice of the default judgment through letters rogatory from the Curator at its Canadian address.\nIn February 2000, Najas filed an action to enforce the judgment in the supreme court of British Columbia, Canada. The Canadian action is currently pending.\nOn June 28, 2004, Najas registered the Ecuadorean judgment in the circuit court of Cook County and filed a petition for recognition of the judgment. Matthew Tanner, Najas\u2019s attorney, filed an affidavit with the court indicating that Yorkton Canada operates a wholly owned business in Chicago. On July 19, 2004, the judgment was registered.\nOn August 9, 2004, Yorkton filed a motion to quash recognition of the judgment, arguing that it was not entitled to recognition and enforcement under the Recognition Act because: (1) the Ecuadorean court lacked personal jurisdiction over Yorkton Canada (735 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 621(a)(2) (West 2004)); (2) Yorkton Canada did not receive notice of the lawsuit (735 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 621(b)(1) (West 2004)); (3) the judgment was obtained by fraud (735 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 621(b)(2) (West 2004)); and (4) the cause of action upon which the judgment was based violated Illinois public policy (735 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 621(b)(3) (West 2004)). Attached to Yorkton Canada\u2019s petition was the certification of Rodrigo Jij\u00f3n Letort, an Ecuadorean lawyer and legal scholar. Jij\u00f3n stated that in his opinion, the Ecuadorean judgment was invalid because: (1) Na-jas failed to properly serve Yorkton Canada with the requisite letters rogatory, which are required before an Ecuadorean court can exercise jurisdiction over a foreign defendant; (2) the appointment of the Curator failed to comply with legal requirements and the Curator failed to protect Yorkton Canada\u2019s interests by providing the company notice of the lawsuit or a proper defense; and (3) the Agency Protection Act was not applicable to the transactions that formed the basis for Najas\u2019s claims.\nIn Najas\u2019s response to Yorkton Canada\u2019s motion, Najas filed the affidavit of Dr. Patrick Barrera Sweeney, an Ecuadorean attorney and legal scholar, who opined that the judgment was valid and lawful because: (1) the Curator was properly appointed under the law; (2) Yorkton Canada was served legally and properly by the Curator; (3) Yorkton Canada failed to comply with its obligation under Ecuadorean law to maintain a representative in the country; and (4) the transactions that formed the basis for Najas\u2019s claims were properly subject to the Agency Protection Act.\nBoth experts agree that once a curator is appointed, the curator\u2019s main duty is to notify the absent defendant of the proceedings against it.\nOn September 28, 2004, the trial court granted Yorkton Canada\u2019s motion to quash recognition of the judgment. In doing so, the court adopted the arguments raised by Yorkton Canada. This appeal followed.\nANALYSIS\nAlthough Najas argues that the trial court erred in adopting in their entirety Yorkton Canada\u2019s arguments against recognition and enforcement of the Ecuadorean judgment, because we agree with York-ton Canada that it did not receive reasonable notice of the underlying lawsuit and, consequently, that the trial court did not err in denying recognition of the judgment for that reason, we need not address or consider Najas\u2019s other arguments.\nI. Standard of Review'\nThe parties disagree as to the standard this court should apply to review the trial court\u2019s findings that Yorkton Canada did not receive notice of the lawsuit. Section 12 \u2014 621(b)(1) of the Recognition Act provides that a \u201cforeign judgment need not be recognized\u201d if the defendant did not receive notice with sufficient time to defend. (Emphasis added.) 735 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 621(b)(1) (West 2004). Yorkton Canada contends that the statute vests the trial court with discretion in determining whether to recognize the judgment, and accordingly, this court must review that decision for an abuse of discretion. Citing Buckner v. Causey, 311 Ill. App. 3d 139, 150, 724 N.E.2d 95 (1999).\nNajas argues that the decision of the trial court is not entitled to deference and this court must employ the de novo standard of review. Najas contends that pursuant to section 12 \u2014 621(b), a trial court is entrusted with discretion only when the underlying legal predicates of that section have been established, e.g., a finding that the party did not receive notice. Najas contends that the record presents no legal basis for such a finding. He also argues that the trial court\u2019s adoption of Yorkton Canada\u2019s argument was \u201cmade in circumstances analogous to a grant of summary judgment\u201d where the de novo standard of review is applied and that a trial court abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law. See Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 100, 135 L. Ed. 2d 392, 414, 116 S. Ct. 2035, 2047 (1996) (where the Supreme Court explained that \u201cfflittle turns *** on whether we label review of this particular question abuse of discretion or de novo, for an abuse-of-discretion standard does not mean a mistake of law is beyond appellate correction\u201d).\nUnder the facts present here, we see no practical distinction between the standards of review urged by the parties. As the Supreme Court in Koon noted, \u201cA [trial] court *** abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law. *** The abuse-of-discretion standard includes review to determine that the discretion was not guided by erroneous legal conclusions.\u201d Koon, 518 U.S. at 100, 135 L. Ed. 2d at 414, 116 S. Ct. at 2047-48.\nWhere the Recognition Act by its language vests the trial court with discretion in determining whether to recognize a foreign judgment, we review that decision for an abuse of discretion. In the context of this case, where neither party requested an evidentiary hearing before the trial court, as both parties argued that there were no genuine issues of material fact and, accordingly, the trial court decided the issue of whether the Ecuadorean judgment was entitled to recognition under the Recognition Act based on counsel\u2019s arguments and the documentary evidence in the record, we review the trial court\u2019s findings \u201cto determine that the discretion [exercised by the trial court] was not guided by erroneous legal conclusions.\u201d Koon, 518 U.S. at 100, 135 L. Ed. 2d at 414, 116 S. Ct. at 2048. As we explain below, we find that the trial court did not err, or abuse its discretion, when it granted Yorkton Canada\u2019s motion to quash and denied recognition of the judgment pursuant to the Recognition Act. The trial court committed no errors of law, as there is sufficient evidence in the record to support its finding that Yorkton did not receive reasonable notice of the underlying lawsuit.\nII. Notice\nPursuant to the Recognition Act, a foreign judgment that is conclusive between the parties is enforceable \u201cin the same manner as the judgment of a sister state which is entitled to full faith and credit.\u201d 735 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 620 (West 2004). Pinnacle Arabians, Inc. v. Schmidt, 274 Ill. App. 3d 504, 508, 654 N.E.2d 262 (1995). However, section 12 \u2014 621(b)(1) of the Recognition Act provides that a \u201cforeign judgment need not be recognized if *** the defendant in the proceedings in the foreign court did not receive notice of the proceedings in sufficient time to enable him or her to defend.\u201d 735 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 621(b)(1) (West 2004).\n\u201c[A] foreign judgment cannot be enforced in a U.S. court unless it was obtained under a system with procedures compatible with the requirements of due process of law. [Citations.] Notice is an element of our notion of due process and the United States will not enforce a judgment obtained without the bare minimum requirements of notice. [Citation.]\u201d International Transactions, Ltd. v. Embotelladora Agral Regiomontana, SA DE CV, 347 F.3d 589, 594 (5th Cir. 2003). \u201c \u2018[TJhe polestar is whether a reasonable method of notification was employed and reasonable opportunity to be heard was afforded to the person affected.\u2019 \u201d International Transactions, 347 F.3d at 594, quoting Somportex, Ltd. v. Philadelphia Chewing Gum Corp., 453 F.2d 435, 443 (3d Cir. 1971).\nYorkton Canada contends the trial court properly granted its motion to quash recognition of the judgment because it was never served through letters rogatory and received no notice of the action against it prior to judgment being entered. The parties and their legal experts disagree as to whether letters rogatory were required under Ecuadorean law.\nNajas contends, based on the affidavit of his expert, that Yorkton Canada was legally and properly served by the notice sent by the Curator, following his appointment by an Ecuadorean court. The notice sent by the Curator was in the form of a letter to Aspillaga at Yorkton\u2019s Chilean office. The letter read:\n\"Messrs. Yorkton Securities Inc. this is to inform you that on 13 June 1997, under the prevailing Law, I have been appointed by the Judge of the Eighth Civil Court of Pichincha of Ecuador as Court Appointed Attorney for Yorkton Securities Inc. in the Oral Summary Hearing Docket No. 784 \u2014 97\u2014ENT filed against you by Mr. Jos\u00e9 Ricardo Najas Cort\u00e9s in the Eight Civil Court of Pichincha, Ecuador.\nI notify you for the pertinent legal actions required in this case.\u201d\nTo determine whether Yorkton Canada received reasonable notice, we need not decide whether Ecuadorean law required that letters rogatory be sent or whether the Curator was properly appointed. Our analysis is borne out of the Recognition Act\u2019s statutory scheme, not Ecuadorean jurisprudence. This court is in no position to evaluate Ecuadorean law or to collaterally review the Ecuadorean court\u2019s determinations. Instead, we need only determine whether Yorkton Canada received sufficient notice to satisfy due process as set forth in the Recognition Act.\nDue process requires that a defendant receive sufficient notice reasonably calculated to apprise him of the action and afford him the opportunity to be heard. \u201cIn a proceeding where a person\u2019s right or interest in life, liberty, or property is affected, due process requires that the person be served with adequate notice, be apprised of a definite charge, and be afforded an opportunity to defend that interest in a fair and impartial hearing that is appropriate to the nature of the case.\u201d In re Abandonment of Wells located in Illinois by Eva Lovene Leavell, 343 Ill. App. 3d 303, 305, 796 N.E.2d 623 (2003). Notice is a fundamental requirement of due process and must be reasonably calculated to apprise the defendant of the action and afford him the opportunity to be heard. Hwang v. Department of Public Aid, 333 Ill. App. 3d 698, 707, 776 N.E.2d 801 (2002). Although \u201cuseless formality in the ghring of notice\u201d is not required, the person whose rights are to be affei id must be afforded notice that provides him a reasonable time to ppear and defend his rights. El Sauz, Inc. v. Daley, 328 Ill. App. 3d 508, 518, 765 N.E.2d 1052 (2002). The United States Supreme Court explained:\n\u201c(W]hen notice is a person\u2019s due, process which is a mere gesture is not due process. The means employed must be such as one desirous of actually informing the absentee might reasonably adopt to accomplish it. The reasonableness and hence the constitutional validity of any chosen method may be defended on the ground that it is in itself reasonably certain to inform those affected *** or, where conditions do not reasonably permit such notice, that the form chosen is not substantially less likely to bring home notice than other of the feasible and customary substitutes.\u201d Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 315, 94 L. Ed. 865, 874, 70 S. Ct. 652, 657-58 (1950).\nTherefore, regardless of whether the Curator was properly appointed or whether Yorkton Canada was entitled to letters rogatory, the Recognition Act granted the trial court the discretion to refuse recognition of the judgment if the court found that Yorkton Canada did not receive sufficient notice to apprise it of the action or afford it the opportunity to defend. See 735 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 621(b)(1) (West 2004).\nNajas contends \u201cYorkton was the subject of notice reasonably calculated to apprise it of the pendency of the suit, and thus personal jurisdiction existed.\u201d As support for this claim, Najas asserts that Ecuadorean law required Yorkton \u201cto maintain a legal representative in Ecuador.\u201d Najas cites to Royal Business Funds Corp. v. South Eastern Development Corp., 32 N.C. App. 362, 369, 232 S.E.2d 215, 219 (1977) for the proposition that \u201cwhere foreign corporation failed to maintain registered office and agent as required by State law, service on Secretary of State satisfied Mullane\u2019s requirements and [satisfied the notice requirement for] personal jurisdiction.\u201d Najas also cites to the comparable Illinois statute (805 ILCS 5/5.25 (West 2002)) providing for service on the Illinois Secretary of State on behalf of a foreign corporation authorized to do business but no longer found within the state at the time a cause of action is filed.\nNajas further contends that \u201c[e]ven accepting as true (which we do in the absence of evidence to the contrary) Yorkton\u2019s assertion that it had closed its Latin American office (in Chile) in 1995 (two years before notice was sent to that very office), this does not mean that the notice directed to that office was not \u2018reasonably calculated\u2019 to provide notice or was insufficient to confer jurisdiction.\u201d Najas\u2019s support for this claim is a \u201csee\u201d cite to Guerrero v. Ryan, 272 Ill. App. 3d 945, 949, 651 N.E.2d 586 (1995), where we held that notice by regular mail to a driver\u2019s license holder to the address provided by him to the Secretary of State was sufficient notice to satisfy the minimum constitutional procedural due process requirements. Based on that authority, Najas leaps to his claim that regular mail notice from the court-appointed lawyer in Ecuador to Yorkton\u2019s office in Chile was \u201creasonably calculated to provide actual notice\u201d under our constitutional standards. We disagree.\nNajas\u2019s argument is premised on his claim that Ecuadorean law required Yorkton \u201cto maintain a legal representative in Ecuador.\u201d While we accept that claim as true for purposes of our decision, we are not presented with any explanation how this duty to maintain a representative in Ecuador somehow translates into a duty to maintain an address to receive legal notice in Chile so as to provide a basis to conclude that regular mail sent to that office (even two years after it closed) was nonetheless \u201creasonably calculated to provide actual notice.\u201d\nAlthough the United States Supreme Court and Illinois courts have held that \u201c \u2018mail service is an inexpensive and efficient mechanism that is reasonably calculated to provide actual notice\u2019 \u201d (Guerrero v. Ryan, 272 Ill. App. 3d 945, 949, 651 N.E.2d 586 (1995), quoting Tulsa Professional Collection Services, Inc. v. Pope, 485 U.S. 478, 490, 99 L. Ed. 2d 565, 578, 108 S. Ct. 1340, 1347 (1988)), we find that based on the evidence in the record, mail service to Aspillaga at the Chilean address was not reasonably calculated to provide actual notice to Yorkton Canada.\nNajas\u2019s argument that the Curator\u2019s letter directed to Aspillaga is analogous, or comparable, to service through the Secretary of State for a foreign corporation is not convincing. In Illinois, section 5.25 of the Business Corporation Act of 1983 (805 ILCS 5/5.25 (West 2002)) provides that a foreign corporation may be served either upon the registered agent appointed by the corporation or upon the Secretary of State. Further, \u201c[tjhe Secretary of State shall be irrevocably appointed as an agent of a *** foreign corporation having authority upon whom any process, notice or demand may be served: (1) Whenever the corporation shall fail to appoint or maintain a registered agent in this State ***.\u201d (Emphasis added.) 805 ILCS 5/5.25(b)(l) (West 2002). This service, however, must be accomplished within the jurisdictional borders of the State of Illinois. Najas\u2019s argument that Yorkton\u2019s failure to maintain a representative in Ecuador somehow permitted it to serve Aspillaga, a purported representative, in a foreign country, reaches far beyond what is allowed under the Illinois statute or comparable statutes throughout the United States. For this type of notice to satisfy due process, service must be made as provided by the controlling statute within the jurisdiction where the foreign company is authorized to conduct business. See Washington ex rel. Bond & Goodwin & Tucker v. Superior Court, 289 U.S. 361, 364, 77 L. Ed. 1256, 1259, 53 S. Ct. 624, 626, (1933) (where the Supreme Court held that service upon the Secretary of State office for the State of Washington without actual notice to the foreign company did not violate the company\u2019s right to due process because \u201c[a]dmission [of a foreign corporation to do business in a.State] might be conditioned *** upon the terms that if the corporation had failed to appoint or maintain an agent service should be made upon a state officer\u201d). Na-jas, in essence, asks this court to ignore jurisdictional boundaries. In addition, Najas asks us to assume that Chilean law requires a corporation, which once maintained an office in that country, to maintain a representative even after the corporation closes its doors. As we refused to delve into Ecuadorean law, we also refuse to make assumptions about Chilean law.\nOur conclusion that notice to the office in Chile did not provide notice \u201creasonably calculated\u201d to reach the intended party is further grounded on Najas\u2019s own complaint directed not at Yorkton Chile, but at Yorkton Canada. Before filing his lawsuit, Najas regularly corresponded with Yorkton at its Canadian address, as evidenced by the record. The record also indicates that both Najas and the Curator were aware of Yorkton\u2019s address in Canada. Under these circumstances, mail service to Aspillaga at the Chilean address, which had been closed for two years, did not satisfy the due process requirements of notice because the form chosen was \u201csubstantially less likely to bring home notice than other of the feasible and customary substitutes.\u201d Mullane, 339 U.S. at 315, 94 L. Ed. at 874, 70 S. Ct. at 658.\nFurther, even if we were to conclude that regular mail service was procedurally sufficient, we find that the contents of the letter did not sufficiently appraise Yorkton Canada of the action against it. The Curator\u2019s letter provided only: (1) the date the Curator was appointed in the proceedings; (2) the docket number; (3) the name of the plaintiff; and (4) the name of the court. The letter did not contain the complaint or summons and did not afford Yorkton Canada sufficient notice that provided it a reasonable time to appear and defend its rights. See El Sauz, 328 Ill. App. 3d at 518; Julen v. Larson, 25 Cal. App. 3d 325, 328, 101 Cal. Rptr. 796, 798 (1972) (explaining that although service of process by mail in a foreign country is not automatically objectionable, \u201cthe process served must give defendant sufficient notice of the pending foreign proceedings to satisfy the requirements of due process of law\u201d such that it is reasonably calculated to impart knowledge of an impending action).\nCONCLUSION\nFor the reasons stated, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting Yorkton Canada\u2019s motion to quash recognition based on Yorkton Canada\u2019s lack of notice. We make no findings concerning the other arguments, i.e., personal jurisdiction, fraud, and public policy, raised in the motion to quash.\nAffirmed.\nSOUTH and HALL, JJ., concur.\nThe parties disagree as to the precise translation of the Act.\nMany of the documents in the record have been translated from Spanish to English. When quoting from the documents, we have generally chosen not to correct grammatical errors in the translations.\nThe date of the appointment and the documents related thereto are not part of the record.\n\u201cA letter rogatory is a formal request from a court in one country to the appropriate judicial authorities in another country that can effectuate service of process.\u201d Magness v. Russian Federation, 247 F.3d 609, 614 n.10 (5th Cir. 2001).", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE GARCIA" } ], "attorneys": [ "Tanner & Lehman, LLC, of Chicago (Matthew D. Tanner and Richard H. Lehman, of counsel), for appellant.", "Sonnenschein, Nath & Rosenthal, LLP, of Chicago (Richard L. Fenton, Kathryn K. Harstad, and Charulata J. Shah, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JOS\u00c9 RICARDO NAJAS CORT\u00c9S, Petitioner-Appellant, v. ORION SECURITIES, INC., f/k/a Yorkton Securities, Inc., Respondent and Judgment Debtor-Appellee.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1\u201404\u20142899\nOpinion filed December 20, 2005.\nTanner & Lehman, LLC, of Chicago (Matthew D. Tanner and Richard H. Lehman, of counsel), for appellant.\nSonnenschein, Nath & Rosenthal, LLP, of Chicago (Richard L. Fenton, Kathryn K. Harstad, and Charulata J. Shah, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "1043-01", "first_page_order": 1061, "last_page_order": 1070 }