{ "id": 5767205, "name": "JOSEPH DOMBROWSKI, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Dombrowski v. City of Chicago", "decision_date": "2005-12-29", "docket_number": "No. 1-05-0321", "first_page": "420", "last_page": "433", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "363 Ill. App. 3d 420" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "356 Ill. App. 3d 83", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3749174 ], "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/356/0083-01" ] }, { "cite": "357 Ill. App. 3d 337", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d 659", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3625850 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/113/0659-01" ] }, { "cite": "311 Ill. App. 3d 492", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 415421 ], "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/311/0492-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 C 6840", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cow.", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "29 F.3d 267", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 1840668 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "269" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/29/0267-01" ] }, { "cite": "103 F.3d 1346", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 991 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1352" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/103/1346-01" ] }, { "cite": "314 Ill. App. 3d 35", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 140055 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41" }, { "page": "41" }, { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/314/0035-01" ] }, { "cite": "209 Ill. 2d 520", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5462174 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "540" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/209/0520-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 Ill. 2d 42", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3045930 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/84/0042-01" ] }, { "cite": "151 Ill. 2d 367", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3291849 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/151/0367-01" ] }, { "cite": "286 Ill. App. 3d 766", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1544477 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "771" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/286/0766-01" ] }, { "cite": "38 Ill. App. 3d 894", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2807686 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/38/0894-01" ] }, { "cite": "216 Ill. App. 3d 313", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5289642 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/216/0313-01" ] }, { "cite": "938 F. Supp. 500", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 5649930 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/938/0500-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 Ill. 2d 106", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8451129 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "118-19" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/211/0106-01" ] }, { "cite": "321 Ill. App. 3d 509", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 132367 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "511" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/321/0509-01" ] }, { "cite": "201 Ill. 2d 160", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1477052 ], "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/201/0160-01" ] }, { "cite": "318 Ill. App. 3d 304", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 279636 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/318/0304-01" ] }, { "cite": "328 Ill. App. 3d 508", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2183314 ], "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/328/0508-01" ] }, { "cite": "354 Ill. App. 3d 381", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3219006 ], "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/354/0381-01" ] }, { "cite": "182 Ill. 2d 262", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 864528 ], "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/182/0262-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1129, "char_count": 31744, "ocr_confidence": 0.756, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0592300005463981e-07, "percentile": 0.5561102210978324 }, "sha256": "6878bc5a5a6ab64d6d073b8b329c006972463a8f2a3161de2c015f9068a95100", "simhash": "1:baff87108eee5b07", "word_count": 5151 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:25:30.372916+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "JOSEPH DOMBROWSKI, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE GREIMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff Joseph Dombrowski owns the building located at 1331-41 West Addison Street (the Building), which a City of Chicago (the City) building inspector observed and alleged violated the Chicago Building Code, specifically section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b), which requires that building exteriors be free of holes, cracks, or other openings that might admit water into a building\u2019s interior. Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 13\u2014 196 \u2014 530(b) (1990). At trial, at which only plaintiff testified, an administrative law judge (ALJ) found plaintiff liable and imposed a fine of $500. On administrative review to the circuit court of Cook County, the ALJ\u2019s judgment was affirmed. Plaintiff now appeals.\nOn May 11, 2004, the City issued plaintiff and his management company a notice of violation and summons, advising plaintiff of alleged violations of sections 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b), 13 \u2014 196\u2014570, and 13\u2014 12 \u2014 100 of the Building Code (Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7\u00a7 13 \u2014 196\u2014 530(b), 13 \u2014 196\u2014570, and 13 \u2014 12\u2014100) (1990, 1990, and 2005, respectively)), specifically that there were cracks and other openings between bricks and mortar joints in the Building\u2019s west and north walls, that the Building\u2019s porch had broken and missing pickets, and that plaintiff failed to arrange entry for the inspector into the Building\u2019s interior, all observed on March 12, 2004. The notice advised plaintiff that the City would conduct a hearing on May 28, 2004, and that he would be required to present all evidence as to the nonexistence or correction of the alleged violations at the hearing. Plaintiff appeared at the hearing pro se and was found not liable on the final count. The ALJ continued proceedings as to the remaining violations to June 25, 2004, and set a reinspection date of June 18, 2004, to allow plaintiff to correct the alleged violations.\nA City inspector observed the Building again on June 18, 2004, and noted that the previously alleged defects had not been corrected.\nAt the June 25, 2004, hearing, at which plaintiff again appeared pro se, the ALJ and plaintiff discussed the alleged violation of section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b), in which the City contended that the Building\u2019s west wall had \u201cwash[ed] out mortar\u201d and \u201cloose brick\u201d between the second and third elevation and \u201cloose brick\u201d and \u201cwashout mortar joint\u201d on the third floor, and that the north wall had \u201cwashout mortar joint[s]\u201d at each elevation. The ALJ stated that the City had established a prima facie case for liability through its first and second inspection reports. Plaintiff responded that he had visually observed the allegedly violative conditions and measured the openings in the mortar, which, he stated did \u201cnot exceed or go into the second course of brick.\u201d\nThe ALJ explained that, in order to resolve the case, he had to weigh plaintiff\u2019s evidence against the City\u2019s, which was the sworn statements by its inspectors as to the Building\u2019s conditions, and that plaintiff had failed to rebut the City\u2019s case. Plaintiff responded that, while the City alleged that the Building\u2019s exterior was in such a condition as to admit water into its interior, there was no allegation that it had in fact caused moisture to infiltrate the outer walls. The ALJ nonetheless found that the City\u2019s allegation was sufficient to state a Code violation and found plaintiff liable on that count.\nThe ALJ found plaintiff not liable on the charge of violating section 13 \u2014 196\u2014570, based on the fact that the City had alleged the same violation in July 2003 but never pressed a suit against plaintiff. The ALJ imposed a fine of $500 plus $25 in costs on the count of violating section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b).\nPlaintiff filed a complaint for administrative review pro se, alleging that the records of his hearings were incomplete and prevented him from proceeding without prejudice, that the ALJ made his finding of liability based solely on the City inspector\u2019s March 2004 report, that the inspector\u2019s report did not allege that the Building\u2019s exterior condition allowed water to enter its interior, that the ALJ found liability without evidence of water being admitted to the Building\u2019s interior, and that the ALJ provided no basis or aggravating factors for imposing the maximum fine.\nAccording to a bystander\u2019s report, plaintiff appeared pro se at the administrative review and argued that the incomplete record of the proceedings before the ALJ prevented a full and fair review by the trial court. The City countered that the unrecorded and inaudible portions of the hearings were not problematic because the circuit court would be able to comprehend the basis of the proceedings. The circuit court determined that the record was sufficient to allow for an adequate review of the ALJ\u2019s decision.\nPlaintiff next argued the ALJ improperly interpreted the Building Code by finding a violation of section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b) without proof of actual water infiltration and that the evidence he presented at the prior hearings established that the Building\u2019s condition did not violate that provision of the Building Code. The City countered that the language of the Building Code does not require proof of actual water infiltration and that the ALJ\u2019s decision was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nThe trial court determined that the ALJ had not misinterpreted the Building Code and that the fine imposed was not unconstitutional or unsupported by the record. Plaintiff, with counsel, now appeals.\nPlaintiff first contends that he was deprived of his due process right to a full and fair administrative hearing where he was not allowed to cross-examine the only evidence presented against him and that the ALJ improperly granted more weight to the City inspector\u2019s reports than to his own testimony. He argues that, because the City inspector who alleged the Building Code violations was unavailable to testify at the hearing, plaintiff was denied the opportunity to challenge the inspector\u2019s qualifications, methods, and conclusions through cross-examination. Plaintiff also challenges section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b) of the Building Code as unconstitutionally vague.\nDefendants counter that plaintiff has waived the preceding constitutional arguments on appeal because he failed to raise them either during the administrative hearing or on administrative review in the circuit court. They rely on the rule that constitutional issues not raised before an administrative agency and only presented for the first time on appeal to this court are waived. Texaco-Cities Service Pipeline Co. v. McGaw, 182 Ill. 2d 262 (1998); Connor v. City of Chicago, 354 Ill. App. 3d 381 (2004). Defendants point out that plaintiff never questioned the validity of section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b), complained of the ALJ\u2019s apparent favor for the City inspector\u2019s statement, or asked that the inspector be made available at any time prior to this appeal and thereby created the very problem of which he now complains. Defendants further argue that plaintiffs failure to raise these issues prior to now deprives this court of a full record on which to assess his claims and that original jurisdiction over the constitutionality of a given piece of legislation lies with the circuit court.\nPlaintiff presents no real rebuttal to defendants\u2019 claim of waiver, but responds only that, even if his constitutional arguments are waived, this court should nevertheless consider and resolve them because they \u201cgo to the heart of the administrative hearing process\u201d in the form of a party\u2019s due process right to a full, fair, and impartial hearing. Plaintiff argues that this court ought to consider the due process claims as constitutional issues of significant importance, notwithstanding waiver, in order to achieve a just result, in accordance with the holdings of El Sauz, Inc. v. Daley, 328 Ill. App. 3d 508 (2002), Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Chicago v. Thorpe, 318 Ill. App. 3d 304 (2000), and Daniels v. Industrial Comm'n, 201 Ill. 2d 160 (2002).\nWe believe there ought to be some consideration for the fact that plaintiff appeared pro se at both the administrative hearings and on review to the circuit court and may not have been aware of any potential constitutional violations that could have occurred at either stage. However, a party\u2019s pro se status does not relieve him or her of the burden of complying with procedural rules. See Twardowski v. Holiday Hospitality Franchising, Inc., 321 Ill. App. 3d 509, 511 (2001).\nIn general, an appellant cannot raise a constitutional issue for the first time on appeal to this court where the lower court has not had an opportunity to consider it. See Village of Lake Villa v. Stokovich, 211 Ill. 2d 106, 118-19 (2004). While administrative agencies do not have the judicial authority to determine the constitutionality of the legislation they are charged with enforcing (see Yellow Cab Co. v. City of Chicago, 938 F. Supp. 500 (N.D. Ill. 1996)), it is generally required that a litigant raise any challenges to a statute\u2019s validity at the administrative hearing and on review to the circuit court, lest the challenge be waived for purposes of appellate review. See Caauwe v. Police Pension Board, 216 Ill. App. 3d 313 (1991); Miller v. Police Board, 38 Ill. App. 3d 894 (1976). However, waiver serves mainly as an admonition to litigants and does not curtail the jurisdiction of a reviewing court. Hunt v. Daley, 286 Ill. App. 3d 766, 771 (1997).\nBecause plaintiffs contentions on review concern the propriety of the conduct of his administrative hearing and subsequent review to the circuit court, and because plaintiff had been pro se up to this point, waiver seems an inappropriate restriction on this court\u2019s consideration of his arguments. Accordingly, we will consider the merits of plaintiffs arguments on appeal.\nPlaintiff initially contends that he was deprived of his due process right to a full and fair administrative hearing where he was not allowed to cross-examine the only evidence presented against him. He argues that, because the City inspector who alleged the Building Code violations was unavailable to testify at the hearing, plaintiff was denied the opportunity to challenge the inspector\u2019s qualifications, methods, and conclusions through cross-examination.\nPlaintiff cites to Balmoral Racing Club, Inc. v. Illinois Racing Board, 151 Ill. 2d 367 (1992), and Scott v. Department of Commerce & Community Affairs, 84 Ill. 2d 42 (1981), for the proposition that parties to an administrative proceeding are entitled to due process protections and that an administrative agency\u2019s refusal to allow cross-examination amounts to a denial of a party\u2019s due process rights.\nDefendants counter that plaintiff was not denied due process in this instance because he never asked the ALJ to subpoena the inspector who had issued the violation notice or otherwise attempt to secure his presence and testimony at the hearing. They argue that the notice and summons issued to plaintiff indicated that the proceedings would be governed by the City\u2019s procedural rules and regulations of the department of administrative hearings, which were publicly available, and that the notice included procedures for acquiring copies of said rules and regulations. Defendants point out that plaintiff could have requested the ALJ to make the inspector available pursuant to section 2 \u2014 14\u2014076(j) of the Municipal Code (Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 2\u2014 14 \u2014 076(j) (2004)), which he did not do. Defendants argue that plaintiff\u2019s failure to consult and invoke a rule he had every right to invoke does not amount to a deprivation of due process.\nDue process requires a fair trial before a fair tribunal and applies to both courts and administrative agencies performing adjudicatory functions. Arvia v. Madigan, 209 Ill. 2d 520, 540 (2004). This court has a duty to examine the procedural methods employed at an administrative hearing to ensure that it was a fair and impartial hearing. Anderson v. Human Rights Comm'n, 314 Ill. App. 3d 35, 41 (2000). Due process also requires that all parties have an opportunity to cross-examine witnesses and offer rebuttal evidence. Anderson, 314 Ill. App. 3d at 41. This court may not interfere with an administrative body\u2019s discretionary authority unless that authority is exercised in an arbitrary or capricious manner or its decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Anderson, 314 Ill. App. 3d at 41.\nDefendants are correct in their assertion that plaintiff was apprised of the procedural rules and regulations of the City\u2019s department of administrative hearings, which were publicly available through the City\u2019s website, and therefore plaintiff knew or should have known of Rule 6.4, which elucidates an ALJ\u2019s subpoena power. They also emphasize the fact that plaintiff was made aware that the ALJ planned to issue his decision based upon the inspector\u2019s written reports as balanced against plaintiffs in-court statements, and that plaintiff had the option of requesting that the inspector be made available for cross-examination and having the ALJ issue his decision afterward. Defendants argue that had plaintiff made such a request and the ALJ denied it, he might have had a more coherent claim for abuse of discretion and denial of due process, but since his right to cross-examination was never asserted and therefore never denied, he cannot now seek review based on any such deprivation.\nOn a related note, plaintiff also contends that the ALJ abused his discretion by not requiring that the inspector be present for the hearing, where plaintiff testified as to his own observations and measurements of the conditions that allegedly violated the Building Code. He argues that the ALJ provided no basis for accepting the inspector\u2019s statement as unrebutted evidence of liability and that it was unclear why the ALJ did not require the inspector\u2019s presence when he indicated that he was required to weigh opposing testimony in order to resolve the case, and that the inspector\u2019s testimony was required in order to establish what specifically constituted washed out mortar and loose brick.\nDefendants 'respond that plaintiff\u2019s argument is unfounded because plaintiff never requested that the inspector appear and therefore that the ALJ\u2019s discretion to compel his appearance was never triggered. Defendants again cite to section 2 \u2014 14\u2014076(j) of the Municipal Code, which states that an ALJ may, upon a party\u2019s timely request, make available for cross-examination any person whose testimony is material and would not be cumulative. Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 2 \u2014 14\u2014076(j) (2004). They argue that, because plaintiff never requested that the ALJ make the inspector available, there was no discretionary power for the ALJ to abuse.\nWe agree with defendants.\nThe City conducts administrative adjudications of Building Code violations pursuant to the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/1 \u2014 2.1\u20141 et seq. (West 2004)). The Seventh Circuit has held that, in proceedings such as these, \u201clive testimony and cross-examination might be so important as to be required by due process\u201d and that the subpoena mechanism contained in Rule 6.4 provides parties with the opportunity to cross-examine complaining witnesses and therefore functions as a \u201csafety valve for those cases *** in which fair consideration of the respondent\u2019s defense would require, as a constitutional imperative, the recognition of a right of confrontation.\u201d Van Harken v. City of Chicago, 103 F.3d 1346, 1352 (7th Cir. 1997). The Seventh Circuit has also held that the City presenting its evidence of violations in the form of written reports is not violative of due process because respondents have the opportunity to cross-examine the reports\u2019 authors and cannot be deprived of a right they fail to exercise. See United States v. Atkin, 29 F.3d 267, 269 (7th Cir. 1994).\nIn a case similar to this one, the Northern District held that administrative procedures allowing a building inspector\u2019s affidavit to be admitted as evidence did not violate the right of confrontation, either on their face or as applied. Prudent Properties v. City of Chicago, No. 99 C 6840 (N.D. Ill. 2000). In that case, the City alleged that a building owner had violated portions of the Building Code and presented as evidence an inspector\u2019s affidavit to that effect. The owner\u2019s counsel asked the hearing officer for an opportunity to cross-examine the inspector. The hearing officer denied the request and found the owner liable. The owner sought review in federal court, contending that the hearing violated due process because he was not notified of the City\u2019s intent to present its case in the form of a written affidavit and because it required higher evidentiary standards for respondents than it did for the City. The City filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.\nThe court held that the hearing did not violate the owner\u2019s right to due process because the owner was aware of the rules that would govern the proceeding \u2014 one of which was Rule 6.2, which provides that parties may file prehearing motions to request discovery or subpoenas from a hearing officer \u2014 and because the owner was free to pursue a claim as to the hearing officer\u2019s denial as an abuse of discretion on administrative review to the circuit court. Prudent Properties, slip op. at 5-6. The court granted the City\u2019s motion to dismiss and remanded the cause to the circuit court, finding no basis for reviewing the owner\u2019s federal constitutional claims. Prudent Properties, slip op. at 8.\nAs to plaintiffs contention that the ALJ abused his discretion by not compelling the inspector\u2019s appearance, we agree with the reasoning of defendants and the holding in Atkin, that a hearing officer cannot abuse his discretion by denying a right that a party has failed to exercise. Accordingly, we find that plaintiffs claims as to denial of due process and abuse of discretion are unfounded.\nPlaintiff next contends that he was denied a fair hearing when the ALJ found the City inspector\u2019s report inherently more credible than his own testimony and accepted the facts alleged in the notice of violation as prima facie evidence of a violation. Plaintiff argues that, because the record contains no evidence indicating that the inspector\u2019s statement was more credible or entitled to be given more weight than his own testimony, the ALJ\u2019s judgment was erroneous. He cites to People v. Averhart, 311 Ill. App. 3d 492 (1999), and People v. Ford, 113 Ill. App. 3d 659 (1983), for the proposition that the testimony of witnesses who happen to be government officials is not entitled to more weight than the testimony of any other witness.\nIn response, defendants contend that plaintiffs testimony at the hearing did not contradict the inspector\u2019s statement and did not establish that the Building complied with Code section 13 \u2014 196\u2014 530(b), and therefore that plaintiffs complaint that the ALJ entitled the City\u2019s evidence to more weight than his own is baseless. Defendants also argue that plaintiff acknowledges that a notice of violation serves as prima facie evidence of the existence of the facts alleged therein, specifically, a violation of section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b), and that plaintiffs testimony did nothing to dispute those facts.\nAs to this issue, we can only assess the differences in the evidence presented at the hearing as differences of degree, not substance. Plaintiff stated to the ALJ that he observed and measured the openings in the Building\u2019s mortar and the displacement of the bricks, all but admitting to a Code violation. His only argument was that the openings and brick displacements were not substantial enough to constitute a violation of section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b); he presented no evidence contradicting or refuting the inspector\u2019s assessment that they indeed existed.\nWhile a trier of fact is to evaluate a government official\u2019s testimony as that of any other witness and not presume that such testimony is inherently more credible than that of any other witness (see Crook v. Crook, 329 Ill. App. 588 (1946); Ford, 113 Ill. App. 3d 659), it does not appear to have been the case in this instance. As stated above, the only real differences in the evidence presented were variances in degree of the alleged defects in the Building\u2019s wall; there was no evidence contradicting or refuting their actual existence. With this in mind, the ALJ appeared to have come to the only logical conclusion, i.e., that the alleged conditions of the Building constituted a violation of section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b). When evidence from opposing parties points to the same conclusion, one can hardly argue that the trier of fact favored one party\u2019s evidence over that of the other. Therefore, we agree with defendants that the ALJ did not find that the City\u2019s evidence was inherently more credible than plaintiffs and thus was not in error.\nPlaintiff next contends that the Building Code provision that he was found to have violated is unconstitutional because it is vague on its face. Section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b) provides as follows:\n\u201cEvery exterior wall shall be free of holes, breaks, loose or rotting boards or timbers, and any other conditions which might admit rain, or dampness to the interior portions of the walls or to the exterior spaces of the dwelling.\u201d Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 13\u2014 196 \u2014 530(b) (1990).\nPlaintiff argues that the phrase \u201cmight admit rain, or dampness\u201d is vague in that it does not provide adequate notice to building owners as to what specific condition constitutes a violation of the provision. He asserts that the term \u201cmight\u201d is entirely subjective and requires guesswork as to the condition an owner is required to maintain as to a building\u2019s exterior walls. He further argues that such a subjective term grants City inspectors the exclusive power and authority to determine what conditions violate the provision and leaves inspectors too much discretion to assess violations essentially as matters of opinion.\nPlaintiff relies on City of Chicago v. Morales, 177 Ill. 2d 440 (1997), where the Illinois Supreme Court held that an ordinance is enforceable only if its language is sufficiently definite to give a person a reasonable opportunity to distinguish between lawful and unlawful conduct and to adequately define the offense so that it does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. Plaintiff also relies on Pacesetter Homes, Inc. v. Village of Olympia Fields, 104 Ill. App. 2d 218 (1968), in which this court invalidated an Olympia Fields ordinance that conferred too much discretion on the village\u2019s commissioner and advisory committee in accepting or rejecting building permits and otherwise failed to prescribe specific standards by which village officials were to assess permit applications. Plaintiff asserts that the Building Code provision is similarly vague in that it does not specifically state any conditions that \u201cmight\u201d allow rain or dampness to infiltrate a building\u2019s interior areas.\nDefendants respond that the provision is not vague and that assessing whether a building\u2019s exterior is susceptible to water infiltration is an objective process in that a wall either has holes or openings that might admit moisture or it does not. Defendants argue that the Building Code is definite enough to serve as a guide to building owners, relying on East St. Louis Federation of Teachers, Local 1220 v. East St. Louis District No. 189 Financial Oversight Panel, 178 Ill. 2d 399 (1997), and that any doubts regarding its construction should be resolved in favor of its validity.\nDefendants maintain that the provision is clear enough to provide building owners with notice as to their obligation to keep exterior walls in a condition that is not susceptible to water infiltration. They also point out that plaintiff all but admitted that the Building had portions of washed out mortar and that any owner would recognize that washed out mortar is not a sound condition and is likely to admit water to a dwelling\u2019s interior. Defendants insist that the provision is clear on its face, especially as it applies to plaintiff.\nDefendants make grudging note of our decision in City of Chicago v. RN Realty, L.P., 357 Ill. App. 3d 337 (2005), and assert that the majority in that case misinterpreted section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b) as requiring the City to prove actual water infiltration in order to sustain a finding of liability, as the dissent also asserted. With all due respect, RN Realty propagated no such rule.\nIn RN Realty, the City and the defendants each presented expert witnesses of equal qualifications and equal credibility as to alleged violations of section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b). The City\u2019s inspector testified that he observed open joints between tiles on the building\u2019s exterior that constituted violations, while the defendant presented engineering and maintenance reports stating that the openings had been sealed prior to the date of the alleged violation and that the exterior was indeed up to Code. The trial court found the evidence conflicting and ruled in favor of the defendant. We affirmed, noting that we were in no position to overrule the trial court as to the sufficiency of the evidence. RN Realty, 357 Ill. App. at 346. The holding was purely an evidentiary one, not one dealing with statutory interpretation.\nHere, as has been noted repeatedly, the opposing parties\u2019 evidence all but proposed the same conclusion, that the Building\u2019s exterior had loose bricks and open mortar joints. Plaintiff only presented evidence as to their extent, not as to their nonexistence; the defendants\u2019 evidence in RN Realty directly contradicted the City\u2019s assertions, and we concluded that the trial court\u2019s finding in their favor was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. RN Reality, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 346.\nAs for plaintiffs contention of vagueness, we find it lacking. On its face, section 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b) is clear in its prohibition against \u201choles, breaks, loose or rotting boards or timbers, and any other conditions which might admit rain, or dampness.\u201d Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 13 \u2014 196\u2014530(b) (1990). It ought to be clear to any observer that conditions such as loose brick, open mortar joints, or any other obvious openings are liable to admit rain or dampness into a building\u2019s interior, especially when such conditions are discernible by an inspector\u2019s naked eye. A visible opening in a building\u2019s exterior always has the potential to admit dampness or moisture to its interior. An opening that \u201cmight\u201d admit water is in violation of the Code, whether it actually does so or not. Accordingly, the provision is not so vague as to deprive citizens of the opportunity to distinguish between compliance and noncompliance or to allow potentially arbitrary or discriminatory enforcement.\nPlaintiff next contends that the ALJ\u2019s decision was against the manifest weight of the evidence because the inspector\u2019s description of the allegedly violative conditions was \u201ccryptic\u201d and did not provide an adequate basis for a finding of liability. He argues that the inspector\u2019s terse observations of \u201cwash out mortar\u201d and \u201cloose brick\u201d provide no evidence as to the nature or extent of the Building\u2019s alleged defects, such as the number, location, and degree of the observed mortar gaps and loose bricks, and how those factors rendered the Building\u2019s wall not \u201csubstantially watertight.\u201d Plaintiff further argues that his own testimony as to the extent of the mortar gaps was uncontroverted and not inherently improbable, but was nonetheless disregarded by the ALJ, rendering his decision unsupported and against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nDefendants respond that plaintiff essentially agreed that portions of the wall\u2019s mortar were washed out and had loose bricks, that the only dispute was one over degree and whether the extent of the alleged defects was such that they might admit rain or dampness into the Building\u2019s interior, and that the record therefore amply supports the ALJ\u2019s finding of liability.\nWe believe that our previous analysis as to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the ALJ\u2019s finding of liability renders this contention moot, and we therefore decline to consider it.\nPlaintiff lastly contends that the ALJ acted unreasonably in assessing the maximum daily fine because he provided no basis for instituting the maximum amount, rendering it arbitrary and unreasonable. Plaintiff argues that there was evidence of compliance with the Building Code, as provided through his own testimony, and that there were no aggravating circumstances, such as prior violations or imminent risks to health and safety, that would justify the maximum possible fine. He cites no legal authority in support.\nDefendants counter that the fine was not arbitrary or unreasonable in light of the fact that the ALJ allowed plaintiff an opportunity to repair the allegedly defective conditions but plaintiff chose not to do so. Defendants also argue that this issue has been waived because plaintiff failed to raise it both during the administrative hearing and on review to the circuit court. Defendants further point out that the fine could have been much greater in that the ALJ only imposed a single-day fine when he could have imposed a fine for each day the Building was in disrepair between March 12 and June 18, 2004. Defendants maintain that the fine is not excessive and is closely related to the purpose of the statute pursuant to which it was imposed, in accordance with Morris v. Department of Professional Regulation, 356 Ill. App. 3d 83 (2005), that the violation for which plaintiff was found liable was a serious one that could lead to dangerous structural problems, and that the City\u2019s ability to levy meaningful fines is essential to the Building Code\u2019s stated purpose of protecting and promoting public health and safety.\nRegarding penalties for violations of the Building Code, the Municipal Code reads as follows:\n\u201cAny violation of, or resistance to or interference with the enforcement of, any of the provisions of this code enumerated in Section 13 \u2014 12\u2014010, to which no other penalty provision is applicable shall be punished by a f\u00edne not less than $200.00 and not more than $500.00, and each day such violation shall continue shall constitute a separate and distinct offense for which a fine as herein provided shall be imposed.\u201d Chicago Municipal Code \u00a7 13\u2014 12 \u2014 040 (2005).\nWe agree with defendants. As stated previously, the evidence in this case all pointed to the only logical conclusion, i.e., that a violation of the Building Code existed, and the only real argument was as to its extent. The ALJ imposed a maximum daily fine, but for only a single day\u2019s occurrence, and did allow plaintiff, albeit indirectly, an opportunity to bring the Building into compliance or at least mitigate his liability by setting a reinspection date and continuing the proceedings over a period of several weeks. The fine assessed did not exceed statutory guidelines and indeed could have been assessed for each day that the Building\u2019s wall was in disrepair. Based on these circumstances, we conclude that the ALJ\u2019s decision was not arbitrary or unreasonable.\nFor the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.\nAffirmed.\nQUINN, EJ., and MURPHY, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE GREIMAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Gregory A. Bedell, of McNish, Knabe & Kroning, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Mara S. Georges, Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Benna Ruth Solomon, Myriam Zreczny, and Christopher S. Norborg, Assistant Corporation Counsel, of counsel), for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JOSEPH DOMBROWSKI, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Defendants-Appellees.\nFirst District (4th Division)\nNo. 1-05-0321\nOpinion filed December 29, 2005.\nGregory A. Bedell, of McNish, Knabe & Kroning, of Chicago, for appellant.\nMara S. Georges, Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Benna Ruth Solomon, Myriam Zreczny, and Christopher S. Norborg, Assistant Corporation Counsel, of counsel), for appellees." }, "file_name": "0420-01", "first_page_order": 438, "last_page_order": 451 }