{ "id": 4264306, "name": "LAUREN KIRSCHBAUM, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THE VILLAGE OF HOMER GLEN et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Kirschbaum v. Village of Homer Glen", "decision_date": "2006-05-11", "docket_number": "No. 3-04-0794", "first_page": "486", "last_page": "496", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "365 Ill. App. 3d 486" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "45 N.E.2d 665", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1942, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "675" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "381 Ill. 300", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2558729 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1942, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "317" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/381/0300-01" ] }, { "cite": "520 N.E.2d 1044", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1046" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "166 Ill. App. 3d 876", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5072497 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "879" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/166/0876-01" ] }, { "cite": "569 N.E.2d 1168", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1175" }, { "page": "1175" }, { "page": "1173" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "211 Ill. App. 3d 119", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2529030 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "129" }, { "page": "129" }, { "page": "127" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/211/0119-01" ] }, { "cite": "431 N.E.2d 62", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 8, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "67" }, { "page": "67" }, { "page": "67" }, { "page": "67" }, { "page": "67" }, { "page": "67" }, { "page": "67" }, { "page": "67" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "103 Ill. App. 3d 335", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5483576 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "340-41" }, { "page": "341" }, { "page": "340" }, { "page": "341" }, { "page": "341" }, { "page": "341" }, { "page": "341" }, { "page": "341" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/103/0335-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 N.E.2d 644", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1940, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "650", "parenthetical": "holding a city liable for personal injuries caused by a driver colliding with a girder in the center of a city street where the city did not give a warning" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "305 Ill. App. 430", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3266275 ], "year": 1940, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "442", "parenthetical": "holding a city liable for personal injuries caused by a driver colliding with a girder in the center of a city street where the city did not give a warning" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/305/0430-01" ] }, { "cite": "369 N.E.2d 917", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "921" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "54 Ill. App. 3d 509", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3405293 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "512" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/54/0509-01" ] }, { "cite": "532 N.E.2d 914", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 7, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "927" }, { "page": "920" }, { "page": "920" }, { "page": "921" }, { "page": "921" }, { "page": "921" }, { "page": "921" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "178 Ill. App. 3d 42", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2433308 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "52" }, { "page": "52" }, { "page": "52" }, { "page": "52" }, { "page": "53" }, { "page": "53" }, { "page": "53" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/178/0042-01" ] }, { "cite": "555 N.E.2d 1195", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1196" }, { "page": "1196" }, { "page": "1196" }, { "page": "1196" }, { "page": "1196" }, { "page": "1196" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "198 Ill. App. 3d 540", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2473576 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "541" }, { "page": "541" }, { "page": "541" }, { "page": "541" }, { "page": "541" }, { "page": "541" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/198/0540-01" ] }, { "cite": "530 N.E.2d 284", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 7, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "285" }, { "page": "285" }, { "page": "285" }, { "page": "285" }, { "page": "285" }, { "page": "285" }, { "page": "285" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "175 Ill. App. 3d 768", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3554322 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "771" }, { "page": "771" }, { "page": "771" }, { "page": "771" }, { "page": "770" }, { "page": "770" }, { "page": "771" }, { "page": "771" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/175/0768-01" ] }, { "cite": "713 N.E.2d 543", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "552" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "186 Ill. 2d 472", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 243943 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "491" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/186/0472-01" ] }, { "cite": "786 N.E.2d 980", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "984" }, { "page": "984" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "203 Ill. 2d 441", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 799409 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "447" }, { "page": "447" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/203/0441-01" ] }, { "cite": "373 N.E.2d 1326", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1331" }, { "page": "1331" }, { "page": "1331" }, { "page": "1331" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "71 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5449061 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "12" }, { "page": "12" }, { "page": "10-11" }, { "page": "11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/71/0001-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 895, "char_count": 23676, "ocr_confidence": 0.755, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.273637394211908e-08, "percentile": 0.27005995330229676 }, "sha256": "769f51944643bb49b78643187421be404702ef556772b2d6daeb76ea197edc48", "simhash": "1:b2fc7946bef0f6a4", "word_count": 3970 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:12:10.332814+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "LAUREN KIRSCHBAUM, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THE VILLAGE OF HOMER GLEN et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE McDADE\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nOn appeal, plaintiff driver attempts to show the order of the Will County circuit court granting defendants\u2019 motion to dismiss was improper because defendants owed plaintiff a duty to prevent trees and brush from obstructing her view of oncoming traffic. The resolution of plaintiffs claim requires the examination of three issues: (1) whether section 3 \u2014 102(a) of the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Act) (745 ILCS 10/3 \u2014 102(a) (West 2002)) imposes a duty upon defendants to trim or remove obstructive trees, shrubbery and foliage from defendants\u2019 street intersections; (2) whether the holding in First National Bank in DeKalb v. City of Aurora, 71 Ill. 2d 1, 12, 373 N.E.2d 1326, 1331 (1978), requires a finding that defendants were under such a duty; and (3) whether such a duty exists under any applicable statute or the common law. Upon review, we not only find defendants did not owe plaintiff a duty to remove such obstacles from the intersection, but also that plaintiffs negligence claim would fail because of her inability to show that if such a duty existed, defendants\u2019 breach was the proximate cause of her injuries. We affirm the trial court\u2019s dismissal of plaintiffs claim.\nFACTS\nThe incident in question occurred at the intersection of Parker Road and Chicago Road, in Homer Township, a township of Will County, Illinois. Parker Road runs north and south. Chicago Road runs east and west. The intersection of the two is controlled by stop signs at each corner. Plaintiff alleges that property adjacent to the northeast corner of the intersection has trees, shrubbery and other foliage that prevent southbound motorists from seeing westbound vehicles.\nOn September 5, 2002, at about 5:45 p.m., plaintiff was driving her car south on Parker Road. Also at that time, a car driven by Sam Blatt was heading westbound on Chicago Road. When plaintiff reached the intersection, she made a complete stop for the stop sign located on the northwest corner and then continued to drive south into the westbound lane of the intersection. Plaintiff claims she was unable to see Blatt\u2019s approaching vehicle because her view was blocked by the obstacles on the northeast corner. Plaintiff does admit, however, to being able to see the stop sign at the northwest corner of the intersection that controlled her progress.\nAs plaintiffs car entered the intersection, Blatt\u2019s car also entered from the east and struck plaintiffs driver-side door at about 45 miles per hour. Blatt admitted disobeying the stop sign on the northeast corner of the intersection, claiming that the sun blinded him and he could not see the stop sign. There was no contention that Blatt\u2019s vision of the stop sign was obscured by brush. As a result of injuries sustained in the accident, plaintiffs left leg is deformed and an inch shorter than her right leg.\nSubsequently, plaintiff filed a one-count complaint against defendants, Village of Homer Glen, Homer Township, Homer Township Highway Department, the Homer Township Road Commissioner, Will County, Will County department of highways and the Will County engineer. In her complaint, plaintiff alleged the collision would not have occurred if the defendants had removed the obstructions which blocked her view. She claimed the defendants breached their duty of care to maintain their property in a reasonably safe condition by failing to keep the northeast corner free from obstacles. Plaintiff concludes that this created an unreasonable risk of harm and violated section 3 \u2014 102(a) of the Tort Immunity Act. In response, defendants filed motions to dismiss pursuant to sections 2 \u2014 619 and 2 \u2014 615 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 619, 2 \u2014 615 (West 2002)). Defendants asserted plaintiff failed to properly plead a cause of action and that they were immune from liability because they owed no duty to remove brush and trees pursuant to the Act. After hearing argument, the trial court granted defendants\u2019 section 2 \u2014 619 motion to dismiss. Plaintiff appeals this order.\nSTANDARD OF REVIEW\nA motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2 \u2014 619 admits the legal sufficiency of the plaintiffs claim but asserts certain defects or defenses outside the pleading which defeat the claim. Wallace v. Smyth, 203 Ill. 2d 441, 447, 786 N.E.2d 980, 984 (2002). The standard of review on appeal from an order granting a section 2 \u2014 619 motion to dismiss is de novo. Wallace, 203 Ill. 2d at 447, 786 N.E.2d at 984. The reviewing court must determine whether the allegations of plaintiffs complaint, when construed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, are sufficient to establish a cause of action upon which relief may be granted. Weatherman v. Gary-Wheaton Bank of Fox Valley, N.A., 186 Ill. 2d 472, 491, 713 N.E.2d 543, 552 (1999).\nANALYSIS\nWe begin our analysis by considering whether section 3 \u2014 102(a) of the Local Government and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Act) (745 ILCS 10/3 \u2014 102(a) (West 2002)) imposes a duty upon defendants to trim or remove obstructive trees, shrubbery and foliage from defendants\u2019 street intersections. Section 3 \u2014 102(a) of the Act provides:\n\u201c[A] local public entity has the duty to exercise ordinary care to maintain its property in a reasonably safe condition for the use in the exercise of ordinary care of people whom the entity intended and permitted to use the property in a manner in which and at such times as it was reasonably foreseeable that it would be used, and shall not be liable for injury unless it is proven that it has actual or constructive notice of the existence of such a condition that is not reasonably safe in reasonably adequate time prior to an injury to have taken measures to remedy or protect against such condition.\u201d 745 ILCS 10/3 \u2014 102(a) (West 2002).\nPlaintiff claims there is a split of authority amongst Illinois appellate districts as to whether section 3 \u2014 102(a) of the Act imposes such a duty. The alleged split of authority is between the Third and Fifth Districts. The Third District holds the Tort Immunity Act does not impose duties, but confers immunities. Havens v. Harris Township, 175 Ill. App. 3d 768, 771, 530 N.E.2d 284, 285 (3d Dist. 1988); Bainter v. Chalmers Township, 198 Ill. App. 3d 540, 541, 555 N.E.2d 1195, 1196 (3d Dist. 1990). The Fifth District, relying on the common-law doctrine of public immunity, holds that a local government entity may be liable for failure to trim trees and brush encroaching into a public road. Long v. Friesland, 178 Ill. App. 3d 42, 52, 532 N.E.2d 914, 927 (5th Dist. 1988). Plaintiff urges us to adopt the Fifth District\u2019s analysis in Long. Three relevant cases that frame our examination are Havens v. Harris Township, Long v. Friesland, and Bainter v. Chalmers Township.\nIn Havens, this court examined a case where plaintiff sustained serious injuries as a result of an automobile accident. The plaintiff claimed that the township breached its duty to maintain the roadway in a safe condition. Specifically, plaintiff relied upon section 3 \u2014 102(a) of the Act in claiming that defendants\u2019 duty to maintain public roads in a reasonably safe condition entailed mowing the weeds and brush alongside the intersection. The court disagreed with plaintiffs claim, stating that the Act \u201c \u2018is not a catalog of duties or a source of rights; it does not create new liabilities where none already exist.\u2019 \u201d Havens, 175 Ill. App. 3d at 771, quoting Hannon v. Counihan, 54 Ill. App. 3d 509, 512, 369 N.E.2d 917, 921 (1977). The court reasoned that the proper analysis to determining whether a duty exists requires examining the common law and other applicable statutes. Havens, 175 Ill. App. 3d at 771, 530 N.E.2d at 285. In affirming the dismissal of plaintiffs complaint, the court stated, \u201c[a]bsent a statutory or common law duty, it is up to the township\u2019s discretion to decide whether such road improvements were necessary.\u201d Havens, 175 Ill. App. 3d at 771, 530 N.E.2d at 285.\nIn Long, the Fifth District reviewed a case where an automobile accident occurred as a result of a township\u2019s failure to remove or trim trees and brush actually encroaching into a public road, thereby forcing motorists to drive into the middle of the road. There were two relevant issues before the court: (1) whether defendants breached a duty by not trimming the trees and brush encroaching on the road; and (2) whether the defendants were immune from liability as public officials. In finding that a duty did exist and the township was liable, the Long court relied on the common-law doctrine of public immunity. Long, 178 Ill. App. 3d at 52, 532 N.E.2d at 920. Under that doctrine, liability will not be imposed upon public officials for the negligent performance of discretionary acts, whereas it will be imposed for negligent performance of ministerial acts. Long, 178 Ill. App. 3d at 52, 532 N.E.2d at 920. \u201cMinisterial acts are those which a person performs on a given state of facts in a prescribed manner, in obedience to the mandate of legal authority and without reference to the official\u2019s discretion as to the propriety of the act.\u201d Long, 178 Ill. App. 3d at 52, 532 N.E.2d at 921. \u201cThe performance of a ministerial act does not require the exercise of judgment or discretion by the public official.\u201d Long, 178 Ill. App. 3d at 53, 532 N.E.2d at 921. The Long court found that because the act of maintaining the township roadways free of encroaching brush is purely ministerial, the township enjoys no immunity from suit for the negligent performance of that act. Long, 178 Ill. App. 3d at 53, 532 N.E.2d at 921.\nIn Bainter, the Third District was urged by defendant township to reverse our holding in Havens and follow the reasoning set out in Long. In responding to this request, the Bainter court stated, \u201c[w]e will continue to adhere to our decision in Havens. A township has no common-law duty to widen roads, smooth gravel, erect signs, or mow weeds.\u201d Bainter, 198 Ill. App. 3d at 541, 555 N.E.2d at 1196.\nIn light of the above three cases, plaintiffs claim that there is a split of authority among appellate districts as to whether section 3 \u2014 102(a) creates a duty upon local government entities to trim or remove trees, brush and foliage from alongside roadways is simply incorrect. Our court has been very clear in stating that the Act does not impose duties but, instead, only confers immunities and defenses. Bainter, 198 Ill. App. 3d at 541, 555 N.E.2d at 1196; Havens, 175 Ill. App. 3d at 770, 530 N.E.2d at 285. Plaintiffs argument that the Fifth District\u2019s holding in Long contradicts this precedent is misguided. Long did not even examine section 3 \u2014 102(a). In fact, the opinion in Long did not contain discussion of any immunity provision found in the Act. Instead, the Fifth District found the existence of a duty under the common-law doctrine of public immunity. Long, 178 Ill. App. 3d at 53, 532 N.E.2d at 921.\nLong is not only legally distinguishable from Havens and Bainter but also factually distinguishable. Unlike the situations in Havens and Bainter, the trees in Long were so overgrown they were physically encroaching the street. In fact, the plaintiff in Long testified that the brush physically struck the side of her car and tore her blouse. Clearly, courts have held that public entities can be held liable for injuries incurred as a result of objects being located on a public road. See O\u2019Connell v. Chicago & North Western R.R. Co., 305 Ill. App. 430, 442, 27 N.E.2d 644, 650 (1940) (holding a city liable for personal injuries caused by a driver colliding with a girder in the center of a city street where the city did not give a warning). The duty to remove known encroachments actually impeding traffic is ministerial. By contrast, the trees and brush in the instant case were not growing into the intersection and a determination of whether they need to be trimmed clearly invokes the making of a judgment and the exercise of discretion.\nBecause we find Long both legally and factually distinguishable from both Havens and Bainter, we reject plaintiffs assertion that there is a split of authority between the Third and Fifth Districts. In turn, we uphold our earlier findings that section 3 \u2014 102(a) of the Act does not impose a duty upon public entities to trim or remove obstructing trees, shrubbery and foliage from their street intersections. Therefore, absent a statutory or common-law duty, it is up to a public entity\u2019s discretion to decide whether or when certain road improvements are necessary.\nWe now turn our attention to plaintiffs claim that the Illinois Supreme Court\u2019s holding in First National Bank in DeKalb v. City of Aurora, 71 Ill. 2d 1, 12, 373 N.E.2d 1326, 1331 (1978), requires a finding that defendants were under a duty to trim the trees, shrubbery and foliage alongside the intersection in question. In First National Bank, the court found that the city of Aurora was liable for negligently permitting a large tree to obstruct the view of plaintiff driver, who was injured as a result of her inability to see an oncoming automobile. First National Bank, 71 Ill. 2d at 10-11, 373 N.E.2d at 1331. Plaintiff, however, misconstrues the reasoning behind the court\u2019s finding that a duty did exist. The court never held that pursuant to section 3 \u2014 102(a) of the Tort Immunity Act, a municipal corporation must keep its roadways in reasonably safe condition by virtue of trimming or removing trees, shrubbery, or foliage alongside its roadways. Instead, the court held that the alleged violations of the city\u2019s own two ordinances were prima facie evidence of negligence, and therefore, the injured plaintiff had a cause of action. First National Bank, 71 Ill. 2d at 11, 373 N.E.2d at 1331.\nThis ruling is fully consistent with the decision in Havens and Bainter. The courts in Havens and Bainter both held that the Act does not impose duties, but confers immunities. Havens, 175 Ill. App. 3d at 770, 530 N.E.2d at 285; Bainter, 198 Ill. App. 3d at 541, 555 N.E.2d at 1196. Therefore, courts must look to the common law and other statutes to determine whether a local government entity owes a duty to a private individual. Havens, 175 Ill. App. 3d at 771, 530 N.E.2d at 285; Bainter, 198 Ill. App. 3d at 541, 555 N.E.2d at 1196. The Illinois Supreme Court in First National Bank did exactly that, finding that it was the city of Aurora\u2019s own statutory code that placed a duty upon the defendant city to remove the large tree that obstructed plaintiffs view. As a result, plaintiff\u2019s argument that the holding in First National Bank requires a finding in this case that defendants were under a duty to trim the trees, shrubbery and foliage alongside the intersection in question is incorrect.\nFollowing the reasoning laid out in Havens, Bainter and First National Bank, we must now examine whether the defendants in the instant case owed a duty to the plaintiff in light of the common law or any other applicable statute. Courts in Illinois have long recognized that a local government has a common-law duty to maintain public roads in a safe condition. Boylan v. Martindale, 103 Ill. App. 3d 335, 340-41, 431 N.E.2d 62, 67 (1982). However, a public entity satisfies its duty to maintain the streets in a reasonably safe condition by placing a stop sign at the intersection. Manning v. Hazekamp, 211 Ill. App. 3d 119, 129, 569 N.E.2d 1168, 1175 (1991). Courts have held it is entirely reasonable for a city to believe it fulfills its duty to maintain a safe intersection by providing clearly visible and functioning traffic lights. Boylan, 103 Ill. App. 3d at 341, 431 N.E.2d at 67; Manning, 211 Ill. App. 3d at 129, 569 N.E.2d at 1175. Our court has held that a township has no common-law duty to widen roads, smooth gravel, erect signs, or mow weeds. Havens, 175 Ill. App. 3d at 771, 530 N.E.2d at 285; Bainter, 198 Ill. App. 3d at 541, 555 N.E.2d at 1196.\nIn Boylan, plaintiff was injured in an automobile accident and alleged that the defendant city breached its duty in failing to remove certain trees and bushes near an intersection which obstructed her view of approaching drivers. In granting summary judgment for the defendant city, the court stated, \u201cregardless of whether or not the drivers\u2019 view of the *** intersection was restricted, we believe that, under the circumstances, the city successfully discharged its duty by the maintenance of properly working stoplights at the intersection.\u201d Boylan, 103 Ill. App. 3d at 340, 431 N.E.2d at 67. The court went on to say, \u201c[a] city is only under a duty of ordinary care to maintain its streets in a reasonably safe condition.\u201d (Emphasis omitted.) Boylan, 103 Ill. App. 3d at 341, 431 N.E.2d at 67. Therefore, a public entity may incur liability for failure to maintain the visibility of a traffic control device. Boylan, 103 Ill. App. 3d at 341, 431 N.E.2d at 67. However, where the traffic device is visible, the entity successfully discharges its common-law duty to maintain public roads in a reasonably safe condition. Boylan, 103 Ill. App. 3d at 341, 431 N.E.2d at 67.\nIn Manning, plaintiff was involved in a car accident and argued that the defendant city\u2019s duty to maintain its roads in a reasonably safe condition included the duty to maintain adequate sight distances at intersections such that drivers have a sufficient view of oncoming traffic. The city argued that it fulfilled its duty to maintain its roads in a reasonably safe condition by placing a stop sign at the corner of the intersection where the accident occurred. In finding the city not liable the court stated, \u201c \u2018[tihere is no duty owed in Illinois for trees obstructing visibility of motorists on an adjoining highway by either a municipal landowner or a private one at a controlled intersection and the visibility of the traffic controls has not been obstructed.\u2019 \u201d Manning, 211 Ill. App. 3d at 127, 569 N.E.2d at 1173, quoting Esworthy v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 166 Ill. App. 3d 876, 879, 520 N.E.2d 1044, 1046 (1988).\nIn the case at bar, plaintiff does not contend and the record does not show that the trees and bushes in the area obstructed or obscured either plaintiffs view or Blatt\u2019s view of the stop signs at the intersection. The plaintiff herself admitted that she came to a complete stop for the stop sign located on the northwest corner of the intersection. Defendant blamed his failure to see the sign on blinding sunlight, not the trees and brush. Under the applicable case law, the defendants successfully discharged their duty by placing visible stop signs at each corner of the intersection. Plaintiff has cited no authority, nor has our \u25a0 research found any, that supports a proposition that a public entity breaches its common-law duty by allowing trees and brush in an area adjacent to an intersection to pose visual obstructions of oncoming traffic where there are clearly visible stop signs observable to all drivers. Neither does the plaintiff cite to any of the defendants\u2019 own ordinances, as the plaintiff in First National Bank did, to show that the defendants were under a statutory duty to maintain the intersection so that it is free of visual obstructions. Consequently, the trial court ruled correctly in finding that plaintiffs negligence count failed to sufficiently plead the existence of a duty owed to plaintiff.\nEven assuming the existence of a duty to remove the trees and brush near the intersection, the failure to do so was merely a condition of the plaintiffs injuries, not the proximate cause. \u201cThe question of proximate cause is ordinarily one of fact for the jury.\u201d Boylan, 103 Ill. App. 3d at 341, 431 N.E.2d at 67. \u201cYet it is well established that if an alleged negligent act does nothing more than furnish a condition making the injury possible, and such condition, by the subsequent independent act of a third party, causes the injury, the two acts are not concurrent and the condition will not be the proximate cause of the injury.\u201d Boylan, 103 Ill. App. 3d at 341, 431 N.E.2d at 67. The Illinois Supreme Court in Merlo v. Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, 381 Ill. 300, 45 N.E.2d 665 (1942), articulated the test for distinguishing between proximate cause and a condition. The court stated:\n\u201cThe test that should be applied in all cases in determining the question of proximate cause is whether the first wrongdoer might have reasonably anticipated the intervening cause as a natural and probable result of the first party\u2019s own negligence. [Citation.] If the act of a third party is the immediate cause of the injury and is such as in the exercise of reasonable diligence would not be anticipated and the third person is not under the control of the one guilty of the original wrong, the connection is broken and the first act or omission is not the proximate cause of the injury. *** [Therefore,] if two wholly independent acts, by independent parties, neither bearing to the other any relation or control, cause an injury by one creating the occasion or condition upon which the other operates, the act or omission which places the dangerous agency in operation is the efficient intervening cause that breaks the causal connection and makes the other act or omission the remote and not the proximate cause of the injury.\u201d Merlo, 381 Ill. at 317, 45 N.E.2d at 675.\nIn the case at bar, plaintiff alleges that Sam Blatt\u2019s vehicle collided with her car. The complaint further alleges that Blatt failed to obey a traffic control device, a stop sign. It seems clear that defendants could not have reasonably anticipated that Blatt, an independent party, would fail to obey a plainly visible traffic control device and that plaintiff would be precluded from reacting defensively because her vision was obstructed by trees and bushes on the northeast corner of the intersection. In fact, the only behavior defendants can reasonably be held to have foreseen is that Blatt would have obeyed his statutory obligation to stop at the stop sign located at the northeast corner of the intersection. Therefore, Blatt\u2019s negligence in the instant case broke the causal connection and made the defendants\u2019 alleged negligence merely a condition and not the proximate cause of plaintiffs injury. Consequently, even assuming a duty did exist, plaintiffs negligence claim would fail because of her inability to show defendants\u2019 breach was the proximate cause of her injuries.\nCONCLUSION\nBecause we find that section 3 \u2014 102 of the Tort Immunity Act does not create a duty for defendants to clear brush from an intersection where there are clearly visible traffic control devices at each corner and that the brush constitutes a condition rather than a proximate cause of the accident and plaintiffs resulting injuries, the judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nLYTTON and BARRY, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE McDADE" } ], "attorneys": [ "Daniel B. Malone (argued), of Healy Law Firm, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Troy A. Lundquist (argued) and Anastasia L. Hess, both of Langhenry,", "Gillen & Lundquist, of Joliet, for appellees Homer Township, Homer Township Highway Department, and Franklin E. Dunn.", "Leonard P. Basak, of Maisel & Associates, of Chicago, and Anthony J. Ritrovato, of Maisel & Associates, of Naperville, for appellee Village of Homer Glen.", "James Glasgow, State\u2019s Attorney, of Joliet (Domenica A. Osterberger (argued), Assistant State\u2019s Attorney, of counsel), for appellees Will County, Will County Department of Highways, and Sheldon C. Latz." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "LAUREN KIRSCHBAUM, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THE VILLAGE OF HOMER GLEN et al., Defendants-Appellees.\nThird District\nNo. 3\u201404\u20140794\nOpinion filed May 11, 2006.\nDaniel B. Malone (argued), of Healy Law Firm, of Chicago, for appellant.\nTroy A. Lundquist (argued) and Anastasia L. Hess, both of Langhenry,\nGillen & Lundquist, of Joliet, for appellees Homer Township, Homer Township Highway Department, and Franklin E. Dunn.\nLeonard P. Basak, of Maisel & Associates, of Chicago, and Anthony J. Ritrovato, of Maisel & Associates, of Naperville, for appellee Village of Homer Glen.\nJames Glasgow, State\u2019s Attorney, of Joliet (Domenica A. Osterberger (argued), Assistant State\u2019s Attorney, of counsel), for appellees Will County, Will County Department of Highways, and Sheldon C. Latz." }, "file_name": "0486-01", "first_page_order": 504, "last_page_order": 514 }