{ "id": 4264805, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LORENZO O. QUALLS, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Qualls", "decision_date": "2006-06-05", "docket_number": "No. 5-04-0643", "first_page": "1015", "last_page": "1021", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "365 Ill. App. 3d 1015" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "91 Ill. App. 2d 290", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2819968 ], "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "297", "parenthetical": "\"In determining the intention of the General Assembly which passed the statute, it is permissible to look to later actions of the legislature\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/91/0290-01" ] }, { "cite": "1999 Ill. Laws 2001", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Ill. Laws", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "513 U.S. 561", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1330581 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "575" }, { "page": "15" }, { "page": "1069" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/513/0561-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 Ill. 2d 450", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3255119 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "477" }, { "page": "477" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/136/0450-01" ] }, { "cite": "367 U.S. 303", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1785555 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1961, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "307" }, { "page": "863" }, { "page": "1582" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/367/0303-01" ] }, { "cite": "214 Ill. 2d 106", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8450701 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "118" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/214/0106-01" ] }, { "cite": "201 Ill. 2d 508", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1477031 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "524" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/201/0508-01" ] }, { "cite": "214 Ill. 2d 206", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8450872 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "214-15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/214/0206-01" ] }, { "cite": "191 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 229710 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "9" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/191/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "218 Ill. 2d 428", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5736074 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "433" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/218/0428-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 Ill. 2d 123", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3875453 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "135" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/217/0123-01" ] }, { "cite": "172 Ill. 2d 452", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 55998 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "457" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/172/0452-01" ] }, { "cite": "213 Ill. 2d 129", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8448393 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "135-36" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/213/0129-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 436", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12046400 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0436-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 780, "char_count": 13608, "ocr_confidence": 0.774, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.498368616272133e-08, "percentile": 0.5183806082902903 }, "sha256": "6209e1be5d9164be6462a0624b882f67b7b049eb59dd708396aad52df451e77e", "simhash": "1:7b42776d80ab2bb3", "word_count": 2177 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:12:10.332814+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LORENZO O. QUALLS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HOPKINS\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe defendant, Lorenzo O. Qualls, appeals from his conviction for possession of a deadly substance (720 ILCS 5/20.5 \u2014 6 (West 2002)), arguing that anhydrous ammonia is not a \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d within the meaning of the statute defining the offense. We agree and reverse.\nBACKGROUND\nAnhydrous ammonia is a commercial fertilizer regulated by the Illinois Fertilizer Act of 1961 (505 ILCS 80/1 et seq. (West 2004)). Anhydrous ammonia is also used to manufacture methamphetamine, a schedule II controlled substance (720 ILCS 570/206(d)(2) (West 2004)). In the summer of 2003, thefts of anhydrous ammonia by individuals engaged in the manufacture of methamphetamine resulted in increased patrols of anhydrous ammonia storage facilities in Effing-ham County. On August 3, 2003, at approximately 2:30 a.m., Sergeant Paul Kuhns of the Effingham County sheriffs department was patrolling the area near one such facility when he observed the defendant\u2019s pickup truck stuck in a ditch. Sergeant Kuhns also observed what he thought was steam coming from the cab of the truck. When Sergeant Kuhns exited his patrol car to investigate, the defendant approached and placed his hands on top of the patrol car. Upon smelling the odor of anhydrous ammonia on the defendant, Sergeant Kuhns handcuffed him, patted him down for weapons, and placed him in the backseat of the patrol car. The defendant told Sergeant Kuhns that a pitcher of anhydrous ammonia had spilled inside the cab of the truck. Sergeant Kuhns then approached the truck so that he could turn off its engine. Sergeant Kuhns was initially unable to enter the truck\u2019s cab because the anhydrous ammonia fumes rising from its floorboard were overwhelming. In the ditch, Sergeant Kuhns found a plastic pitcher from which fames were also emanating. Sergeant Kuhns was able to turn off the truck on a second attempt. Thereafter, the defendant waived his Miranda rights (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966)) and agreed to speak with Sergeant Kuhns. The defendant admitted to stealing anhydrous ammonia from the nearby storage facility and explained that he had driven his truck off the road when the pitcher that he was using to contain the anhydrous ammonia spilled onto the floor. At the storage facility, the defendant showed Sergeant Kuhns the exact tank from which the anhydrous ammonia had been taken. Sergeant Kuhns saw that the tank\u2019s cap had been removed and that there were footprints near the tank. Lithium battery strips (another ingredient used to manufacture methamphetamine) were recovered from the front-left pocket of the defendant\u2019s pants.\nOn August 4, 2003, the State filed a single-count information charging the defendant with unlawful possession of a deadly substance (720 ILCS 5/20.5 \u2014 6 (West 2002)). The charge alleged that the defendant knowingly possessed \u201ca poisonous gas, anhydrous ammonia,\u201d with the intent to use the gas to commit the felony offense of unlawful manufacture of methamphetamine. The following day, a superceding indictment was filed alleging the same. Through appointed counsel, the defendant subsequently moved to have the charge dismissed, arguing, inter alia, that \u201canhydrous ammonia was not intended by the legislature to be a deadly substance under the Possession of a Deadly Substance statute.\u201d The circuit court denied the motion to dismiss, and on June 29, 2004, the cause proceeded to a stipulated bench trial.\nAt the trial, to establish that anhydrous ammonia is a \u201cpoisonous gas,\u201d the State presented the stipulated testimony of Mr. Jamie Southard, an expert in the handling, storage, and general properties of anhydrous ammonia. The parties stipulated as follows:\n\u201cMr. Southard would testify that anhydrous ammonia[,] while stored under pressure in approved containers[,] is a liquid. When incorporated into the soil with approved agricultural equipment,] anhydrous ammonia bonds with soil moisture and adds nitrogen to the soil. Properly contained and applied[,] anhydrous ammonia poses no danger to humans. Upon exposure to the air in an unpressurized state[,] anhydrous ammonia changes to a gaseous form and is attracted to any item or substance containing water. Exposure to anhydrous ammonia by unprotected humans in concentrations of 50 parts per million is sufficient to result in burning to mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and lungs. Exposure to anhydrous ammonia by unprotected humans[ ] in a [sic] concentrations of 400 parts per million or greater is considered, according to regulations promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration with which Mr. Southard is familiar, immediately dangerous to life and health. Mr. Southard would testify that, based upon his training and experience, prolonged exposure to those concentrations of anhydrous ammonia can result in death to unprotected humans.\u201d\nReferencing Southard\u2019s testimony that \u201cprolonged exposure to those concentrations of anhydrous ammonia can result in death to unprotected humans\u201d and rejecting the defendant\u2019s argument that anhydrous ammonia is not a \u201cpoisonous gas,\u201d the circuit court found the defendant guilty and sentenced him to a four-year term of Treatment Alternatives for Safe Communities probation (see 20 ILCS 301/ 40 \u2014 10 (West 2002)). The defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.\nANALYSIS\nThe issue before us is whether anhydrous ammonia is a \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d as the term is used in section 20.5 \u2014 6(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961, which defines the offense of \u201cpossession of a deadly substance\u201d as follows:\n\u201cA person commits the offense of possession of a deadly substance when he or she possesses, manufactures^] or transports any poisonous gas, deadly biological or chemical contaminant or agent, or radioactive substance either with the intent to use such gas, biological or chemical contaminant or agent, or radioactive substance to commit a felony or with the knowledge that another person intends to use such gas, biological or chemical contaminant or agent, or radioactive substance to commit a felony.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/20.5 \u2014 6(a) (West 2002).\nThe defendant argues that the term \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d should be interpreted to mean a gas that is designed to kill or injure or tends to kill or injure \u201cin normal use,\u201d e.g., sarin gas or mustard gas. The defendant maintains that the term should not be read to include gases that are merely deadly or injurious \u201cin particular unsafe circumstances,\u201d e.g., anhydrous ammonia or carbon monoxide. The State responds that the term \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d should be broadly interpreted to mean any gas \u201ccapable of causing death or severe injury.\u201d\n\u201cHow a statute is interpreted is not a matter left to the trial court\u2019s discretion. It presents a question of law, which we review de novo.\u201d In re Marriage of Rogers, 213 Ill. 2d 129, 135-36 (2004). The \u201cprimary objective when construing the meaning of a disputed statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature.\u201d People v. Robinson, 172 Ill. 2d 452, 457 (1996). \u201cAll other rules of statutory construction are subordinate to this cardinal principle.\u201d In re Detention of Powell, 217 Ill. 2d 123, 135 (2005). \u201cThe best indication of legislative intent is the statutory language, given its plain and ordinary meaning.\u201d In re R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d 428, 433 (2006). \u201cIf the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, then there is no need to resort to other aids of construction.\u201d In re D.L., 191 Ill. 2d 1, 9 (2000). \u201cA statute is ambiguous if it permits more than one reasonable interpretation.\u201d People v. Robinson, 217 111. 2d 43, 55 (2005).\nSection 20.5 \u2014 6 does not define the term \u201cpoisonous gas,\u201d and the term is not otherwise defined under Illinois law. We may therefore consult a dictionary to ascertain the term\u2019s meaning. See People v. Collins, 214 Ill. 2d 206, 214-15 (2005). Something is \u201cpoisonous\u201d if it \u201cis poison\u201d or \u201chas the qualities or effects of poison.\u201d Webster\u2019s Third New International Dictionary 1751 (1993). The word \u201cpoison\u201d means \u201ca substance (as a drug) that in suitable quantities has properties harmful or fatal to an organism when it is brought into contact with or absorbed by the organism.\u201d Webster\u2019s Third New International Dictionary 1751 (1993). A \u201cpoison gas\u201d is defined as \u201ca poisonous gas or a liquid or solid giving off poisonous vapors designed (as in chemical warfare) to kill, injure, or disable by inhalation or contact.\u201d Webster\u2019s Third New International Dictionary 1751 (1993). Within the parameters of these definitions and consistent with the parties\u2019 respective interpretations, the term \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d could reasonably be construed to mean either a gas \u201cdesigned (as in chemical warfare) to kill, injure, or disable by inhalation or contact\u201d or a gas that \u201cin suitable quantities has properties harmful or fatal to an organism when it is brought into contact with or absorbed by the organism.\u201d As used in section 20.5 \u2014 6, the term \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d is therefore ambiguous. We may therefore \u201cconsider the purpose of the law, the evils it was intended to remedy, and the legislative history behind it.\u201d Stroger v. Regional Transportation Authority, 201 Ill. 2d 508, 524 (2002). Traditional aids of statutory construction may also be employed, and \u201cthe rule that penal statutes should be construed to afford lenity to the accused\u201d applies. People v. Roberts, 214 Ill. 2d 106, 118 (2005).\nHere, the doctrine of noscitur a sociis \u2014 \u201ca word is known by the company it keeps\u201d (Jarecki v. G.D. Searle & Co., 367 U.S. 303, 307, 6 L. Ed. 2d 859, 863, 81 S. Ct. 1579, 1582 (1961)) \u2014 is particularly applicable. Pursuant to this maxim, \u201c[t]he meaning of questionable words or phrases in a statute may be ascertained by reference to the meaning of words or phrases associated with it.\u201d Hayes v. Mercy Hospital & Medical Center, 136 Ill. 2d 450, 477 (1990). The doctrine of noscitur a sociis is relied upon \u201cto avoid ascribing to one word a meaning so broad that it is inconsistent with its accompanying words\u201d (Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., 513 U.S. 561, 575, 131 L. Ed. 2d 1, 15, 115 S. Ct. 1061, 1069 (1995)) and \u201cto avoid the giving of unintended breadth to a legislative act\u201d (Hayes, 136 Ill. 2d at 477). Here, the term \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d appears in conjunction with the terms \u201cdeadly substance\u201d and \u201cdeadly biological or chemical contaminant or agent\u201d; this indicates that the term \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d was intended to mean an inherently deadly or injurious gas, as opposed to a potentially deadly or injurious gas. The statute\u2019s legislative history further supports this conclusion.\nThe statute creating the offense of possession of a deadly substance originated in the 91st Illinois General Assembly as a part of Senate Bill 509 and was ultimately enacted as a part of Public Act 91 \u2014 121, effective July 15, 1999 (1999 Ill. Laws 2001). When the bill passed in the Senate, it was touted \u2014 in relevant part \u2014 as an \u201canticrime initiative *** aimed at *** terrorism.\u201d 91st Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, March 25, 1999, at 106 (statements of Senator Dillard). During subsequent proceedings before the Criminal Law Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives, it was noted that the statute was necessary because Illinois had no law criminalizing the possession of \u201cbiological warfare chemicals\u201d or \u201cpoison gas\u201d such as \u201csarin gas.\u201d 91st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, April 22, 1999, Judiciary II Committee Hearing (taped debate on Senate Bill 509). The legislative history behind section 20.5 \u2014 6 thus reveals that the statute was enacted to criminalize the unlawful possession of inherently deadly or injurious substances, such as gases designed, as in chemical warfare, to kill or injure.\nWe lastly note that the Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act, effective September 11, 2005, specifically prohibits the \u201cpossession, procurement, transportation, storage, or delivery of anhydrous ammonia *** with the intent that the anhydrous ammonia be used to manufacture methamphetamine.\u201d 720 ILCS 646/25(a)(l) (West Supp. 2005). This further supports the conclusion that the term \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d was never meant to encompass anhydrous ammonia. See Gregory v. County of LaSalle, 91 Ill. App. 2d 290, 297 (1968) (\u201cIn determining the intention of the General Assembly which passed the statute, it is permissible to look to later actions of the legislature\u201d).\nCONCLUSION\nWe hold that anhydrous ammonia is not a \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d for purposes of section 20.5 \u2014 6 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/20.5 \u2014 6 (West 2002)). The State\u2019s proposed interpretation of the term \u201cpoisonous gas\u201d is contradicted by the statute\u2019s legislative history and gives the statute unintended breadth. We accordingly reverse the defendant\u2019s conviction.\nReversed.\nGOLDENHERSH and CHAPMAN, JJ., concur.\nWe note that the defendant could have been charged with the unlawful transfer and transportation of anhydrous ammonia under section 21 \u2014 1.5 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/21 \u2014 1.5 (West 2002) (repealed by Pub. Act 94 \u2014 556, \u00a7 1056, eff. September 11, 2005 (now see 720 ILCS 646/25 (West Supp. 2005)))).", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HOPKINS" } ], "attorneys": [ "Daniel M. Kirwan and Larry R. Wells, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellant.", "Edward C. Deters, State\u2019s Attorney, of Effingham (Norbert J. Goetten, Stephen E. Norris, and Kendra S. Peterson, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LORENZO O. QUALLS, Defendant-Appellant.\nFifth District\nNo. 5\u201404\u20140643\nOpinion filed June 5, 2006.\nDaniel M. Kirwan and Larry R. Wells, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellant.\nEdward C. Deters, State\u2019s Attorney, of Effingham (Norbert J. Goetten, Stephen E. Norris, and Kendra S. Peterson, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "1015-01", "first_page_order": 1033, "last_page_order": 1039 }