{ "id": 4264026, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KEVIN A. STEELE, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Steele", "decision_date": "2006-06-28", "docket_number": "No. 2-04-0930", "first_page": "220", "last_page": "224", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "366 Ill. App. 3d 220" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "138 Ill. 2d 204", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5576139 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "217" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/138/0204-01" ] }, { "cite": "495 U.S. 604", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 634278 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "628", "parenthetical": "White, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment" }, { "page": "650", "parenthetical": "White, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment" }, { "page": "2119-20", "parenthetical": "White, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/495/0604-01" ] }, { "cite": "544 U.S. 622", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5869317 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "652", "parenthetical": "Thomas, J., dissenting, joined by Scalia, J." }, { "page": "977", "parenthetical": "Thomas, J., dissenting, joined by Scalia, J." }, { "page": "2026", "parenthetical": "Thomas, J., dissenting, joined by Scalia, J." } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/544/0622-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 U.S. 140", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1532023 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "167", "parenthetical": "\"In the latter situation, since the prosecution bears the burden of establishing guilt, it may not rest its case entirely on a presumption unless the fact proved is sufficient to support the inference of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt\"" }, { "page": "798", "parenthetical": "\"In the latter situation, since the prosecution bears the burden of establishing guilt, it may not rest its case entirely on a presumption unless the fact proved is sufficient to support the inference of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt\"" }, { "page": "2229-30", "parenthetical": "\"In the latter situation, since the prosecution bears the burden of establishing guilt, it may not rest its case entirely on a presumption unless the fact proved is sufficient to support the inference of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/442/0140-01" ] }, { "cite": "359 Ill. App. 3d 938", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5595801 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "942" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/359/0938-01" ] }, { "cite": "202 Ill. 2d 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1442047 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "385" }, { "page": "385" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/202/0378-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 Ill. 2d 387", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3874985 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "398" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/217/0387-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 Ill. 2d 198", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 799405 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "209" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/203/0198-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 U.S. 510", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1531962 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "524" }, { "page": "51" }, { "page": "2459" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/442/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "344 Ill. App. 3d 315", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3778277 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "318" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/344/0315-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 Ill. 2d 133", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 821404 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "142-43" }, { "page": "147" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/181/0133-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 576, "char_count": 9904, "ocr_confidence": 0.749, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.298132930532853e-08, "percentile": 0.33351828620124185 }, "sha256": "1ed4acbe07f133e036ee3590330b2fad917120f7621d98b6f2d0921e48e424c7", "simhash": "1:8a96bd262d2e9f19", "word_count": 1668 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:50:16.995484+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KEVIN A. STEELE, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE GEOMETER\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Kevin A. Steele, was convicted of numerous traffic offenses in the circuit court of McHenry County, including operating an uninsured vehicle (625 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 707 (West 2002)). On appeal, he contends that section 3 \u2014 707 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (Code), which defines that offense, contains an unconstitutional mandatory presumption. See, e.g., People v. Watts, 181 Ill. 2d 133, 142-43 (1998). We disagree and therefore affirm.\nThe constitutionality of a statute presents a pure question of law; hence, review is de novo. People v. Miles, 344 Ill. App. 3d 315, 318 (2003). At issue here is the following provision of section 3 \u2014 707 of the Code:\n\u201cAny person who fails to comply with a request by a law enforcement officer for display of evidence of insurance, as required under section 7 \u2014 602 of this Code, shall be deemed to be operating an uninsured motor vehicle.\u201d 625 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 707 (West 2002).\nSection 3 \u2014 707 goes on to state that a person who produces in court satisfactory evidence that the vehicle he or she was operating was insured at the time of the arrest may not be convicted of operating a vehicle without insurance. 625 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 707 (West 2002).\nAccording to defendant, these provisions have the effect of shifting the burden to him to produce evidence of his innocence. In defendant\u2019s words, \u201cthe failure to display proof of insurance cannot be equated automatically with the lack of insurance itself.\u201d The United States Supreme Court has held that mandatory rebuttable presumptions are unconstitutional in that they relieve the State of its burden of proving all elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 524, 61 L. Ed. 2d 39, 51, 99 S. Ct. 2450, 2459 (1979). Indeed, in People v. Pomykala, 203 Ill. 2d 198, 209 (2003), our own supreme court struck down a portion of the reckless homicide statute that provided that, \u201c[i]n cases involving reckless homicide, being under the influence of alcohol or any other drug or drugs at the time of the alleged violation shall be presumed to be evidence of a reckless act unless disproved by evidence to the contrary,\u201d because it could be read as shifting the burden to a defendant to disprove that he or she had been reckless (720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 3(b) (West 2000)).\nSimilarly, in Watts, 181 Ill. 2d 133, the supreme court held unconstitutional a portion of the home repair fraud statute that required a defendant to disprove intent not to perform a contract where the State proved any of a number of predicate facts (815 ILCS 515/3(c) (West 1994)). The court explained:\n\u201cWe agree that in the area of criminal law, mandatory rebuttable presumptions which shift the burden of production to the defendant are unconstitutional. A production-shifting presumption places a burden on the defendant to come forward with a certain quantum of evidence to overcome the presumption. If the defendant does not satisfy that burden, the judge is required, in effect, to direct a verdict against the defendant on the element which is proved by the use of the presumption. This result conflicts with the longstanding rule that a verdict may not be constitutionally directed against a defendant in a criminal case. [Citations.] In sum, we agree with the commentator who noted that, \u2018[s]ince a verdict may not be directed against an accused, the burden of production with respect to an element of a crime *** may never be shifted to the defendant.\u2019 [Citation.] Therefore, we hold that such a presumption violates the due process clause of the United States Constitution for the reasons discussed above. These same reasons lead us to hold separately that a mandatory production-shifting presumption also violates the due process clause of the Illinois Constitution.\u201d Watts, 181 Ill. 2d at 147.\nIt is thus clear that shifting the burden of proof, whether it be of production or of persuasion, to a defendant in a criminal trial violates due process under both the state and federal constitutions.\nHowever, given the particular features of this state\u2019s prohibition against driving an uninsured vehicle, we conclude that this principle is not offended in cases such as the present one. In interpreting a statute, courts have a duty to construe it in such a manner as to uphold its constitutionality, so long as the construction is reasonable. People v. Dinelli, 217 Ill. 2d 387, 398 (2005). Our primary goal in interpreting a statute is to determine the intent of the legislature. People v. Swift, 202 Ill. 2d 378, 385 (2002). Where the language of a statute is clear, we will not resort to further aids of construction. Swift, 202 Ill. 2d at 385. Finally, the party challenging a statute bears the burden of establishing that it is unconstitutional. People v. Dixon, 359 Ill. App. 3d 938, 942 (2005).\nThe difference between the instant case and cases like Pomykala and Watts is that the failure to display evidence of insurance when requested to do so by a law enforcement officer is the offense of operating an uninsured motor vehicle. Section 7 \u2014 602 of the Code states, in pertinent part, that \u201cAny person who fails or refuses to comply with such a request is in violation of Section 3 \u2014 707 of this Code.\u201d 625 ILCS 5/7 \u2014 602 (West 2002). The plain language of this section indicates that the failure to produce proof of insurance is not simply evidence that a vehicle is uninsured, as the language of section 3 \u2014 707 suggests. Because such a failure is an offense, the State need do no more than introduce such evidence in order to sustain a conviction. The burden, therefore, does not shift to a defendant to disprove his guilt. However, once the State introduces evidence that a defendant has failed to produce proof of insurance when required, the defendant may, as with any issue of fact, attempt to controvert the evidence that the State introduced.\nWhat makes it appear as if the burden is actually being shifted is the saving provision through which an individual may avoid a conviction. That provision states that no person may be convicted of a violation of section 3 \u2014 707 who produces sufficient proof of insurance in court. 625 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 707 (West 2002). Thus, at a cursory glance, it appears that the burden of production shifts to a defendant to provide proof of insurance. Indeed, if simply failing to produce such proof when requested by a law enforcement officer were not an offense in itself, the fact of operating an uninsured vehicle would be presumed from the fact of not having produced proof of insurance at the necessary time. Given that documents may understandably be lost or mislaid, the nexus between these two facts is insufficient to satisfy the proof-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard. See County Court v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 167, 60 L. Ed. 2d 777, 798, 99 S. Ct. 2213, 2229-30 (1979) (\u201cIn the latter situation, since the prosecution bears the burden of establishing guilt, it may not rest its case entirely on a presumption unless the fact proved is sufficient to support the inference of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt\u201d). However, because it is an offense, the burden does not shift to a defendant to prove that he or she did not fail to produce the appropriate documentation. What a defendant is permitted to produce in court in no way controverts the fact that he or she did not previously produce it when requested.\nInstead, the legislature has provided a mechanism to avoid conviction that is more accurately characterized as an act of grace than as a shifting of the burden of proof. It would be a harsh law indeed that imposed a substantial penalty upon a person who simply could not locate proof of insurance when asked to do so. We do not believe that, by providing a procedure to mitigate the law\u2019s potential harshness, the legislature has run afoul of the due process clause. After all, that clause must be applied with reference to common sense. Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 652, 161 L. Ed. 2d 953, 977, 125 S. Ct. 2007, 2026 (2005) (Thomas, J., dissenting, joined by Scalia, J.) (\u201c[W]e should not forsake common sense in determining what due process requires\u201d); Burnham v. Superior Court, 495 U.S. 604, 628, 109 L. Ed. 2d 631, 650, 110 S. Ct. 2105, 2119-20 (1990) (White, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (\u201c[Tjhere has been no showing here or elsewhere that as a general proposition the rule is so arbitrary and lacking in common sense in so many instances that it should be held violative of due process in every case\u201d); People v. Taylor, 138 Ill. 2d 204, 217 (1990) (\u201cTo require the General Assembly to define each element of an offense, even though the common meaning of the terms themselves defines the criminal offense with sufficient certainty that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement, would place upon that branch of government a burden not required by the due process provisions of the Federal and State Constitutions or by common sense\u201d). Holding that it was within the power of the legislature to make failing to produce proof of insurance an offense, but that it was beyond its power to alleviate the potential harshness of that law, would, quite simply, be absurd.\nAccordingly, we hold that section 3 \u2014 707 of the Code is not constitutionally infirm. Defendant\u2019s conviction under that section is therefore affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nBOWMAN and CALLUM, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE GEOMETER" } ], "attorneys": [ "Larry Wechter, of Law Office of Larry Wechter, of Geneva, for appellant.", "Louis A. Bianchi, State\u2019s Attorney, of Woodstock (Martin P. Moltz and Sally A. Swiss, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KEVIN A. STEELE, Defendant-Appellant.\nSecond District\nNo. 2-04-0930\nOpinion filed June 28, 2006.\nLarry Wechter, of Law Office of Larry Wechter, of Geneva, for appellant.\nLouis A. Bianchi, State\u2019s Attorney, of Woodstock (Martin P. Moltz and Sally A. Swiss, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0220-01", "first_page_order": 238, "last_page_order": 242 }