{ "id": 7328733, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TRIANDUS TABB, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Tabb", "decision_date": "2007-06-14", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201405\u20141640", "first_page": "680", "last_page": "705", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "374 Ill. App. 3d 680" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "361 Ill. App. 3d 664", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4260172 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "666" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/361/0664-01" ] }, { "cite": "342 Ill. App. 3d 58", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3472964 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "64" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/342/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 Ill. 2d 518", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 351227 ], "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/196/0518-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 Ill. 2d 269", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 351226 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "286" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/196/0269-01" ] }, { "cite": "542 U.S. 296", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5868041 ], "weight": 9, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "303-04" }, { "page": "413-14" }, { "page": "2537" }, { "page": "302-04" }, { "page": "413-14" }, { "page": "2537-38" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/542/0296-01" ] }, { "cite": "336 Ill. App. 3d 425", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d 847", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4262065 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "863" }, { "page": "863" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/364/0847-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 Ill. 2d 335", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 799372 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "345" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/203/0335-01" ] }, { "cite": "209 Ill. App. 3d 562", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2543461 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "569" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/209/0562-01" ] }, { "cite": "331 Ill. App. 3d 239", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1209151 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "250" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/331/0239-01" ] }, { "cite": "365 Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5730849 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "688" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/358/0683-01" ] }, { "cite": "146 Ill. 2d 363", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5596932 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "380" }, { "page": "380" }, { "page": "375" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/146/0363-01" ] }, { "cite": "212 Ill. 2d 274", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2444253 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "280" }, { "page": "280" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/212/0274-01" ] }, { "cite": "443 U.S. 307", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6182418 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "318-19" }, { "page": "573" }, { "page": "2788-89" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/443/0307-01" ] }, { "cite": "214 Ill. 2d 318", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8451082 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "326" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/214/0318-01" ] }, { "cite": "322 Ill. App. 3d 905", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 126416 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "917-18" }, { "page": "918" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/322/0905-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 Ill. 2d 332", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3146347 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "338-39" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/104/0332-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 Ill. App. 3d 677", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "186 Ill. App. 3d 668", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2658352 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "678" }, { "page": "678" }, { "page": "679" }, { "page": "679" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/186/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "415 U.S. 308", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6174956 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "316" }, { "page": "353-54" }, { "page": "1110" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/415/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1302614 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "13-14" }, { "page": "12" }, { "page": "12" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/205/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "197 Ill. App. 3d 1017", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2484142 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1023" }, { "page": "1023" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/197/1017-01" ] }, { "cite": "60 Ill. App. 3d 101", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3351897 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "110" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/60/0101-01" ] }, { "cite": "242 Ill. App. 3d 652", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5121532 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "659" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/242/0652-01" ] }, { "cite": "146 Ill. App. 3d 259", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3570816 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "263" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/146/0259-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 Ill. 2d 450", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 243932 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "461-62" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/186/0450-01" ] }, { "cite": "53 Ill. 2d 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2925046 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "99" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/53/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 Ill. 2d 463", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3130376 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "486" }, { "page": "473-74" }, { "page": "474" }, { "page": "474" }, { "page": "486" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/108/0463-01" ] }, { "cite": "530 U.S. 466", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9413911 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/530/0466-01" ] }, { "cite": "380 U.S. 415", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1525326 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1965, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "418" }, { "page": "937" }, { "page": "1076" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/380/0415-01" ] }, { "cite": "399 U.S. 149", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168934 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "158" }, { "page": "497" }, { "page": "1935" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/399/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 163", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3188484 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "172" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/118/0163-01" ] }, { "cite": "271 Ill. App. 3d 684", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 249292 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "689" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/271/0684-01" ] }, { "cite": "47 Ill. 2d 510", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2903225 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "516-19" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/47/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 Ill. App. 3d 72", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3559949 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "75" }, { "page": "75-76", "parenthetical": "case reversed where the State failed to provide defendant with witness' burglary conviction because the case hinged on credibility" }, { "page": "75-76" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/121/0072-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 Ill. 2d 103", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3070111 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "120" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/79/0103-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 Ill. 2d 332", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3146347 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "337", "parenthetical": "the right to cross-examine a witness as to his biases, prejudices or ulterior motives is protected by the federal and state constitutions" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/104/0332-01" ] }, { "cite": "415 U.S. 308", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6174956 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "316" }, { "page": "353" }, { "page": "1110" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/415/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1302614 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "12-13" }, { "page": "12" }, { "page": "12" }, { "page": "12-13" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/205/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "146 Ill. App. 3d 259", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3570816 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "263" }, { "page": "263" }, { "page": "264", "parenthetical": "case reversed where State failed to disclose the criminal and juvenile records of a witness who was accused of being the perpetrator of the offense" }, { "page": "264" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/146/0259-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1822, "char_count": 66102, "ocr_confidence": 0.802, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0362207728982126e-07, "percentile": 0.549442264780688 }, "sha256": "99b38e578bf8744bcf5bdefe065cd155f583ca77ed0cdf5f4f76f0139e0e276b", "simhash": "1:8aaffd285f209871", "word_count": 10858 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:10:59.295026+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "CAMPBELL, J., concurs." ], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TRIANDUS TABB, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE MURPHY\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a trial by jury, defendant, Triandus Tabb, was convicted of attempted first degree murder, aggravated battery with a firearm, and aggravated vehicular hijacking. The trial court merged the first two convictions and defendant was sentenced to 12 years\u2019 imprisonment for attempted first degree murder and 4 years\u2019 imprisonment for aggravated vehicular hijacking. The trial court found that defendant had caused great bodily harm to the victim and ordered the sentences be served consecutively pursuant to section 5 \u2014 8\u20144(a) of the Unified Code of Corrections. 730 ILCS 5/5 \u2014 8\u20144(a) (West 2004).\nOn appeal, defendant contends that: (1) the trial court erred when it granted the State\u2019s motion in limine, denying him the opportunity to use witness Norman Brown\u2019s juvenile delinquency adjudication record to impeach the testimony of Brown and Eyvonne Ford; (2) the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a directed verdict; (3) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt because the State\u2019s witnesses were not credible and the identification of defendant as the offender was unreliable; (4) the trial court violated the one-act, one-crime doctrine when it sentenced him for both aggravated battery with a firearm and attempted first degree murder convictions; and (5) the trial court violated the ruling in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000), when it, rather than the juiy, made a factual finding of \u201csevere bodily injury\u201d and imposed consecutive sentences.\nI. BACKGROUND\nOn September 6, 2003, at approximately 1:20 p.m., Salvador Gomez (the victim) was in his car and stopped at a red light at the intersection of West 51st Street and South Ashland Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. While stopped, the victim was attacked and shot at by an armed assailant who had threatened the victim and demanded he get out of his vehicle. Defendant, who lived in the vicinity of the crime at the Daniel J. Nellum Group Home (the group home), was later arrested for the crime.\nThe Motion In Limine\nBefore defendant\u2019s trial began, the State presented an oral motion in limine to bar testimony regarding Norman Brown\u2019s prior juvenile delinquency adjudications on the grounds that the adjudications were irrelevant and highly prejudicial. Defense counsel argued that evidence regarding Brown\u2019s prior finding of delinquency for possession of controlled substances was proper for the purposes of impeachment. After argument on the issue, the trial court granted the State\u2019s motion on the ground that the prejudicial effect of the evidence outweighed its probative value.\nThe Jury Trial\nThe victim testified that on September 6, 2003, at about 1:20 p.m., he was driving his black GMC Yukon Denali sports utility vehicle on West 51st Street and South Ashland Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. According to the victim, while he was stopped at a red light, a tall black man wearing a white shirt and a white baseball jersey appeared at his open driver\u2019s-side window. The victim testified that the man put a gun to his left temple and told him to \u201cget out of the fucking truck, motherfucker.\u201d The victim refused to do so and tried to pull the gun down, away from his head. The victim testified that he kept his eyes on the gun and the offender\u2019s face. The victim testified that he struggled with the man, but the assailant stepped back and fired into the truck, shooting him twice in the stomach and once in the left arm.\nThe shooter ran away and the victim drove a few blocks west to the intersection of West 51st Street and South Paulina Avenue and called 911. The victim testified that he could not really say how long his encounter with the assailant lasted, but finally explained it \u201ccould be five seconds, could be ten seconds, I don\u2019t know.\u201d The victim admitted that during the encounter he was scared for his life. On October 25, 2003, the victim went to the police station to view two lineups. The victim stated that he did not identify anyone in the first lineup, but that he identified defendant as the offender in the second lineup.\nNorman Brown\nNorman Brown testified that, at the time of the shooting, he and defendant were residents of the group home, located at 1458 West 51st Street, which is overseen by the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS). Brown testified that defendant had been under the care of DCFS since the age of four and was a member of the Blackstone street gang. On the day of the shooting, only three boys resided at the group home, defendant, Brown, and Isaac Prittard.\nBrown explained that the group home was run by child care technicians who noted in a logbook the comings and goings of the boys. Brown testified that the boys were free to leave the group home whenever they wanted before a 10:30 p.m. curfew. However, if one of the boys wanted to leave after curfew, he did not have to \u201csneak\u201d out, but could simply walk past the child care worker on duty and out the back door. Brown testified that the child care worker would not stop the boy from leaving, but would note it in the logbook, and then the child care worker would file a report with the police. The police would then look for the boy.\nBrown testified that on the day in question he, defendant, and Prittard left the group home to get some cigarettes. As the three were walking back to the group home, they saw the victim in his black Yukon Denali. Brown testified that when the victim stopped at a red light, defendant pulled out a chrome pistol, shot at the victim three or four times, and ran away. Brown stated that after the shooting, he ran back to the group home and did not recall seeing defendant again until the next day.\nDuring cross-examination, Brown confirmed that during a conversation with defendant\u2019s counsel the day before trial, he said he did not know whether defendant had committed the crime or not. In addition, Brown testified that he had a daily marijuana habit both at the time of the offense and at the time of trial. Defense counsel questioned Brown extensively concerning his drug use and whether he sold drugs to Eyvonne Ford, another State witness. The State objected to this fine of questioning.\nThe trial court held a sidebar to argue the issue. The State argued that this line of questioning was another attempt by the defense to introduce Brown\u2019s juvenile delinquency adjudications, which were already addressed in the motion in limine. The State argued that if the defense wanted to pursue this line of questioning, it would need an offer of proof. The trial court found that because defense counsel\u2019s information that Brown sold drugs to Eyvonne Ford and that she smoked crack was based solely on defense counsel\u2019s conversation with his client, and because defense counsel was not offering to put his client on the stand to lay the foundation, he could not go any further with this line of questioning.\nEyvonne Ford\nEyvonne Ford, a 41-year-old woman, testified that she lived near the group home and that she knew defendant, Brown, and Prittard because they would \u201csneak\u201d out of the group home late at night and go to her house to hang out with her 19-year-old son. Ford testified that she was so close to defendant and Brown that they called her \u201cMom.\u201d Ford testified that she allowed the boys to come into her home until a man from the group home asked her to stop.\nFord testified that on the day in question, she was walking on South Ashland Avenue toward West 51st Street when she was approached by defendant, Brown, and Prittard. Ford testified that defendant told her that he had just shot a \u201cScipe,\u201d which Ford understood to mean a member of the street gang Satan Disciples. Ford testified that she knew that defendant, Brown, and Prittard were members of the Blackstones street gang and that at the time of the shooting the Blackstones were at war with the Satan Disciples. Ford testified that, at first, she doubted what defendant told her because she knew him to be a bar.\nHowever, Ford testified that she spoke with her sister after speaking with defendant. When she told her sister what defendant had said, her sister stated that she had seen a man lying on the ground who had been shot near West 51st Street and South Paulina Avenue. Ford testified that she and her sister went to the scene of the crime and spoke with a police officer who directed her to the 9th District. Ford testified that she called the 9th District and told them that she had information concerning the shooting.\nDetective Will Svilar\nDetective Will Svilar testified that he was assigned to investigate the shooting. Svilar testified that he was informed that Ford had contacted the 9th District with information pertaining to the shooting. During an interview with Ford, she gave Svilar two names and a nickname: Norman Brown, Isaac Prittard, and defendant\u2019s nickname \u201cTravo.\u201d Svilar testified that on October 25, 2003, he went to the group home and placed Brown and Prittard under arrest. He brought them to Area 1 and arranged for them to take part in a lineup.\nSvilar testified that he was with the victim when he viewed the first lineup. The lineup contained Brown, Prittard, and four other people. All six individuals stepped forward individually and said \u201cget out of the truck motherfucker.\u201d Svilar testified that at the conclusion of this lineup, the victim was unable to identify anyone. Defendant subsequently entered the police station that evening looking for Brown and Prittard. Svilar took defendant into custody and called the victim back to the police station to view a second lineup, this time with defendant in the lineup. The victim positively identified defendant as being the same man who had shot him.\nThe Motion for Directed Finding\nThe State rested and defendant\u2019s counsel moved for a directed finding, arguing that the State failed to show the requisite intent for a conviction of attempted first degree murder. Defendant argued that the evidence presented by the State, including the location of the victim\u2019s wounds, showed only an accidental shooting during a struggle for the gun. In addition, the defense argued that the State failed to meet the elements for the charge of attempted vehicular hijacking because the evidence only showed that the assailant told the victim to get out of his truck. The defense argued that there was no evidence to show that the assailant intended to take the victim\u2019s truck after he got out. The defense also argued that the assailant did not explicitly threaten physical harm. The defense argued that as a result, the State failed to establish the elements of either attempted murder or attempted vehicular hijacking and a directed finding should be entered with regard to both charges.\nThe State responded that it had presented sufficient evidence on the charge of attempted first degree murder. With regard to the attempted vehicular hijacking charge, the State argued that \u201c[pjointing a gun at a driver of a car and saying get out of car ***. That alone is an attempt to take a car from somebody.\u201d The trial judge denied defendant\u2019s motion on the grounds that the State had presented enough evidence to establish the elements of both attempted first degree murder and attempted aggravated vehicular hijacking.\nDefendant\u2019s Case\nValerie Panozzo, an assistant public defender with the Cook County public defender\u2019s office, testified that she had a conversation with Brown on the first day of trial. Panozzo testified that Brown said that he was closer to Prittard than defendant. Panozzo also testified that Brown stated that he did not see anything on the day of the shooting; that he did not see the person who shot the victim; and that he did not see defendant with a gun.\nMilot Cadichon, a Chicago police officer, testified that he witnessed the shooting. Cadichon testified that on September 6, 2003, he was in the vicinity of West 51st Street and South Ashland Avenue, on his way home from his second job. Cadichon testified that he was stopped at a red light when he saw a black male walk up to the victim\u2019s car, pull out a silver gun, and stick it in the driver\u2019s face. Cadichon testified that he was unable to cross the intersection to help the victim, so he dialed 911 and told them that he was witnessing a carjacking. As he continued to watch, he saw the victim and a black male struggling over the gun, and eventually the black male stepped back and fired three to five shots into the car. Cadichon heard three to five shots, then watched as the offender fled the scene in a Chevy or Buick. Cadi-chon testified that the offender was a young black man, approximately 6 feet tall, weighing about 150 pounds with hair in short, close braids going toward the back of his head.\nCadichon testified that later that day he was shown a photo array containing seven photos, including photos of defendant, Brown, and Prittard. Cadichon testified that he identified Isaac Prittard as the shooter and identified Brown as the man in the getaway car, but he did not identify defendant. Cadichon also testified that on October 25, 2003, he viewed the first lineup and made two identifications of people he saw at the scene of the shooting. One person was Brown and the other was Isaac Prittard, but he could not make a positive identification as to the shooter.\nBrian Gary, child care worker for DCFS employed at the group home, testified that at the time of the shooting, defendant, Brown, and Prittard were residents of the group home. Gary testified that child care workers at the group home would make notations in a logbook documenting the comings and goings of the boys. Gary testified that on the day in question, the logbook stated that the first to leave the home was Brown at 12:30 p.m., followed by Prittard at 12:45 p.m., and lastly defendant at 1:45 p.m. Gary testified that he was the only person on duty that day and stated that his testimony was solely based on the logbook; he had no independent recollection of the events of September 6, 2003. On cross-examination, the State pointed out that the 4 p.m. entry indicated that Prittard was in the group home, but the logbook did not indicate when he had returned. Similarly, the 4 p.m. logbook entry indicated that defendant was out on a pass, while the 4 p.m. census sheet entry indicated that he was at the group home.\nThe Jury Verdict, Sentencing, and Posttrial Motions\nAfter closing arguments, the jury received the case and found defendant guilty of attempted first degree murder, aggravated battery with a firearm, and attempted aggravated vehicular hijacking. Defense counsel filed a motion for judgment of acquittal or, in the alternative, a motion for a new trial. At the hearing on defendant\u2019s motions, defense counsel argued that all of the State\u2019s witnesses presented contradictory testimony and that the State was therefore unable to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion, stating that there was enough evidence presented at trial for the jury to convict.\nDuring the sentencing hearing, the State argued that the court make a finding of severe bodily injury, which would mandate that the attempted aggravated vehicular hijacking sentence be served consecutively to the sentences for attempted murder and aggravated battery with a firearm. Defense counsel argued that the State\u2019s request was in violation of Apprendi because a finding of severe bodily injury must be made by the jury. The trial court found that there was indeed a severe bodily injury suffered by the victim. The trial court also found:\n\u201c[A]s to the attempt murder and aggravated battery charges they will merge as being for sentencing purposes I will sentence as to Count 1 and 2 to twelve years in the Illinois Department of Corrections. And there will be a consecutive sentence on Count 3 the attempt aggravated vehicular hijacking of four years in the Illinois Department of Corrections.\u201d\nOn February 25, 2005, defendant filed a motion to reconsider sentence and vacate conviction. Defendant argued that his conviction for aggravated battery with a firearm should be vacated because the conviction was improper under the one-act, one-crime doctrine. Defendant also argued that the imposition of consecutive sentences for the attempted first degree murder and attempted aggravated vehicular hijacking convictions was in error for the following reasons: (1) a judicial finding of severe bodily injury violated Apprendi-, (2) defendant received no notice from the State that it would be seeking consecutive sentencing and therefore was not given a reasonable opportunity to present evidence or cross-examine witnesses in rebuttal of the State\u2019s claim of severe bodily injury; and (3) the court\u2019s finding of severe bodily injury was not supported by the evidence. The trial court denied the motion, finding that (1) defendant\u2019s conviction for aggravated battery with a firearm did not violate the one-act, one-crime doctrine, as the trial court merged the sentence for that conviction into the sentence for attempted first degree murder; (2) the 12-year merged sentence took into consideration defendant\u2019s age and lack of criminal background; and (3) the finding of severe bodily harm was appropriate given the victim\u2019s trial testimony regarding his hospital stay and recovery from the gunshot wounds. Defendant timely appealed his conviction and sentence.\nII. ANALYSIS\nA. Right to Confront Witnesses\nThe first issue raised by defendant is the major issue on appeal. Defendant argues that the trial court violated his sixth amendment right to confront his accusers when it refused to allow him to impeach the testimony of the State\u2019s witnesses with Brown\u2019s prior adjudication of delinquency. Defendant argues that the prior adjudication was necessary to show Brown\u2019s lack of veracity and prove the bias resulting from Ford\u2019s need to procure drugs from Brown. Defendant, citing People v. Triplett, 108 Ill. 2d 463, 486 (1985), argues that the trial court made \u201ca [constitutional error of the first magnitude\u201d and that \u201cno amount of showing of want of prejudice [could] cure it.\u201d\nDefendant asserts that he has an absolute and unqualified right to impeach the credibility of witnesses against him. Defendant cites to several cases establishing the propriety of the introduction of a witness\u2019s prior adjudication of delinquency or drug use for impeachment. People v. Strother, 53 Ill. 2d 95, 99 (1972); People v. Atkinson, 186 Ill. 2d 450, 461-62 (1999); People v. Redmond, 146 Ill. App. 3d 259, 263 (1986); People v. Crisp, 242 Ill. App. 3d 652, 659 (1992); Triplett, 108 Ill. 2d at 473-74. Defendant argues that these bases alone were sufficient to allow examination of Brown\u2019s prior adjudication.\nDefendant argues that he was precluded from discovering additional evidence to make a preliminary showing that Brown received favorable treatment for his testimony or that he faced the threat of charges, as this information was completely under the State\u2019s control. Defendant asserts that Brown\u2019s prior adjudication provided the preliminary showing and the only other means of determining if he had other charges dismissed was to ask Brown on the stand. Defendant argues that this informal offer of proof was sufficient to allow use of the prior adjudication to impeach Brown and Ford. Yamada v. Hilton Hotel Corp., 60 Ill. App. 3d 101, 110 (1977). Defendant asserts that his counsel\u2019s comment that his conversations with defendant elicited the information that Ford purchased drugs from Brown and was motivated to lie to maintain her drug supply was an adequate offer of proof. Defendant argues that the trial court erred in granting the motion in limine and later excluding questioning on this issue when he provided the informal offer of proof.\nThe State argues that the trial court properly barred Brown\u2019s prior adjudication of delinquency because it represented a fishing expedition by defendant. The State argues that, because defendant made no offer of proof at trial, he waived arguing the theories that Brown lied to stay out of trouble or that Brown and Ford had a narcotics-based relationship. People v. House, 197 Ill. App. 3d 1017, 1023 (1990). Counsel for defendant stood on his discussions with defendant as his offer of proof, arguing that, even though defendant would not take the stand, that was enough to allow his impeachment attempt. The State concludes that since there was no evidence to support defendant\u2019s contention, the argument was either waived or the evidence was properly excluded as prejudicial with little to no probative value.\nThe State distinguishes Triplett, defendant\u2019s central authority in his argument, from this case and argues that defendant\u2019s reliance is misplaced. A witness in Triplett was in the custody of the Department of Corrections at the time of the defendant\u2019s trial as a result of his adjudication of delinquency. Triplett, 108 Ill. 2d at 474. Furthermore, the witness had 10 juvenile delinquency petitions filed against him between the time of the crime in question and the defendant\u2019s trial and had been adjudicated delinquent on two of them while the State retained leave to reinstate four of the petitions. Triplett, 108 Ill. 2d at 474. The Triplett court found that the defendant was denied his right to confront the witness against him because he was precluded from cross-examining the witness about the 10 juvenile delinquency petitions filed against him and the numerous ways the witness could be influenced to testify to what the State wanted. Triplett, 108 Ill. 2d at 486. Therefore, the State concludes, the facts of this case, i.e., that Brown had a prior adjudication for delinquency, no petitions pending and was not under the control of the Department of Corrections, distinguish it from Triplett.\nThe trial court has discretion to impose reasonable limits on cross-examination to limit possible harassment, prejudice, jury confusion, witness safety, or repetitive and irrelevant questioning, and we review a defendant\u2019s claim of a violation of the confrontation clause under the abuse-of-discretion standard. People v. Blue, 205 Ill. 2d 1, 13-14 (2001). As summarized in Blue, cross-examination is \u201c \u2018the greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of truth,\u2019 \u201d and latitude is granted for counsel to explore the partiality of the witness. Blue, 205 Ill. 2d at 12, quoting 5 J. Wigmore, Evidence \u00a71367, at 32 (Chadbourn rev. ed. 1974). However, the Blue court also notes that this latitude is \u201c \u2018[s]ubject always to the broad discretion of a trial judge to preclude repetitive and unduly harassing interrogation.\u2019 \u201d Blue, 205 Ill. 2d at 12, quoting Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316, 39 L. Ed. 2d 347, 353-54, 94 S. Ct. 1105, 1110 (1974).\nA judge may limit the scope of cross-examination, and unless the defendant can show his or her inquiry is not based on a remote or uncertain theory, a court\u2019s ruling limiting the scope of examination will be affirmed. People v. Phillips, 186 Ill. App. 3d 668, 678 (1989). When a line of questioning is objected to or denied by the trial court, the defendant must set forth an offer of proof either to convince the trial court to allow the testimony or to establish on the record that the evidence was directly and positively related to the issue of bias or motive to testify falsely. Phillips, 186 Ill. App. 3d at 678. A formal offer of proof is typically required; however, an informal offer of proof, involving counsel\u2019s summary of what the proposed evidence might prove, may be sufficient if specific and not based on speculation or conjecture. Phillips, 186 Ill. App. 3d at 679.\nIn Phillips, defense counsel made only informal offers of proof regarding two witnesses\u2019 alleged drug use and suspension for taking a bribe. Defense counsel argued that the impeaching evidence was not based on mere rumor or speculation but based on documented evidence and interviews with witnesses. The trial court found that defense counsel merely gave a brief description of what the proposed evidence would show and did not provide a detailed explanation as to how witnesses knew of the proposed evidence or provide any tangible evidence. Phillips, 186 Ill. App. 3d 677-78. Therefore, this court affirmed the trial court\u2019s finding that the alleged impeaching matters were based on conjecture and exclusion of that testimony was not an abuse of discretion. Phillips, 186 Ill. App. 3d at 679.\nWe disagree with the State that defendant did not submit any offer of proof. However, we find that counsel\u2019s informal offer of proof was properly rejected by the trial court and insufficiently specific to preserve the alleged error for review. Defense counsel\u2019s informal offer of proof was, like that in Phillips, simply a conclusory statement based on his conversation with defendant and speculation. Counsel did not give details about how defendant knew Ford relied upon Brown for her needed drug supply, or that Brown was testifying to mollify the police and stay out of trouble. Counsel revealed no specific information or testimony in support of his contention.\nWe also agree with the State that Triplett is distinguishable from this case and does not mandate reversal on constitutional grounds. The witness at question in Triplett was in custody at the time of trial. The witness also had 10 separate petitions for juvenile delinquency against him, with several that still could be reinstated by the State at the time of the trial. Brown had a singular adjudication of juvenile delinquency for possession of a controlled substance. He was a ward of the State at the time of trial, not under the custody of the Department of Corrections. Counsel provided no offer of proof that Brown was motivated to testify falsely in exchange for leniency from the police. The facts of this case, unlike those in Triplett, do not provide the support for that claim or implicate constitutional protections.\nEven if the exclusion of Brown\u2019s prior adjudication of delinquency were improper, we find that the exclusion would not be sufficiently prejudicial to warrant a new trial. House, 197 Ill. App. 3d at 1023. There are three approaches to determine whether an error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) whether the error contributed to the conviction; (2) whether the other evidence presented overwhelmingly supports conviction; and (3) whether the evidence that was excluded was duplicative or cumulative. People v. Gonzalez, 104 Ill. 2d 332, 338-39 (1984). The evidence at trial satisfies the first two approaches.\nThe State presented eyewitness testimony of the victim, who positively identified defendant as the shooter. Testimony of Brown\u2019s regular drug use was elicited at trial. Brown\u2019s troubled past was also presented, as his placement in the group home and oversight by DCFS were established. Therefore, the probative value of Brown\u2019s adjudication was minimal. Furthermore, even if Brown\u2019s testimony were fully discounted, the fact remains that the State presented the testimony of the victim, which was sufficient to find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and exclusion of Brown\u2019s adjudication was not so prejudicial to require a new trial. Therefore, it cannot be said that the exclusion of Brown\u2019s delinquency adjudication led to his conviction. The other evidence presented by the State, namely, the eyewitness identification by the victim, supported defendant\u2019s conviction. Accordingly, even if there were error in excluding the evidence, that error would be harmless.\nB. Motion for Directed Finding and Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt\nDefendant next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for directed finding of not guilty. Inherent in review of this issue is a review of defendant\u2019s third argument, that the State failed to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, both arguments will be addressed together.\nA motion for directed finding presents a question of law, and our review is de novo. People v. Connolly, 322 Ill. App. 3d 905, 917-18 (2001). In considering the denial of such a motion, we review the evidence presented by the State, in a light most favorable to the State, to determine whether a reasonable mind could fairly conclude defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Connolly, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 918. Similarly, in assessing the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a verdict on appeal, we do not retry the defendant; rather, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine if \u201c \u2018any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\u2019 \u201d (Emphasis omitted.) People v. Bush, 214 Ill. 2d 318, 326 (2005), quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788-89 (1979).\n\u201cThis means that [we] must allow all reasonable inferences from the record in the favor of the prosecution.\u201d People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2004). Where the evidence allows conflicting inferences, resolving such conflicts is within the province of the jury. People v. Campbell, 146 Ill. 2d 363, 380 (1992). Likewise, the determination of a defendant\u2019s intent from circumstantial evidence is a task best suited for the jury. People v. Moore, 358 Ill. App. 3d 683, 688 (2005). The jury need not search out explanations consistent with the defendant\u2019s innocence when determining whether a reasonable doubt exists. People v. Campbell, 146 Ill. 2d 363, 380 (1992).\nFurther, where the jury\u2019s determination is dependent upon eyewitness testimony, its credibility determinations are entitled to great deference and will be upset only if unreasonable. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 280. In fact, the jury may believe as much, or as little, of any witness\u2019s testimony as it sees fit. People v. Mejia, 247 Ill. App. 3d 55, 62 (1993). Whether eyewitness testimony is trustworthy is typically within the common knowledge and experience of the average juror. People v. Clark, 124 Ill. App. 3d 14, 21 (1984). If trustworthy, a single positive eyewitness identification may be sufficient proof of guilt. People v. Rojas, 359 Ill. App. 3d 392, 397 (2005). Thus, we will not substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder on what weight is given to the evidence presented or the credibility of the witnesses. Campbell, 146 Ill. 2d at 375.\nA defendant is guilty of attempt if, \u201cwith intent to commit a specific offense, he does any act that constitutes a substantial step toward commission of that offense.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/8 \u2014 4(a) (West 2004). Therefore, for attempted first degree murder, the State must prove defendant intended to kill the victim. People v. Slywka, 365 Ill. App. 3d 34, 44 (2006); 720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 1(a)(1) (West 2004). For attempted aggravated vehicular hijacking, the State must prove defendant intended to take the victim\u2019s motor vehicle by the use of force or threat of imminent use of force while armed with a firearm. 720 ILCS 5/18 \u2014 3, 4 (West 2004). Finally, in order to sustain a charge of aggravated battery with a firearm, the State must prove that the defendant \u201cknowingly or intentionally\u201d caused injury to another person by means of discharging a firearm. 720 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 4.2(a) (West 2004). A person acts knowingly if he is consciously aware that his conduct is practically certain to cause injury (720 ILCS 5/4 \u2014 5 (West 2004)), while a person acts recklessly if \u201che consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk\u201d that the victim would be harmed (720 ILCS 5/4 \u2014 6 (West 2004)).\nDefendant argues that, even when viewed in a light favorable to the prosecution, the totality of the evidence leaves reasonable doubt as to the identity of the perpetrator and that intent had not been proven by the State. Defendant argues that two of the State\u2019s witnesses, Brown and Ford, were inherently incredible based on their habitual drug use and abuse and their contradictory testimony. Defendant also argues that the victim\u2019s testimony did not credibly identify defendant, especially when reviewed in conjunction with Cadichon\u2019s testimony. Furthermore, defendant claims the State failed to overcome the testimony of Gary, the DCFS employee who was on duty at the group home at the time of the crime.\nDefendant also maintains that the victim\u2019s testimony was incredible. Defendant argues that the victim had a gun pointed at his head and then engaged in a struggle that resulted in his being shot. Therefore, defendant concludes that the victim\u2019s identification of him in a lineup six weeks after the crime is not only suspect, but incredible. Defendant argues that the testimony of a trained police officer, Cadichon, who witnessed the crime in broad daylight from across the intersection, identifying Prittard as the shooter overcomes the victim\u2019s testimony and establishes a reasonable doubt.\nIn addition, defendant notes that Gary\u2019s testimony that the logbook for the group home indicated that defendant was at the group home at the time of the crime while both Prittard and Norman were checked out. Defendant notes that the State did not impeach Gary\u2019s testimony or the logbook records. Defendant argues that this evidence, the contradictory testimony of the State\u2019s other witnesses, and the inherent lack of reliability of the victim\u2019s identification require a reversal of his convictions.\nDefendant concedes that intent may be inferred from circumstantial evidence established at trial. People v. Johnson, 331 Ill. App. 3d 239, 250 (2002). Defendant also concedes that simply firing a gun at a person with disregard for human life may sufficiently support a conclusion of intent. People v. Mitchell, 209 Ill. App. 3d 562, 569 (1991). However, defendant argues that the evidence presented by the State did not establish intent necessary for his convictions and the order denying the motion for directed finding and the convictions must be reversed.\nDefendant claims that the State\u2019s evidence merely indicates that there was a struggle between the victim and the assailant and not an intent to kill the victim. Defendant asserts that the evidence demonstrates that the gun was discharged accidentally as a result of the struggle and that any \u201cpulling back\u201d by the assailant could have been the result of the struggle and not a conscious step back to fire the gun at the victim. Defendant also claims that there was no proof that defendant intended to knowingly take the victim\u2019s motor vehicle with respect to his attempted aggravated vehicular hijacking charge. Defendant argues that the only evidence presented was that the assailant told the victim to get out of his truck.\nWe agree with the State that the evidence presented supports the trial court\u2019s denial of defendant\u2019s motion for directed finding and the jury\u2019s finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence at trial included the eyewitness identification of the victim, which, as noted above, is sufficient to uphold a conviction if found trustworthy by the jury. The contradictions identified between Brown and Ford and the inherent lack of reliability of such habitual drug users is well-noted. However, the jury was free to disregard such witnesses if it chose to do so, in light of the victim\u2019s testimony. Further, we will not second-guess the jury\u2019s finding that the victim\u2019s testimony regarding his face-to-face encounter was more reliable than that of Cadichon. With respect to Gary and the logbook, the State notes that the testimony at trial indicated that entries in the logbook were not reliable evidence. In fact, Gray testified to errors in the logbook on th\u00e9 day of the crime.\nThe evidence at trial indicated that defendant approached the victim\u2019s motor vehicle at the stoplight with malice aforethought. Defendant produced a firearm and told the victim to get out of the car. Next, a struggle ensued and defendant stepped back and fired three shots at the victim. The fact that defendant fired his gun three times at the victim alone supports the jury\u2019s finding of an intent to kill under Mitchell. Furthermore, defendant\u2019s threatening words and actions support the rational inference that his conscious objective was to hijack the victim\u2019s motor vehicle and intentionally harm the victim by discharging his firearm.\nC. One Act, One Crime\nDefendant argues that his conviction for aggravated battery with a firearm must be vacated based on the one-act, one-crime rule. People v. Crespo, 203 Ill. 2d 335 (2001). Under the one-act, one-crime rule, a defendant may be convicted for one crime resulting from a single act. People v. Dresher, 364 Ill. App. 3d 847, 863 (2006). Our review of this issue is de novo. Dresher, 364 Ill. App. 3d at 863.\nThe parties do not dispute the fact that the shots fired by defendant constitute one act. Defendant asserts that the trial court based its sentencing upon the multiple convictions for the same act and that case law clearly requires that the lesser charge must be vacated. People v. Lee, 213 Ill. 2d 218, 226 (2004). Defendant continues to argue that the matter must be remanded for a new sentencing hearing because the trial court based its sentencing decision on the multiple convictions, but he cites no authority for that proposition.\nThe State argues that Crespo is inapplicable to this case and that defendant has simply misconstrued the statements of the trial court at sentencing. The State maintains that the trial court did not enter two six-year sentences for the attempted murder and aggravated battery with a firearm convictions, but a single 12-year sentence. In fact, the trial court stated that the convictions were merged for sentencing, and the sentencing order reflects that merger. The State concludes, also without authority, that this court should uphold defendant\u2019s sentence and both convictions.\nOur research has found that People v. Radford, 359 Ill. App. 3d 411 (2005), is most instructive to this case. In Radford, the defendant was convicted of attempted armed robbery and attempted aggravated robbery based on the single act of grabbing a man, pretending a glass bottle was a gun, and demanding money. Radford, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 413. The trial court found that the lesser conviction should be vacated because our supreme court has \u201cclearly held\u201d that an indictment must indicate an intention to treat a defendant\u2019s conduct as multiple acts to support multiple convictions. Radford, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 413, citing Crespo, 203 Ill. 2d at 345. Therefore, where more than one conviction is based on the same physical act, \u201c \u2018the less serious offense must be vacated.\u2019 \u201d Radford, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 419, quoting Lee, 213 Ill. 2d at 226-27. Accordingly, the conviction for aggravated battery with a firearm must be vacated.\nHowever, we agree with the State that remand for resentencing is unnecessary. Under Radford, upon vacatur of a conviction under the one-act, one-crime rule, remand for resentencing is not necessary absent an indication that the sentence imposed was improper. Radford, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 419-20. The imposition of a sentence will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. People v. Burrage, 269 Ill. App. 3d 67, 77 (1994). We grant the trial court great deference, as it is in the best position to determine a proper sentence based on the particular facts and circumstances of the case and attributes of the defendant such as his credibility, demeanor, and general moral character. People v. Kennedy, 336 Ill. App. 3d 425, 433 (2002). A sentence that is within statutory guidelines will be modified only if it is \u201cgreatly at variance with the spirit and purpose of the law or is manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense.\u201d Kennedy, 336 Ill. App. 3d at 433.\nIn this case, the trial court made it abundantly clear following defendant\u2019s motion to reconsider sentence that it had merged the convictions and imposed one sentence for the one act. Specifically, the trial court stated:\n\u201cMy ruling is as follows. As to point one, the attempt murder and aggravated battery, I believe that it was the jury\u2019s decision that they found convictions for both the attempt murder and aggravated battery. I found that that was one act, and that is why there was sentences as to attempt murder with the aggravated battery merging. There was only one sentence as to the 12 year sentence.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nThe sentencing guidelines for Class X felonies are from 6 to 30 years\u2019 imprisonment and for a Class 1 felony from 4 to 15 years\u2019 imprisonment. 730 ILCS 5/5 \u2014 8\u20141(a)(3), (a)(4) (West 2004). The sentences imposed for attempted first degree murder and aggravated vehicular hijacking are well within the guidelines. While the trial court agreed with defendant that his case was not the worst the court had ever seen, it specifically found defendant\u2019s actions were repulsive and required more than the statutory minimum. The trial court noted mitigating factors and determined that defendant \u201ccertainly deserved\u201d a sentence of 12 years for his egregious actions. The trial court did not abuse its discretion and properly imposed a sentence of 12 years\u2019 imprisonment for defendant\u2019s attempted murder conviction.\nD. Sentence Enhancement\nDefendant asserts that the consecutive sentence imposed was unconstitutional under Apprendi and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004). Defendant focuses on the language in Blakely that \u201cthe relevant \u2018statutory maximum\u2019 is not the maximum sentence a judge may impose after finding additional facts, but the maximum he may impose without any additional findings.\u201d (Emphasis omitted.) Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303-04, 159 L. Ed. 2d at 413-14, 124 S. Ct. at 2537. In Blakely, the defendant pled guilty to second degree kidnapping, which carried a maximum sentence of 10 years\u2019 incarceration under the State of Washington\u2019s sentencing guidelines. However, the defendant pled guilty, and the sentencing guidelines lowered the maximum for guilty pleas to 53 months. Therefore, the United States Supreme Court found that 53 months was the maximum sentence and the trial court violated Apprendi by imposing a 90-month sentence based on a finding of deliberate cruelty. Blakely, 542 U.S. at 302-04, 159 L. Ed. 2d at 413-14, 124 S. Ct. at 2537-38. Defendant argues that the trial court increased defendant\u2019s penalty in violation of Apprendi and Blakely by finding severe bodily injury existed without submitting that question of fact to the jury and ordering his sentences to be served consecutively.\nThe State, citing People v. Wagener, 196 Ill. 2d 269, 286 (2001), and People v. Carney, 196 Ill. 2d 518 (2001), argues that our supreme court has repeatedly held that Apprendi concerns are not implicated by consecutive sentencing. The State notes that defendant was convicted of two Class X felonies, attempted murder and aggravated battery with a firearm, which were merged, and one Class 1 felony, attempted aggravated vehicular hijacking. The State argues that the Unified Code of Corrections requires the sentencing court to impose consecutive sentences where one of the crimes committed was a Class X or Class 1 felony and severe bodily injury was inflicted. 730 ILCS 5/5 \u2014 8\u20144(a)(i) (West 2004). Therefore, the State concludes that the sentences imposed were within the guidelines and did not invoke Ap-prendi. The trial court\u2019s order sentencing defendant to 12 years\u2019 imprisonment for attempted murder and aggravated battery with a firearm, followed by a consecutive sentence of 4 years\u2019 imprisonment for attempted aggravated vehicular hijacking, was within the statutory guidelines mandating such a sentence.\nWe agree with the State. In People v. Lucas, 342 Ill. App. 3d 58, 64 (2003), this court explained that the Wagener and Carney courts found that the imposition of consecutive sentences did not implicate Ap-prendi because such an order only affects the manner in which the sentences are served, not the length of the sentences. This court has also found that Blakely is \u201csimply an application of Apprendi\u201d and not an expansion of that case. Weidner v. Cowan, 361 Ill. App. 3d 664, 666 (2005). Blakely involved the imposition of the singular sentence for the defendant\u2019s crime, not a consecutive sentence. Accordingly, we follow our established precedent, and defendant\u2019s consecutive sentences are affirmed.\nIII. CONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, we vacate defendant\u2019s conviction for aggravated battery with a firearm and affirm the decision of the trial court with respect to the remaining issues. The mittimus shall be corrected to reflect only defendant\u2019s convictions and sentences for attempted first degree murder and aggravated vehicular hijacking.\nAffirmed in part and vacated in part.\nCAMPBELL, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE MURPHY" }, { "text": "JUSTICE NEVILLE,\ndissenting:\nI respectfully dissent because I believe that Tabb was denied a fair trial. First, Tabb was denied a fair trial when the trial court did not order the State to comply with Supreme Court Rule 412(a) (188 Ill. 2d R. 412(a)) by disclosing to Tabb the pending and prior juvenile adjudication records for Norman Brown, the State\u2019s eyewitness. Second, Tabb was denied his right to a fair trial when the trial court granted the State\u2019s motion in limine and deprived Tabb of his sixth amendment right to cross-examine Brown, a juvenile witness, about pending or prior adjudications.\nDISCLOSURE TO THE ACCUSED\nThe record reveals that on December 3, 2003, Tabb filed a discovery request in which he specifically requested that the following information be disclosed by the State:\n\u201c9. Prior criminal records of State\u2019s witnesses to be used for impeachment.\n10. It is further requested that the prosecution disclose whether there is pending against any witness listed in paragraph (2) supra, any criminal or civil action involving the People of the State of Illinois or any such action pending during the pendency of the prosecution of the accused, and if so, full disclosure as to the nature and outcome of such legal action or actions.\u201d\nThe State answered Tabb\u2019s discovery request as follows\n\u201cNo known record of criminal conviction which can be used for impeachment of intended State witnesses ***.\u201d\nAfter the trial commenced, the record reveals that the following colloquy took place after jury selection was concluded:\n\u201cMR. CHEVLIN: Judge, we have a motion in limine. I was just informed by Defense Counsel that they have a certified copy of a juvenile conviction against one of our witnesses, Norman Brown. I was not aware of it. I do know he has no adult convictions. Frankly, I don\u2019t think we ran a juvenile background on him.\nWe would be objecting to any use of a juvenile conviction for impeachment purposes. It\u2019s not a conviction. It\u2019s a finding of delinquency. It\u2019s \u2014 One, it\u2019s a juvenile record, and, two, it\u2019s not a conviction. It\u2019s a finding of delinquency. It\u2019s not the same thing.\u201d\nThe colloquy reveals that after jury selection, the assistant State\u2019s Attorney (ASA) informed the court that he was making a motion in limine because defense counsel had a certified copy of a juvenile conviction for Norman Brown, one of the State\u2019s witnesses. The ASA further informed the court that he was unaware of Brown\u2019s juvenile conviction. However, the ASA informed the court that he was sure Brown had no adult convictions. Finally, the State made the following admission: \u201cI don\u2019t think we ran a juvenile background on him.\u201d\nIt is clear from the colloquy that the State did not run a juvenile background check on Norman Brown, the State\u2019s juvenile witness. In addition, it appears from the colloquy that the State had decided that Tabb was not entitled to the information it had concerning Brown\u2019s juvenile background because the ASA believed that a finding of delinquency was not a \u201cconviction.\u201d\nLater, during the hearing on the State\u2019s motion in limine, Tabb\u2019s attorney informed the court that on November 8, 2004, the day before the trial, the State tendered a copy of Brown\u2019s background from the Chicago police department:\n\u201cMR. THEDFORD: *** As the Court knows Chicago Police Department background as a juvenile will indicate that a case was charged and referred to court. It\u2019s illegal to tender to indicate what the disposition of the case was.\nBased on the Court\u2019s order you signed yesterday we called over to the juvenile facility, fax\u2019d them a copy of that order and they then informed us orally what the conviction is. It was one conviction for PCS.\u201d\nTabb\u2019s attorney makes it clear that the State only provided Tabb with Brown\u2019s juvenile background information from the Chicago police department. Tabb\u2019s attorney explained that all the police department information revealed was that Brown was charged and referred to court. I note that Tabb\u2019s attorney did not complain about the State\u2019s failure to produce Brown\u2019s juvenile adjudications because he believed it was \u201cillegal to tender to indicate what the disposition of the case was.\u201d The record reveals that on November 8, 2004, the day before the trial commenced, the trial court entered an order which provided that \u201cthe Public Defender may obtain any and all records of the Juvenile Dispositions for Norman Brown.\u201d I also note that it was not until the trial court issued its order and the order was faxed to the juvenile court that Tabb\u2019s attorney was informed, orally, that Brown had one conviction for PCS.\nTabb\u2019s December 3, 2003, discovery motion clearly requested that the State disclose (1) the prior criminal records of the State\u2019s witnesses; (2) any criminal or civil actions involving the State\u2019s witnesses that were pending; and (3) the outcome of any actions involving the State\u2019s witnesses. While Tabb\u2019s motion requested that the State disclose information about its witnesses, the juvenile background information provided by the State from the Chicago police department did not disclose if Brown had pending cases. The ASA\u2019s colloquy with the court makes it clear that the State did not believe that Tabb was entitled to the information he requested in his motion, and, therefore, the State did not run a background check in order to make a good-faith effort to comply with Supreme Court Rule 412(a)(6).\nThe trial court\u2019s order directing that Norman Brown\u2019s juvenile disposition records be tendered to Tabb did not result in Tabb obtaining the records he requested in his discovery motion. Instead, Tabb was told orally that Brown had a PCS conviction. More importantly, it should be noted that while the State\u2019s witnesses\u2019 records were requested in Tabb\u2019s discovery motion that was filed on December 3, 2003, the oral information that Brown had a PCS conviction was not received until November 8, 2004, the day before the trial started. People v. Redmond, 146 Ill. App. 3d 259, 263 (1986), makes it clear that an adjudication of delinquency, probationary status, and pending criminal charges are admissible for impeachment, and impeachment comes within the purview of the Brady rule. Therefore, I believe that the State violated Supreme Court Rule 412(a)(6) by failing to provide Tabb with the criminal records for its witnesses, specifically Norman Brown, that he requested in his discovery motion and that the State\u2019s violation was not corrected when the trial court entered its order because no juvenile records were tendered to Tabb. Redmond, 146 Ill. App. 3d at 263.\nWhen there is a discovery violation, case law requires a reviewing court to determine whether the defendant was prejudiced by the discovery violation. See People v. Greer, 79 Ill. 2d 103, 120 (1980); People v. Stokes, 121 Ill. App. 3d 72, 75 (1984). Illinois follows Rule 609 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. See People v. Montgomery, 47 Ill. 2d 510, 516-19 (1971). Rule 609(d) provides that evidence of juvenile adjudications is generally not admissible, but permits the judge in a criminal case to admit evidence of a juvenile adjudication of any witness, other than the accused, if the adjudication involves the kind of offense that would be admissible as a prior conviction to attack the credibility of an adult and if the court is satisfied that the evidence is necessary for a fair determination of the issue of guilt or innocence. Fed. R. Evid. 609(d).\nBrown is not the accused but a witness in this case, so, according to Rule 609(d), his prior juvenile adjudications would be admissible evidence if Tabb met the two conditions in Rule 609(d). Fed. R. Evid. 609(d). Tabb meets the first condition in Rule 609 because it is axiomatic that a conviction for possession of a controlled substance could be used to attack the credibility of an adult; therefore, the evidence could be used to impeach Brown. Tabb also meets the second condition in Rule 609 because evidence concerning the juvenile delinquency adjudications of a witness is admissible for the purpose of showing motive or bias, and since Brown was an eyewitness and a suspect in the same crime, a fair trial necessitated that Brown be cross-examined with his juvenile adjudications. See People v. Sharrod, 271 Ill. App. 3d 684, 689 (1995) (evidence that a witness first accused the defendant at the time the witness was on juvenile probations can be explored by the defense on cross-examination to explore the bias of the witness; and the case was reversed because the State failed to disclose that its witness was on juvenile supervision). Brown had a motive to testify falsely because a police officer who witnessed the crime testified at the trial that Brown was one of the offenders. Therefore, Brown\u2019s credibility was at issue because he was also a suspect, and Tabb\u2019s ability to cross-examine Brown and to impeach him with his prior adjudications is evidence that was required for a fair determination of the issues. See People v. Redmond, 146 Ill. App. 3d 259, 264 (1986) (case reversed where State failed to disclose the criminal and juvenile records of a witness who was accused of being the perpetrator of the offense); Stokes, 121 Ill. App. 3d 72, 75-76 (1984) (case reversed where the State failed to provide defendant with witness\u2019 burglary conviction because the case hinged on credibility).\nI acknowledge that the State\u2019s failure to comply with Tabb\u2019s discovery requirements does not automatically necessitate a new trial. Harris, 123 Ill. 2d at 151. I also acknowledge that a new trial should only be granted if Tabb was prejudiced by the discovery violation and the trial court failed to eliminate the prejudice. Harris, 123 Ill. 2d at 151-52; People v. Cisewski, 118 Ill. 2d 163, 172 (1987). Among the factors to be considered in determining whether a new trial is warranted are: (1) the strength of the undisclosed evidence; (2) the likelihood that prior notice could have helped the defense discredit the evidence; and (3) the willfulness of the State in failing to disclose. Harris, 123 Ill. 2d at 152.\nI believe the State\u2019s undisclosed evidence, Brown\u2019s juvenile adjudication records, was important evidence that would have assisted Tabb in his defense. Brown\u2019s juvenile adjudication records were important because his prior adjudication would have allowed Tabb to impeach Brown in front of the jury and provide an explanation for his motive to he. Cross-examination reveals biases, prejudices and ulterior motives of a witness, and one way to discredit a witness is to introduce evidence of a prior conviction. People v. Blue, 205 Ill. 2d 1, 12-13 (2001). Brown\u2019s records regarding \u201cpending criminal matters,\u201d which the State did not look for, may have revealed that he was on probation or had other pending charges which would prompt him to cooperate with the State by lying to prevent the State from charging him with the offenses Tabb was charged with: attempted first degree murder, aggravated battery with a firearm and aggravated vehicular hijacking. The State\u2019s failure to provide Tabb with Brown\u2019s juvenile adjudication records was not cured by the trial court issuing an order because it produced no records and Tabb was prejudiced because the oral report was provided on the eve of his trial and it affected his ability (1) to prepare his defense and make tactical decisions with the aid of the information, and (2) to impeach Brown and establish his biases, prejudices or ulterior motives in testifying for the State.\nIMPEACHMENT BY JUVENILE ADJUDICATIONS\nThe second question we must address is whether the trial court erred when it granted the State\u2019s motion in limine and excluded evidence concerning Brown\u2019s prior juvenile adjudication. When ruling on the State\u2019s motion, the court made the following statement:\n\u201cTHE COURT: Based on the cases you have cited in the highlighted area that these prior bad acts, weighing the probative nature versus the prejudicial nature, that is it is a Possession of Controlled Substance charge, looking \u2014 weighing it I don\u2019t see where its probativeness outweighs the prejudicial effect. I will deny your request.\u201d\nThe court held that the prejudicial nature of Brown\u2019s adjudication for possession of a controlled substance outweighed its probative value. The trial court erred when it ignored Rule 609 and applied Rule 403. The trial court overlooked the fact that Rule 609(d) governs the admission of juvenile adjudications and permits juvenile adjudications to be admitted (1) if the offense would be admissible to attack the credibility of an adult, and (2) if the court is satisfied that the admission of the evidence is necessary for a fair determination of the issues. Fed. R. Evid. 609(d). First, as previously indicated, a conviction for possession of a controlled substance could be used to attack the credibility of an adult. Second, instead of using the prejudicial-effect-versus-probative-value test in Rule 403 when admitting juvenile adjudications, Rule 609 uses a fair-determination-of-the-issues test. Fed. R. Evid. 609(d). I submit that Brown was an eyewitness and a suspect in the crime; therefore, his juvenile adjudication records were necessary for his cross-examination and for a fair determination of the issues in Tabb\u2019s case. Accordingly, the trial court erred when it granted the State\u2019s motion in limine and excluded evidence concerning Brown\u2019s juvenile adjudications because Rule 609 does not use a prejudicial-effect-versus-probative-value test to determine whether the juvenile adjudications of a witness other than the accused are admissible in evidence. Compare Fed. R. Evid. 609(d) with Fed. R. Evid. 403.\nEven if the trial court used the prejudicial-effect-versus-probative-value test in Rule 403, it should have denied the State\u2019s motion. Rule 609 provides that Rule 403 applies to witnesses other than the accused. Fed. R. Evid. 609(a). While Rule 403 applies to witness evidence other than juvenile adjudications (Fed. R. Evid. 609(d)), it provides that evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of issues or misleads the jury. See Fed. R. Evid. 403. The comment for Rule 403 makes it clear that \u201c[virtually all evidence is prejudicial or it isn\u2019t material.\u201d 1 J. Weinstein & M. Berger, Weinstein\u2019s Evidence par. 403[03], at 403-33 (1975) (the meaning of \u201cprejudice\u201d). The admission of Brown\u2019s juvenile adjudication records would affect his credibility but would not prejudice him for three reasons: (1) Brown was not a codefendant in Tabb\u2019s case so the admission of his prior adjudication records would not result in his conviction; (2) Tabb was charged with three criminal offenses so Brown\u2019s prior juvenile adjudications would not confuse the issues in Tabb\u2019s criminal case; and (3) Brown was not a codefendant so his prior adjudication records would not mislead the jury attempting to determine Tabb\u2019s guilt or innocence. Accordingly, since Brown was a witness and would not have been prejudiced by the admission of his juvenile adjudications at Tabb\u2019s trial, the trial court erred when it granted the State\u2019s motion in limine and excluded Brown\u2019s juvenile adjudications because Brown\u2019s prior adjudication records would not prevent the jury from deciding Tabb\u2019s case on its factual merits.\nThe majority found that the exclusion of Brown\u2019s prior adjudication was a harmless error for two reasons: (1) because the error did not contribute to Tabb\u2019s conviction; and (2) because the other evidence (Gomez\u2019s, the victim\u2019s, testimony) overwhelmingly supported Tabb\u2019s conviction. I disagree with the majority\u2019s conclusions. First, the majority is in error when it says that Brown\u2019s testimony did not contribute to Tabb\u2019s conviction because Brown\u2019s testimony corroborated Gomez\u2019s testimony. It is my considered opinion that Gomez\u2019s testimony was of limited value without Brown\u2019s testimony because Gomez testified (1) that he did not see the offender approach his window, and (2) that the encounter with the offender lasted between 5 and 10 seconds. Given the fact that Gomez had a 5- to 10-second encounter with the offender, without Brown\u2019s corroboration, Gomez\u2019s identification testimony would be questioned by the jury. Second, if Brown\u2019s corroborating testimony is impeached and if we are left with Gomez\u2019s testimony, we do not have overwhelming evidence of Tabb\u2019s guilt because Gomez\u2019s identification of Tabb as the shooter was contradicted by Officer Cadi-chon\u2019s identification of Prittard as the shooter and Brown as a second offender. It should be noted (1) that Brown testified that he and Prit-tard were at the crime scene when Tabb shot Gomez; and (2) that by placing himself and Prittard at the crime scene, Brown\u2019s testimony corroborates Officer Cadichon\u2019s testimony, in part, because the officer testified that Prittard was the shooter and that Brown was the man in the getaway car. Therefore, if Tabb had been permitted to cross-examine and impeach Brown with any pending cases and with his prior adjudication, I do not think the jury would have convicted Tabb based on Gomez\u2019s identification because it was based on a 5- to 10-second encounter with the offender.\nCONCLUSION\nIn conclusion, I note that the sixth amendment provides: \u201cIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right *** to be confronted with the witnesses against him ***.\u201d U.S. Const., amend. VI; accord Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a78 (\u201cIn criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right *** to be confronted with the witnesses against him or her\u201d). \u201cConfrontation forces the prosecution\u2019s witnesses to submit to cross-examination (California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 158, 26 L. Ed. 2d 489, 497, 90 S. Ct. 1930, 1935 (1970)), \u2018beyond any doubt the greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of truth\u2019 (5 J. Wigmore, Evidence \u00a71367, at 32 (Chadbourn rev. ed. 1974)). Accordingly, a criminal defendant\u2019s constitutional right to confrontation includes the right to cross-examine. Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415, 418, 13 L. Ed. 2d 934, 937, 85 S. Ct. 1074, 1076 (1965).\u201d Blue, 205 Ill. 2d at 12.\nI note that \u201c \u2018 [cjross-examination is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are tested.\u2019 \u201d Blue, 205 Ill. 2d at 12, quoting Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316, 39 L. Ed. 2d 347, 353, 94 S. Ct. 1105, 1110 (1974). A cross-examiner has traditionally been allowed to impeach, and discredit witnesses by introducing evidence of prior criminal conviction of that witness to reveal possible biases, prejudices, or ulterior motives of the witness as they may relate directly to issues in the case. Blue, 205 Ill. 2d at 12-13; Gonzalez, 104 Ill. 2d at 337 (the right to cross-examine a witness as to his biases, prejudices or ulterior motives is protected by the federal and state constitutions). In this case, (1) by failing to order the State to produce Brown\u2019s juvenile adjudications prior to trial, and (2) by erroneously granting the State\u2019s motion in limine and denying Tabb the opportunity to cross-examine Brown with his prior juvenile adjudications, Tabb was not permitted to impeach Brown\u2019s testimony by establishing his biases, prejudices and ulterior motives for testifying falsely. Redmond, 146 Ill. App. 3d at 264; Stokes, 121 Ill. App. 3d at 75-76. Accordingly, Tabb was denied a fair trial.\nI assume that the attorney uses the acronym \u201cPCS\u201d to refer to a conviction for possession of a controlled substance. 720ILCS 570/402 (West 2004) (It is unlawful for any person to knowingly possess a controlled or counterfeit substance).\n\u201c(a) General rule.-For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, (1) evidence that a witness other than an accused has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted, subject to Rule 403, if the crime was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which the witness was convicted, and evidence that an accused has been convicted of such a crime shall be admitted if the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the accused.\n(d) Juvenile adjudications. *** The court may, however, in a criminal case allow evidence of a juvenile adjudication of a witness other than the accused if conviction of the offense would be admissible to attack the credibility of an adult and the court is satisfied that the admission in evidence is necessary for a fair determination of the issue of guilt or innocence.\u201d Fed. Rs. Evid. 609(a), (d).\nEvidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. Fed. R. Evid. 403.", "type": "dissent", "author": "JUSTICE NEVILLE," } ], "attorneys": [ "Stanley J. Adelman, Christy M. Young, Spriridoula Mavrothalastitis, and Michael C. Kasdin, all of DLA Piper US LLR of Chicago, for appellant.", "Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (James E. Fitzgerald, Marie Quinlivan Czech, and Bridget K. O\u2019Brien, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TRIANDUS TABB, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (4th Division)\nNo. 1\u201405\u20141640\nOpinion filed June 14, 2007.\nStanley J. Adelman, Christy M. Young, Spriridoula Mavrothalastitis, and Michael C. Kasdin, all of DLA Piper US LLR of Chicago, for appellant.\nRichard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (James E. Fitzgerald, Marie Quinlivan Czech, and Bridget K. O\u2019Brien, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0680-01", "first_page_order": 698, "last_page_order": 723 }