{ "id": 4276036, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ALAN J. LARSON, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Larson", "decision_date": "2008-03-05", "docket_number": "No. 2-06-0096", "first_page": "642", "last_page": "656", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "379 Ill. App. 3d 642" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "108 Ill. App. 3d 480", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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Rev.", "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "787-803" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "166 U.S. 698", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3593127 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1897, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "700", "parenthetical": "\"[b]y the common law, as well as by the law of most, if not all, the States, dogs are so far recognized as property\"" }, { "page": "1170", "parenthetical": "\"[b]y the common law, as well as by the law of most, if not all, the States, dogs are so far recognized as property\"" }, { "page": "694", "parenthetical": "\"[b]y the common law, as well as by the law of most, if not all, the States, dogs are so far recognized as property\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/166/0698-01" ] }, { "cite": "157 Ill. App. 3d 818", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d 106", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4259972 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "138-39" }, { "page": "139" }, { "page": "139" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/362/0106-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1365, "char_count": 35902, "ocr_confidence": 0.758, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.605085434253971e-08, "percentile": 0.40370249385195817 }, "sha256": "03cdfc1851b680f70e6ebc5356650fc8c386fb69b063590363f4eb841a4274e9", "simhash": "1:2f3e74827ae35743", "word_count": 5899 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:50:11.340315+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ALAN J. LARSON, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HUTCHINSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIn December 2005, a jury found defendant, Alan J. Larson, guilty of committing the offenses of aggravated cruelty to an animal (510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West 2004)) and possession of a firearm without a firearm owner\u2019s identification (FOID) card (430 ILCS 65/2(a)(l) (West 2004)). Following the trial court\u2019s denial of defendant\u2019s motion for a new trial, the trial court imposed a sentence of 12 months\u2019 probation. Defendant appeals, presenting three issues for our review: (1) whether his conviction of aggravated cruelty to an animal must be reversed because the statute defining the offense is unconstitutionally vague; (2) whether the State proved him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense of aggravated cruelty to an animal; and (3) whether the State proved him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense of possession of a firearm without a FOID card. We affirm.\nOn October 12, 2004, defendant was charged with committing the offenses of aggravated cruelty to an animal and possession of a firearm without a FOID card, stemming from an incident on October 10, 2004, where defendant shot the family dog. On March 1, 2005, defendant filed a motion to declare the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute unconstitutional. Defendant argued, inter alia, that the statute was void for vagueness and that it provided inadequate notice for compliance. Following argument of the parties, the trial court found the statute constitutional and denied defendant\u2019s motion.\nThe case proceeded to trial on December 6, 2005. Linda Larson, defendant\u2019s wife, testified that she and defendant had been married for 16 years. They had three children, Olle, John, and Tracey, who were 15, 14, and 13 years of age, respectively. Linda testified that defendant had been unemployed for approximately three years.\nLinda testified that, in 2002, the family had a pet dog, a German shepherd. Linda testified that the dog had a skin disease, and they ultimately had to take the dog to the veterinarian to be euthanized. In March 2003, the family fostered and then adopted a pet dog, a Rhodesian ridgeback named Sinai, from Kathy Bakken. Linda testified that the family had no problems with Sinai. Linda testified that Sinai was initially shy around the family for a couple of weeks, but then became integrated with the family. Linda testified that Sinai never displayed any aggressive tendencies toward anyone and never bit anyone.\nLinda further testified that, in November 2003, her father moved in with the family for approximately six months. Linda testified that her father suffered from dementia and that she was his guardian. Linda testified that her father got along very well with Sinai and that Sinai was never violent or aggressive toward him.\nLinda testified that the family decided that Sinai needed a playmate, and they later adopted another dog, named Sheba. Linda testified that Sinai and Sheba got along with each other and that Sinai never displayed any aggressive behavior toward Sheba.\nLinda testified that, on October 10, 2004, defendant drove her to work. At approximately 3:30 p.m. that day, defendant picked her up from work, and they went to a store in Rockford. Linda testified that, on their way to the store, defendant told her \u201cthere\u2019s going to be one less dog\u201d when she got home. Linda testified that she said to defendant, \u201cyou didn\u2019t kill Sinai,\u201d and defendant replied that he had. Linda testified that defendant said \u201cthey had a hole and they dragged him to the hole.\u201d Linda testified that she was very upset and crying, but defendant was calm and normal. Linda testified that she went into the store, where she called a friend from work and told her that defendant had shot Sinai with a gun.\nLinda further testified that they then went to Target, and she went in by herself. Linda testified that, when she came out of Target, their vehicle was surrounded by police squad cars. Linda testified that she spoke with Boone County Detective Jerry Ashens on her cell phone. Linda testified that defendant was transported to the Boone County police department, and she returned home. Linda testified that their children were home when defendant shot the dog.\nLinda testified that Sinai \u201cloved everybody,\u201d but that, in the two weeks before the shooting, Sinai was protecting her more and harking at defendant. Linda testified that, during those two weeks, she and defendant had begun dissolution proceedings. Linda testified that defendant had threatened to kill Sinai but that she did not believe that he would do so.\nLinda testified that, on October 11, 2004, the police came to the house and took all of defendant\u2019s firearms. Linda testified that the firearms had always been kept hidden in the basement, but, when the police came to the house, the firearms were found in the trunk of their car in their driveway.\nJerry Ashens from the Boone County sheriffs department testified that, on October 10, 2004, he was dispatched to the Larson residence for a welfare check. Ashens testified that the dispatcher told him that Linda had received information that defendant was going to do harm to one of the family pets, and her employer was concerned about her well-being. Ashens testified that he went to the Larson residence and spoke with the son Olle. Ashens testified that Olle telephoned his parents, and Ashens then spoke with Linda, who told Ashens that she was upset because defendant had shot and killed Sinai. Ashens testified that he subsequently spoke with defendant, who admitted to shooting the dog with his .45-caliber handgun. Defendant told Ashens that he shot the dog at least three times and that he shot the dog because it had been growling and barking at him. Ashens testified that defendant told him that he buried the dog.\nAshens further testified that he asked defendant whether he had a FOID card, and defendant replied he did but that it had expired in 2002. Ashens testified that the police subsequently seized defendant\u2019s weapons from the trunk of his vehicle, and one of the weapons seized was a .45-caliber handgun. Ashens identified defendant\u2019s FOID card in evidence, which reflected an expiration date of January 1, 2002.\nKathy Bakken, the regional coordinator for the Midwest region of the Rhodesian Ridgeback Rescue, testified that, prior to the Larsons\u2019 fostering and adopting Sinai, she fostered Sinai for approximately four months. Bakken testified that Sinai was submissive to all of her other dogs and did not exhibit aggression. Bakken testified that, in May 2003, when she turned Sinai over to the Larsons, she told them that they could return Sinai to her if for any reason Sinai did not work out with them. Bakken testified that the Larsons never advised her of any problems with Sinai. Bakken testified that she assisted the Larsons in adopting Sheba in September 2003.\nBakken further testified that, on October 11, 2004, she was notified of the incident involving Sinai. Bakken testified that, on October 12, 2004, she traveled to the Larson residence and reclaimed Sheba. Bakken testified that she asked defendant where Sinai was and defendant replied that he had shot Sinai. Bakken testified that defendant\u2019s demeanor seemed very calm and conversational.\nThe State rested, and Olle Larson, defendant\u2019s father, testified on behalf of defendant. Olle Larson testified that, on August 28, 2004, he was at the Larson residence for a birthday party, and Sinai bit him on the leg. Olle Larson testified that the incident startled him but the bite did not pierce his skin and there was no bruising.\nDefendant\u2019s son Olle testified that, approximately three months after Sinai came to live with them, the dog bit him on his nose and hand. Olle testified that he told his mother about the bites but that she did not do anything about it. Olle testified that he observed Sinai bite defendant numerous times. Olle testified that Sinai was friendly toward women and unfriendly toward men. Olle testified that Sinai acted aggressively toward visitors. Olle testified that Sinai became more aggressive after the family adopted Sheba.\nOlle further testified that, on October 10, 2004, defendant left the house to pick up Linda, and, approximately two hours later, the police arrived at the house. Olle testified that he told the police that his parents might be having a dispute because the dog was gone and that \u201cdad got rid of the dog.\u201d Olle testified that he told the police it was possible that a gun was involved.\nOn cross-examination, Olle admitted that he did not receive medical treatment for the dog bites he received. Olle testified that Sinai was already gone on October 10, 2004, when the police arrived, and he denied seeing what happened to Sinai.\nDefendant\u2019s son John testified that Sinai did not like him, his brother, or his dad. John testified that, sometime in October 2004, Sinai bit him in the face. John testified that Sinai also bit his brother, defendant, and a Scouting friend. John testified that he was afraid of the dog. John testified that, on October 10, 2004, he was on a Scouting trip with his brother. He testified that, when they returned home, Sinai was gone and he did not know what happened to the dog.\nDefendant\u2019s daughter, Tracey, testified that Sinai was a good dog at first. Tracey testified that, after Sinai became comfortable, he began tearing up her parents\u2019 pillows and bedsheets. Tracey testified that Sinai liked women but hated men. Tracey testified that she observed Sinai and Sheba fight. She also testified that she observed Sinai bite her grandfather Olle, her aunt Kim, one of her brothers, and a few of her brothers\u2019 friends. Tracey testified that Sinai barked constantly, even after she went to bed. Tracey testified that Sinai never bit her but she was afraid of Sinai. Tracey testified that she had not seen Sinai since October 10, 2004, and did not see what happened to the dog. Tracey testified that she was relieved that the dog was gone. On cross-examination, Tracey admitted that she had a strained relationship with her mother.\nDefendant testified that he had been in the Army from 1977 to 1988, having left the military with the rank of captain. Defendant testified that he had been unemployed since January 2002. In 2003 he and Linda were preparing to file for bankruptcy because they were approximately $110,000 in debt. Defendant testified that they had incurred approximately $3,000 in veterinarian bills for their previous dog, the German shepherd. Defendant testified that in December 2002 he and his father took the German shepherd to a veterinarian\u2019s office to be euthanized, and he was charged $75 for the services..\nDefendant testified that he recalled agreeing \u201cunder duress\u201d to adopt Sinai and recalled signing a contract to adopt Sinai. Defendant testified that Sinai eventually took over the house and became aggressive. Defendant testified that Sinai became even more aggressive after they adopted Sheba. Defendant testified that Sinai bit him on both ankles and his buttocks; the bites were painful but did not break the skin. Defendant further testified that, a few days before October 10, 2004, at approximately midnight or 1 a.m., Sinai attacked him on his way to use the bathroom, and Sinai chased him into his sons\u2019 bedroom. Defendant testified that he stayed in his sons\u2019 bedroom the rest of the night. Defendant testified that he never beat or mistreated Sinai.\nDefendant testified that, on October 10, 2004, he took Linda to work. Defendant testified that, when he returned home, Sinai growled, bared its teeth at him, and appeared aggressive. Defendant testified that, \u201c[a]fter having received counsel\u201d from two ministers and five psychologists, he collared and leashed Sinai and took him outside, approximately one-half mile from the house. Defendant testified that he took a magazine, seven rounds of ammunition, and his Colt .45 pistol and shot the dog in the head three times. Defendant testified that the dog died but did not seem to suffer.\nDefendant testified that he did not take Sinai to the veterinarian because he did not have the money to euthanize the dog. Defendant testified that he asked Linda to return Sinai but that she would not agree to it. Defendant testified that he believed it was economically and spiritually necessary to do what he did.\nOn cross-examination, defendant admitted that Sinai had no medical problems other than some allergies that required special food. Defendant could not recall whether Bakken offered to take back Sinai. Defendant admitted that he contacted Bakken about problems with Sheba but not Sinai. Defendant also admitted that the ministers he spoke with never told him that he should shoot the dog. Defendant admitted that Sinai did not bite or attack anyone on October 10, 2004.\nJoseph Frost II, a veterinarian from Belvidere, testified that the Department of Agriculture adopted the American Veterinary Medical Association panel\u2019s report on euthanasia. Frost testified that the report on euthanasia reflected that, under the proper circumstances, the use of a gunshot to the brain was a conditionally acceptable method of euthanizing an animal. On cross-examination, Frost agreed that the use of an accurately delivered gunshot was recommended as the method of last resort, that is, when other methods could not be used. Frost also agreed that the report stated that personnel performing physical methods of euthanasia must be well trained and monitored for each type of physical technique performed.\nThe defense rested, and the State called its rebuttal witnesses. Linda testified that Sinai never destroyed any furniture or woodwork in the house, but, when the family adopted Sheba, the dogs would run through the house and ricochet off a bed, damaging blankets or pillows. Linda testified that she never observed Sinai bite defendant or the children and that neither defendant nor the children ever told her that Sinai had bitten them. Linda testified that defendant\u2019s only complaint about Sinai was the barking. Linda testified that defendant never asked her to return Sinai to the Rhodesian Ridgeback Rescue operation.\nBakken testified that, when she turned Sinai over to the Larsons, she told them that, if they could not keep Sinai, they needed to return Sinai and she would keep him. Bakken also testified that defendant did not appear to be under any sort of duress when he signed the contract to adopt Sinai. Bakken added that, during the time she fostered Sinai, the dog never displayed any aggressive tendencies toward her husband or other men.\nFollowing the State\u2019s rebuttal, the parties presented their closing arguments, and the trial court instructed the jury. The jury found defendant guilty of both charges, and the trial court entered its judgment on the verdict.\nDefendant filed a motion for a new trial, and on January 24, 2006, the trial court conducted a hearing. Following arguments, the trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion. The case proceeded to sentencing, where the trial court imposed a sentence of 12 months\u2019 probation. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.\nDefendant first contends that his conviction must be reversed because the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute is unconstitutionally vague. The statute, which is section 3.02 of the Humane Care for Animals Act (the Act) (510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West 2004)), states:\n\u201cNo person may intentionally commit an act that causes a companion animal to suffer serious injury or death. Aggravated cruelty does not include euthanasia of a companion animal through recognized methods approved by the Department of Agriculture.\nA person convicted of violating Section 3.02 is guilty of a Class 4 felony.\u201d 510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West 2004).\nSpecifically, defendant argues that a reasonable person cannot determine from the statute what acts or methods are permissible means to euthanize one\u2019s own companion animal. Defendant argues that the statute fails to define \u201ceuthanasia\u201d and \u201crecognized methods approved by the Department of Agriculture.\u201d Defendant also argues that section 3.02 of the Act is an abrogation of his common-law property right to dispose of his property and that, therefore, the statute must be strictly construed. Defendant concludes that the statute is incapable of any valid application because it provides no standard of conduct at all.\nA statute is presumed constitutional, and the party challenging the statute bears the burden of demonstrating its invalidity. People v. Boand, 362 Ill. App. 3d 106, 138-39 (2005), citing People v. Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d 413, 418 (2000). Reviewing courts have a duty to construe the statute in a manner that upholds its constitutionality if it can be done reasonably, and any doubt must be resolved in favor of the statute\u2019s validity. Boand, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 139, citing Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d at 418. The fundamental principle of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature\u2019s intent. People v. Pierce, 226 Ill. 2d 470, 475-76 (2007), citing People v. Pack, 224 Ill. 2d 144, 147 (2007). The language of the statute is the best indication of the legislature\u2019s intent, and it should be given its plain and ordinary meaning. Pierce, 226 Ill. 2d at 476, citing Pack, 224 Ill. 2d at 147. Where the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, we must apply it as written, without resort to extrinsic aids of statutory construction. People v. Collins, 214 Ill. 2d 206, 214 (2005). We further note that the traditional canons or maxims of statutory construction are not rules of law but rather are \u201cmerely aids in determining legislative intent and must yield to such intent.\u201d In re Application of the County Treasurer, 214 Ill. 2d 253, 259 (2005). The constitutionality of a statute is a question of law, subject to de novo review. Boand, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 139, citing People v. Carney, 196 Ill. 2d 518, 526 (2001).\nA statute is void for vagueness only if it fails to (1) \u201cprovide the kind of notice that would enable a person of ordinary intelligence to understand what conduct is prohibited,\u201d or (2) \u201cprovide explicit standards for those who apply it, thus authorizing or even encouraging arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.\u201d People v. Law, 202 Ill. 2d 578, 582-83 (2002). Whether a statute is void for vagueness must be determined in the factual context of each case. People v. Falbe, 189 Ill. 2d 635, 639 (2000). The tests for assessing whether a law is vague are not capable of mechanistic application. City of Chicago v. Pooh Bah Enterprises, Inc., 224 Ill. 2d 390, 443 (2006). In any context, though, \u201cthere are limits to the degree of precision attainable by the English language.\u201d City of Chicago, 224 Ill. 2d at 444. In Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 105 L. Ed. 2d 661, 109 S. Ct. 2746 (1989), the United States Supreme Court recognized that \u201cperfect clarity and precise guidance have never been required even of regulations that restrict expressive activity.\u201d Ward, 491 U.S. at 794, 105 L. Ed. 2d at 677, 109 S. Ct. at 2755. Moreover, \u201cwhen judging the constitutionality of a rule or statute, common sense cannot and should not be suspended.\u201d City of Chicago, 224 Ill. 2d at 444, citing Anderson v. Milwaukee County, 433 F.3d 975, 978 (7th Cir. 2006).\nThe aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute must satisfy two requirements to comport with the standards of due process. First, the statute\u2019s prohibitions must be sufficiently definite, when measured by common understanding and practices, to inform a person of ordinary intelligence what conduct is lawful and what conduct is unlawful. People v. Izzo, 195 Ill. 2d 109, 113 (2001). Second, the statute must provide \u201csufficiently definite standards for law enforcement officers and triers of fact such that its application does not depend merely on their private conceptions.\u201d Izzo, 195 Ill. 2d at 113. So long as a defendant\u2019s conduct clearly falls within the statutory proscription, a defendant may be prosecuted under the statute in harmony with due process, even though the statute may be vague as to other conduct. Izzo, 195 Ill. 2d at 113, citing People v. Anderson, 148 Ill. 2d 15, 28 (1992).\nDefendant is correct that, in the eyes of common law, a pet \u201cis an item of personal property.\u201d Jankoski v. Preiser Animal Hospital, Ltd., 157 Ill. App. 3d 818, 820 (1987); see also Sentell v. New Orleans & Carrollton R.R. Co., 166 U.S. 698, 700, 41 L. Ed. 1169, 1170, 17 S. Ct. 693, 694 (1897) (\u201c[b]y the common law, as well as by the law of most, if not all, the States, dogs are so far recognized as property\u201d). This view of a pet as an item of personal property still prevails in many jurisdictions, although it is deemed outdated by animal-law scholars. See M. Livingston, The Calculus of Animal Valuation: Crafting a Viable Remedy, 82 Neb. L. Rev. 783, 787-803 (2004); see also R. Miller, Annotation, Damages for Killing or Injuring Dog, 61 A.L.R.5th 635 (1998). However, a reviewing court will not engage in statutory construction if the statutory language is unambiguous. See Collins, 214 Ill. 2d at 214 (where the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, it will be applied as written, without resort to extrinsic aids of statutory construction). Therefore, in the event we find no ambiguity in the statutory language, the maxim of strict construction will have no application. See People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 333 (2007).\nIn the present case, we determine that the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute is not vague. We recognize that criminal acts cannot always be defined with absolute precision. City of Chicago v. Powell, 315 Ill. App. 3d 1136, 1147 (2000), citing People v. Burpo, 164 Ill. 2d 261 (1995). Section 3.02 of the Act prohibits a defendant from intentionally engaging in a course of conduct that causes a companion animal to suffer death or serious injury. 510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West 2004). Although defendant argues that a reasonable person cannot determine from the statute what acts or methods are permissible means to euthanize one\u2019s own companion animal, we note first that the scope of punishable conduct is limited by the individual\u2019s specified intent to cause the companion animal to suffer serious injury or death. Second, although the legislature chose to frame in general terms the prohibited conduct as \u201can act\u201d and the prohibited result as causing a companion animal to suffer serious injury or death, it is well settled that \u201c \u2018[ijmpossible standards of specificity *** are not required.\u2019 \u201d People v. Parkins, 77 Ill. 2d 253, 256 (1979), quoting People v. Schwartz, 64 Ill. 2d 275, 280 (1976). Consequently, we determine that application of the ordinary and popular meaning of the statutory language and recognition of the evil the statute intends to prevent, i.e., the intentional killing or injuring of companion animals, provides adequate notice of prohibited conduct and prevents arbitrary enforcement. See Parkins, 77 Ill. 2d at 257. We believe that a person of ordinary intelligence would reasonably know that, absent an affirmative defense, she or he may not simply grab a firearm, take the family dog outside, and shoot the dog in the head three times so as to kill it. We, therefore, conclude that the aggravated-cruelty statute is not unconstitutionally vague on its face.\nDefendant apparently takes issue with the second sentence of the statute, which sets out what conduct does not constitute aggravated cruelty, that is, \u201ceuthanasia of a companion animal through recognized methods approved by the Department of Agriculture.\u201d 510 ILCS 70/ 3.02 (West 2004). Defendant argues that the statute fails to define \u201ceuthanasia\u201d and \u201crecognized methods approved by the Department of Agriculture.\u201d\n\u201cMany statutes and regulations are necessarily lengthy and replete with exceptions and conditions because they address diverse matters of considerable complexity.\u201d People v. Conlan, 189 Ill. 2d 286, 292 (2000). In the present case, the contested word and phrase are not particularly complex, difficult to understand, or open to interpretation. Section 2.09 of the Act defines the phrase \u201chumanely euthanized\u201d as \u201cthe painless administration of a lethal dose of an agent or method of euthanasia as prescribed in the Report of the American Veterinary Medical Association Panel on Euthanasia published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, March 1, 2001 (or any successor version of that Report), that causes the painless death of an animal.\u201d 510 ILCS 70/2.09 (West 2004). The word \u201ceuthanize\u201d is defined as \u201cthe act of inducing humane death in an animal.\u201d 2000 Report of the American Veterinary Medical Ass\u2019n Panel on Euthanasia, 218 J. Am. Veterinary Med. Ass\u2019n, No. 5, 672 (March 1, 2001). Our review of the aggravated-cruelty statute does not reveal inconsistent terminology or terms without definition or meaning that cannot be discerned from their context. In our context, it appears that \u201ceuthanasia\u201d would refer to the painless or humane killing of a companion animal.\nWith respect to the phrase, the \u201crecognized methods approved by the Department of Agriculture,\u201d this too is unambiguous. A statute\u2019s reference to another source or document may render the statute more laborious to follow, but it is not our role to rewrite the statute according to our preferences. See Conlan, 189 Ill. 2d at 292-93. The issue before us is whether the statute is comprehensible such that it provides fair notice of what is prohibited. Conlan, 189 Ill. 2d at 293. The reference to the recognized methods approved by the Department of Agriculture is an aid in understanding what methods of euthanasia the statute permits and not a hindrance to comprehension. Having thoroughly reviewed the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute, we find that it is comprehensible and that it does provide fair notice of what conduct is prohibited. We believe that anyone who earnestly attempts to understand the statute can fully comprehend its terms and phrases and, more important, understand what is prohibited. See Conlan, 189 Ill. 2d at 293.\nIn his reply brief, defendant presents various hypothetical situations in which, he argues, if an owner does not consider the animal a pet, the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute would not apply to the owner, and the owner could not then be charged with committing the offense of aggravated cruelty to an animal if the owner were to kill the animal. Our supreme court has held, however, that a statute is not unconstitutionally vague merely because one can imagine hypothetical situations in which the meaning of some terms might be called into question. Izzo, 195 Ill. 2d at 113. Again, the validity of the law must be judged in light of the particular facts of the present case. See Falbe, 189 Ill. 2d at 639. The scenarios posited by defendant are not at issue here. Rather, the events giving rise to defendant\u2019s prosecution involve the intentional killing of Sinai, the family pet, using a .45-caliber handgun.\nDefendant was charged with the specific unlawful act of intentionally shooting and killing the family dog with a .45-caliber handgun, a violation of the Act (510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West 2004)), and not with any vague conduct. Inasmuch as defendant is the party challenging the constitutionality of a statute, he bears the burden of clearly establishing the constitutional violation. See People v. Wright, 194 Ill. 2d 1, 24 (2000). Upon our review of the issue presented, we determine that defendant has failed to satisfy such burden.\nDefendant\u2019s second contention is that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense of aggravated cruelty to an animal. When a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is presented on appeal, it is not the reviewing court\u2019s function to retry a defendant. People v. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 209 (2004). In assessing whether the evidence against a defendant was sufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, a reviewing court must determine \u201c \u2018whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\u2019 \u201d (Emphasis in original.) People v. Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d 419, 430-31 (2000), quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788-89 (1979). This standard applies to appeals of all criminal convictions, whether the nature of the evidence presented is circumstantial or direct. Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d at 431. The State is not required to exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence (People v. Pintos, 133 Ill. 2d 286, 291 (1989)), and the jury need not be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt of each link in the chain of circumstances (People v. McDonald, 168 Ill. 2d 420, 443 (1995)). \u201cProof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt does not require proof beyond any possibility of a doubt.\u201d People v. Rush, 294 Ill. App. 3d 334, 337 (1998). \u201cMoreover, when the determination of a defendant\u2019s guilt or innocence depends upon the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony, it is for the trier of fact to resolve any conflicts in the evidence.\u201d Rush, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 337, citing People v. White, 209 Ill. App. 3d 844, 868 (1991). We, as a reviewing court, are not to substitute our own judgment for that of the jury. Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d at 431; Rush, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 337.\nHere, defendant does not point to any particular element of the offense of which he was convicted and then claim that the State failed to present evidence sufficient to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Rather, defendant appears to focus his argument on the exception to the offense, that is, defendant argues that the evidence overwhelmingly established that he euthanized his own dog in accordance with the statute. Defendant argues that the evidence established that Sinai was a \u201cpsycho dog\u201d that bit everyone but Linda. Defendant argues in his brief that he, as a reasonable and responsible parent and citizen, was concerned for his family\u2019s physical and emotional well-being, as well as his liability were the dog to hurt a member of the community. Defendant argues that a veterinarian\u2019s euthanization method was financially prohibitive and points to veterinarian Frost\u2019s testimony where he agreed that an accurately delivered gunshot was an acceptable method of euthanasia.\nViewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a rational trier of fact could have found defendant guilty of aggravated cruelty to an animal and rejected defendant\u2019s claim of euthanasia. The relevant evidence was undisputed by most accounts that, on October 10, 2004, defendant took Sinai outside and away from home and shot the dog three times using a .45-caliber handgun, causing the death of Sinai. Defendant admitted as much to Linda, Ashens, and Bakken. From this evidence, a rational trier of fact could have concluded that defendant intentionally committed an act, i.e., using a .45-caliber handgun to shoot Sinai, that caused Sinai to suffer death, a violation of the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute.\nMoreover, the jury was well aware of defendant\u2019s testimony in which he explained why he killed Sinai and why he chose to use one particular method instead of another. However, the jury was not required to believe it. See People v. Peterson, 306 Ill. App. 3d 1091, 1101 (1999). The jury heard Linda testify that Sinai never showed any aggressive tendencies or bit anyone and that the family even adopted another Rhodesian ridgeback. The jury heard Bakken testify that, when she turned Sinai over to the Larsons, she told them that they could return Sinai to her for any reason if Sinai did not work out with them. The jury also heard Frost testify that an accurately delivered gunshot was recommended as a last resort and that personnel performing physical methods of euthanasia must be well trained and monitored for each type of physical technique performed. The jury had the responsibility to determine the credibility of the witnesses and resolve conflicts in the evidence. See Rush, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 337, citing White, 209 Ill. App. 3d at 868. Having heard all of the witnesses\u2019 testimony, the jury was not required to believe that, on October 10, 2004, defendant had no means of dealing with Sinai\u2019s problems but to take a loaded firearm and shoot the dog.\nDefendant argues in the alternative that the trial court erroneously refused to give the jury an instruction based on defendant\u2019s defense of necessity. We find defendant\u2019s argument waived for lack of development. See 210 Ill. 2d R. 341(h)(7) (\u201cargument\u201d must contain \u201cthe contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on,\u201d and \u201c[pjoints not argued are waived\u201d).\nWe hold that a rational trier of fact could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was criminally culpable for shooting the family dog on October 10, 2004. Accordingly, we will not disturb the jury\u2019s verdict.\nDefendant\u2019s third contention is that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense of possession of a firearm without a FOID card. Section 2(a)(1) of the Firearm Owners Identification Card Act (430 ILCS 65/2(a)(1) (West 2004)) provides that \u201c[n]o person may acquire or possess any firearm within this State without having in his or her possession a Firearm Owner\u2019s Identification Card previously issued in his or her name by the Department of State Police under the provisions of this Act.\u201d Defendant argues that he could not have been properly convicted because the evidence showed that he possessed a FOID card previously issued to him, although it was expired. Defendant concludes that, because the jury was not instructed on any issue of expiration or validity, his conviction must be reversed.\nDefendant\u2019s argument seems to be that a rational jury could not have found him guilty because the statute itself does not require a valid FOID card, only one that has been previously issued. \u201cIt is the jury\u2019s function to determine the accused\u2019s guilt or innocence, and this court will not reverse a conviction unless the evidence is so improbable as to justify a reasonable doubt of defendant\u2019s guilt.\u201d People v. Frieberg, 147 Ill. 2d 326, 359 (1992). \u201cJurors do not leave their common sense behind when they enter court.\u201d People v. Rollins, 108 Ill. App. 3d 480, 488 (1982). Again, when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a criminal conviction, it is not the function of this court to retry the defendant. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d at 209. In the present case, Ashens identified defendant\u2019s FOID card in evidence. The FOID card reflected that it had expired on January 1, 2002. From this evidence, a rational trier of fact could have concluded that the FOID card ceased to be a proper and effective card; otherwise, the purpose of displaying an expiration date would be rendered meaningless. When viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence adduced at trial permitted a rational trier of fact to conclude that defendant knowingly possessed a firearm on October 10, 2004, without a FOID card. We therefore will not disturb the jury\u2019s verdict.\nFor the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Boone County.\nAffirmed.\nBYRNE, EJ., and CALLUM, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HUTCHINSON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Thomas A. Lilien, of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, and Patricia A. Wrona, of Wrona Law Offices, of Chicago, for appellant.", "James R Hursh, State\u2019s Attorney, of Belvidere (Lawrence M. Bauer and Marshall M. Stevens, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ALAN J. LARSON, Defendant-Appellant.\nSecond District\nNo. 2\u201406\u20140096\nOpinion filed March 5, 2008.\nThomas A. Lilien, of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, and Patricia A. Wrona, of Wrona Law Offices, of Chicago, for appellant.\nJames R Hursh, State\u2019s Attorney, of Belvidere (Lawrence M. Bauer and Marshall M. Stevens, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0642-01", "first_page_order": 658, "last_page_order": 672 }